水肥一体化条件下不同灌水量对甜菜产质量的影响

通过对甜菜在苗期、叶丛繁茂期、块根糖分增长期和糖分积累期的生理所需进行控水灌溉,研究不同灌水量对甜菜产质量的影响,确定少水、多糖、高产的最佳灌水方案,为甜菜节水灌溉提供理论依据,指导甜菜生产科学灌溉。试验设置3312.75、4005.30、4697.85、5390.40、6082.95、6775.50 m³/hm²等6个灌水梯度,在苗期、叶丛繁茂期、块根糖分增长期和糖分积累期分别按各生长期需水比例灌入不同水量,收获时测定甜菜含糖率、产量和产糖量,分析水分利用效率(WUE)和灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)。结果表明,灌水量对甜菜含糖率、产量和产糖量影响明显,全生育期灌水量为3312.80 m³/hm²时甜菜的产质量处于较低水平,随着灌水量的逐渐增加,甜菜的含糖率、产量和产糖量呈现上升趋势,全生育期灌水量为4697.90 m³/hm²时甜菜的含糖率、块根产量和产糖量均为最高,但当灌水量高于4697.90 m³/hm²时甜菜的含糖率、块根产量和产糖量开始下降,在灌水量为6775.55 m³/hm²时,甜菜的含糖率、块根产量和产糖量均为最低。因此在新疆石河子地区甜菜全生育期灌水7次时,总灌水量在4697.90 m³/hm²,可以使甜菜含糖率、产量和产糖量达到最佳。     

甜菜不同基因型品种光合特性比较

发展甜菜生产进一步提高其产量和含糖率,对发展工农业生产、增加农民收益有重要的意义。以丰产型和高糖型甜菜品种为材料,研究比较不同基因型品种光合特性及其与产质量形成的关系。结果表明：不同基因型甜菜在各生育期叶片SPAD值、光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率的动态变化趋势不同,且存在显著差异。苗期丰产品种的胞间CO₂浓度低于高糖品种。叶丛快速生长期丰产品种气孔导度低于高糖品种。块根及糖分增长期丰产品种光合速率高于高糖品种。糖分积累期丰产品种叶片SPAD值低于高糖品种,胞间CO₂浓度高于高糖品种。叶丛快速生长期、糖分积累期丰产品种蒸腾速率低于高糖品种。     

甜菜源库关系的研究

为阐明源、库的关系对甜菜产量形成的影响。运用比较生理学的方法,研究了不同特性甜菜品种群体源、库的形成及其相互关系以及源、库发展在产量形成中的作用。结果表明,甜菜群体LAI和LAD可作为衡量源大小及能力的重要指标。光合源的同化能力直接影响着块根库容的大小,后期较大的光合源会抑制块根库的扩大,影响甜菜产量的形成。揭示了丰产、高糖甜菜品种的源库关系,LAI峰值出现在块根及糖分增长期,最大LAI应在4.3以上,达到峰值后要有20 d左右的相对稳定持续期,糖分积累后期LAI应保持在2.4左右。群体LAD应在块根及糖分增长期达到19.3 m2.d以上,后期呈缓慢下降变化。以上结果可为指导甜菜生产实践提高产量提供理论依据。     

磷酸二铵施用量及方式对甜菜光合性能和产量的影响

光合作用是产量形成的物质基础,为筛选出最适宜甜菜产量形成的施磷方式及施磷量,优化甜菜施肥管理,设置3种不同施磷方式（播种前全部基施;播种前基施2/3,叶丛快速生长期追施1/3;播种前基施2/3,块根糖分增长期追施1/3）,每种施磷方式下设置5个施磷量（60、90、120、150和180kg/hm²）,研究不同施磷方式及施磷量对甜菜光合生理性能及产量的影响。研究结果表明,相同施磷方式下,随施磷量递增,甜菜的叶面积指数（LAI）、相对叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、净光合速率（P_n）、单株干物质积累量及产量均呈先升高后稳定或降低的变化趋势,当施磷量为150kg/hm²时,各光合指标和产量均达到最大值。相同施磷量条件下,基施2/3、叶丛快速生长期追施1/3磷肥的施磷方式对促进甜菜光合性能和产量形成效果最好。故推荐高产甜菜施磷量为150kg/hm²,分2次施入,播前基施2/3,叶丛快速生长期追施1/3。     

新疆内陆干旱区不同灌水量对长绒棉光合特性的影响

为探索新疆内陆干旱区不同灌水量对长绒棉新海14号光合特性的影响,利用小区试验,在5种灌水量（W）条件下,对其光合特性进行研究。结果表明：灌水量为7650m3/hm2时,叶片净光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线;随着灌水量的降低,其净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线。新海14号的光补偿点为50μmol/m2·s;灌水量为2850m3/hm2时,其光饱和点为310μmol/m2·s,灌水量为5475m3/hm2以上时,其光饱和点为1280μmol/m2·s。叶片的净光合速率及蒸腾速率随灌水量的升高而增加,气孔阻力随灌水量的升高而降低。水分利用效率随着灌水量的降低而提高,呈极显著负相关;棉花产量对灌水量极为敏感。净光合速率与蒸腾速率呈显著正相关,与气孔阻力呈极显著负相关;蒸腾速率与气孔阻力呈显著负相关。新海14号的光合作用最适宜灌水量为6945m3/hm2;灌溉的临界值为5250m3/hm2     

甜菜各叶片对块根增长、根内糖分积累作用的研究

本文揭示了甜菜各叶片对块根增长、根内糖分积累的贡献。甜菜子叶和第1-10片叶的同化产物主要供给幼苗根系和叶片的生长,为甜菜的生长奠定了基础。甜菜的第11-35片叶的功能盛期处在块根增长期和糖分积累期,对块根增长和根内糖分积累起主要作用,各叶片对块根增长的贡献顺序：第11-15片叶＞第16-20片叶＞第21-25片叶＞第26-3     

优化滴灌制度下不同品种糖用甜菜产质量及光合特性响应研究

为了研究不同灌溉定额下不同品种（标准型、丰产型和高糖型）糖用甜菜的产量、质量和光合特性的响应,在东北地区甜菜4个生长时期进行了7个滴灌处理水平的试验研究,测定不同处理对标准型、丰产型和高糖型甜菜品种的生长情况、光合特征、产量质量及灌溉效率的响应。结果表明,不同灌溉量对不同类型甜菜生长指标、光合参数及产质量影响不同。标准型和高糖型甜菜品种对其生长性状各指标有利的灌溉定额为320~360 m3/ha,3个品种甜菜叶绿素含量对灌溉定额的最佳响应为300~320 m3/ha。标准甜菜品种随着灌溉量的增加并不利于其进行光合作用,而高糖型与丰产型甜菜品种随灌溉量的增加在叶丛快速生长期对叶片蒸腾速率的影响显著,在320 m3/ha灌溉量处理下光合效率较好。随着灌溉量的增加,标准型甜菜品种根产量增加;当灌溉量达320 m3/ha时,丰产型甜菜品种根产量不再升高而保持平稳、高糖型甜菜品种糖度下降。叶片水分利用效率在生育期前期总体上要高于生育后期,增加灌溉量并不能提高不同类型甜菜品种的灌溉水生产效率。在本研究特定区域内优化不同品种甜菜的灌溉制度可改善甜菜生长和产质量,并为建立甜菜灌溉模型提供理论基础。     

施氮量和密度互作对全覆膜旱作甜菜光合特性和块根产量的影响

全覆膜具有增温、保墒和压草的作用,是干旱区农作物种植的有效措施。为探索旱作甜菜在全覆膜条件下的适宜施氮量和种植密度,采用二因素裂区试验设计,研究施氮量和密度不同组合处理对全覆膜旱作甜菜光合特性的影响,为旱作甜菜高产栽培提供依据和参考。研究结果表明,全覆膜条件下施氮水平和密度对旱作甜菜光合特性影响的互作效应显著;适宜的施氮量和密度配置有利于甜菜SPAD值、叶面积指数、净光合速率（P_n）、单株干物质积累量、根冠比以及块根产量的提高,SPAD值、叶面积指数、P_n、单株干物质积累量均与产量呈正相关。在甜菜块根糖分增长期,SPAD值和叶面积指数分别维持在53.8和4.5时,旱作甜菜产量最大;通过二项式回归分析建立密度和施氮量与产量的回归方程,得出全覆膜旱作甜菜高产适宜的种植密度为9.35万株/hm ²,施氮量为128.8kg/hm ²。     

施钾量对膜下滴灌甜菜光合性能以及对产量和品质的影响

膜下滴灌技术被广泛应用于内蒙古冷凉干旱地区的甜菜生产中。为探明施钾量对膜下滴灌甜菜光合生理特性和产质量的影响及其适宜钾肥用量, 于2014?2015年在内蒙古凉城县设K₂O 0、90、180、270和360 kg hm ^-25个施肥处理进行了研究。结果表明, 钾素能够提高甜菜的光合性能, 如促进株高、叶面积指数、净光合速率的增加; 施钾肥180、270和360 kg hm ^-2显著提高了叶丛快速生长期甜菜的净光合速率, 影响净光合速率的最主要因素是RuBPCase活性, 其次是气孔导度, 净光合速率与甜菜产量呈极显著正相关。适宜的钾肥用量有利于块根、叶柄和叶片干重的增加及产量增加, 但施钾过量, 块根干物质分配比例下降, 含糖率下降, 块根干物质分配比例与甜菜含糖率呈显著正相关。施钾量270 kg hm ^-2时产量最高, 90 kg hm ^-2时含糖率最高, 当施钾量大于180 kg hm ^-2时, 块根中K ⁺、Na ⁺含量增加, 大于270 kg hm ^-2时, 块根中α-氨基酸含量增加, 施钾量180 kg hm ^-2时产糖量最高。综合考虑施钾量对膜下滴灌甜菜产量和品质的影响, 内蒙古甜菜种植优势区域的钾肥推荐施用量为180 kg hm ^-2。     

西北绿洲灌区水氮耦合对燕麦品种陇燕3号耗水特性及产量的影响

灌水和施肥,尤其是施氮肥,是调控作物生长和增加产量的两大重要技术措施,其互作是燕麦高产高效栽培中重要因素。2014—2015年连续2个生长季,在甘肃河西绿洲灌区的田间试验设3个定额灌溉和3个施氮(纯氮)水平,研究水氮耦合对陇燕3号农田0~150 cm土层耗水量、棵间蒸发、产量及水分利用效率的影响。3个灌溉处理的灌水量分别为270 mm(I_1)、337.5 mm(I_2)和405 mm(I_3),3个施氮水平分别为90 kg hm~(–2)(N_1)、120 kg hm~(–2)(N_2)和150 kg hm~(–2)(N_3)。从播种到成熟,燕麦阶段耗水强度呈先增后减趋势,抽穗至灌浆是最大耗水期,且同一施氮水平下,阶段耗水强度随灌水量增大而显著增加。在全生育期内,棵间蒸发量(E)及土壤水分蒸发量占总蒸发量的比例(E/ET)表现先降后升趋势,且相同施氮量下,拔节至灌浆期随灌水量的增大而增大,而灌浆至成熟期则随灌水量的增大而减小。相同施氮量下,燕麦产量随灌水量增加而显著增加,水分利用效率却随灌水量增加而降低。产量N_3I_3最高(5466.0~5727.5 kg hm~(–2)),N_3I_2次之(5428.5~5678.5 kg hm~(–2)),N_1I_1最低(4504.5~4804.3 kg hm~(–2));水分利用效率N_3I_2最大(12.11~12.82 kg mm~(–1) hm~(–2)),N_3I_1次之(12.04~12.63 kg mm~(–1) hm~(–2)),N_1I_3最小(9.79~10.58 kg mm~(–1) hm~(–2))。由此表明,水氮耦合对燕麦水分利用及产量具有显著互作效应。施氮量150 kg hm~(–2)、灌溉定额337.5 mm是西北绿洲灌区燕麦种植较佳的节水、高产水氮管理模式。     

Effect of free air carbon dioxide enrichment combined with two nitrogen levels on growth,yield and yield quality of sugar beet: Evidence for a sink limitation of beet growth under elevated CO2

The increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentration [CO₂] has been demonstrated to stimulate the growth of C₃ crops. However, little information exists about the effect of elevated [CO₂] on biomass production of sugar beet, and data from field experiments are lacking. In this study, sugar beet was grown within a crop rotation over two rotation cycles (2001, 2004) at present and elevated [CO₂] (375 μl l^?1 and 550 μl l^?1) in a free air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) system and at two levels of nitrogen supply [high (N2), and 50% of high (N1)], in Braunschweig, Germany. The objective of the present study was to determine the CO₂ effect on seasonal changes of leaf growth and on final biomass and sugar yield. Shading treatment was included to test whether sugar beet growth is sink limited under elevated [CO₂]. CO₂ elevation did not affect leaf number but increased individual leaf size in early summer resulting in a faster row closure under both N levels. In late summer CO₂ enrichment increased the fraction of senescent leaves under high but not low N supply, which contributed to a negative CO₂ effect on leaf area index and canopy chlorophyll content under high N at final harvest. Petioles contained up to 40% water-soluble carbohydrates, which were hardly affected by CO₂ but increased by N supply. More N increased biomass production by 21% and 12% in 2001 and 2004, respectively, while beet and sugar yield was not influenced. Concentration of α-amino N in the beet fresh weight was increased under low N and decreased under high N by CO₂ enrichment. The CO₂ response of total biomass, beet yield and white sugar yield was unaffected by N supply. Averaged over both N levels elevated [CO₂] increased total biomass by 7% and 12% in 2001 and 2004, respectively, and white sugar yield by 12% and 13%. The shading treatment in 2004 prevented the decrease in leaf area index under elevated [CO₂] and high N in September. Moreover, the CO₂ effect on total biomass (24%) and white sugar yield (28%) was doubled as compared to the unshaded conditions. It is concluded that the growth of the storage root of sugar beet is not source but sink limited under elevated [CO₂], which minimizes the potential CO₂ effect on photosynthesis and beet yield.     

水氮耦合对固定道垄作栽培春小麦根长密度和产量的影响

固定道垄作(PRB)是在农田中设固定的机械行走道的一种垄作和沟灌栽培模式,是河西灌区春小麦取代传统平作和大水漫灌种植方式的一种新技术。为了明确PRB种植模式下合理的施氮水平和灌水量,2014—2015年连续2年采用二因素裂区设计,以3种灌溉定额(1200、2400和3600 m3 hm–2)为主区,以4种施氮水平(0、90、180和270kg hm–2)为副区,研究水氮耦合对小麦不同生育期的根长密度及最终产量的影响。随灌水量和施氮量的增加,根长密度呈现先增后降的变化趋势,且灌水量的效应大于施氮水平的效应;开花、灌浆和成熟期的根长密度与籽粒产量呈正相关。回归分析显示,根长密度最大值的水氮耦合条件是灌水量约2850 m3 hm–2、施氮量196~207 kg hm–2。中等灌水量(2400 m3 hm–2)条件下,小麦主要生育期根长密度显著增加,提高了根长密度在40~80 cm土层的分配比例,增加了水分利用效率和氮肥农学利用效率。综合评价小麦籽粒产量、水分利用率和氮肥农学利用效率,中等灌水量与中氮水平(180 kg hm–2)是所有处理中的最佳水氮耦合模式,可用于河西灌区春小麦PRB栽培模式。当加大灌水至3600m3 hm–2时,产量没有显著增加,水分利用效率和氮肥农学利用效率显著下降,其原因可能是高灌水量使小麦主要生育期的根长密度降低,且根长密度在0~40 cm土层的比例升高,在40~80 cm土层的比例下降。     

甜菜幼苗光合生理对干旱胁迫的响应

干旱胁迫是抑制甜菜生长发育和影响产量的重要非生物因素。以耐旱型甜菜种质依安一号（V1）和干旱敏感型种质92011/1-6/1（V2）为试验材料,探讨不同耐旱品种甜菜幼苗光合生理对干旱胁迫的响应。研究了干旱胁迫对甜菜幼苗生长发育、总叶绿素含量和表观光合指标的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下2种甜菜幼苗的茎粗、根长、株高、叶鲜重、根鲜重、叶干重和根干重均呈下降趋势,V1下降幅度不明显且各指标降低幅度均小于V2;干旱胁迫降低了2种甜菜幼苗的叶绿素含量,叶绿素含量在第7天降到最低,且V1的含量明显高于V2;干旱胁迫使甜菜幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度显著下降,V1受到的影响比V2要小。不同耐旱性甜菜品种对干旱胁迫的响应机制存在一定差异,可以进一步分析其抗旱能力,为甜菜的育种、抗逆栽培和稳产提供理论依据。     

Effect of plant density and nitrogen rates upon the leaf area of seed sugar beet on seed yield and quality

Three-year field trials were set up on eutric brown soil in northwestern Croatia (Zagreb) with the objective to determine the effect of plant density and nitrogen rates on the formation and size of leaf area of seed sugar beet, and on the yield and seed quality in seed production without transplanting. Investigations should also reveal how much the yield and quality of sugar beet seed depend on the leaf area index (LAI). Four plant densities of seed sugar beet were investigated after crop wintering (40 000, 80 000, 120 000, and 160 000 plants/ha) as well as three nitrogen rates (60, 120, and 180 kg/ha) applied in two identical topdressings: at the beginning of the spring growing period and immediately before shooting of inflorescence stalks. Leaf area formation was strongly influenced by weather conditions. An increase of plant density from 40 000 to 160 000 plants/ha led to a decrease of leaf area per plant. Raised nitrogen rates in topdressing caused an increase of leaf area, depending on the precipitation and soil fertility. Maximum LAI, achieved in the flowering stage, grew almost linearly with increasing plant density (LAI: 1.77–4.85 m²/m²), but was statistically significant only up to 120 000 plants/ha. Raised nitrogen rates in topdressing led to a significant increase of the LAI in the stage of inflorescence stalk shooting, though not in full flowering. On the basis of this research, seed yield and germination of seed sugar beet could not be predicted regarding LAI in the flowering stage.     

Productive behaviour of “cherry”-type tomato irrigated with saline water in relation to nitrogen fertilisation

Research on tomato tolerance to salt stress indicates that thresholds of ECe for the decrease of yield and plant growth are moderately high and differ among varieties. Some results suggest that nitrogen fertilisation may help increase the threshold for yield reduction. Most literature data have been collected either in small-scale containers or in the open field and both systems are often subjected to disturbances making hypotheses difficult to test. A set of experiments was conducted in large containers in a rainout-shelter field setting to assess the response of a “cherry”-type tomato variety to irrigation with saline water and to test the hypothesis that salt stress may be mitigated through nitrogen fertilisation.Tomato hybrid ‘TOMITO F 1’ was irrigated with water at four levels of salinity (0.7, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 dS m⁻¹ ECw) and three levels of nitrogen fertilisation (no added nitrogen = N0, 120 kg ha⁻¹ = N120, and 160 kg ha⁻¹ = N160) in factorial combination. Plant growth and water use were measured throughout the growth cycle, and gas exchange and leaf water potentials were measured at the fruit-growing stage. Two growing cycles were completed, one with high initial soil nitrogen (HN) and the second with low initial soil nitrogen (LN).No interaction was found between the application of nitrogen and plant response to saline irrigation. Plant growth and yield were affected by the saline treatments and less by nitrogen fertilisation, especially in the HN treatment.Irrigations with saline water resulted in increased values of soil salinity. Water use was lower with increasing soil and water EC, and the marginal reduction ranged from about 31 mm for each dS m⁻¹ of water EC at low salinity to about 6 mm for each dS m⁻¹ at high water EC.The marginal reduction in yield ranged from about 3.3 t ha⁻¹ for each dS m⁻¹ at low salinity water to less than 0.6 t ha⁻¹ for each dS m⁻¹ at high EC of irrigation water. Yield reductions were mainly due to lower fruit weight. Biomass values decreased as the salinity levels increased and fruit quality was improved in both cycles with increasing salinity.The hypothesis that nitrogen fertilisation could help tomato plants increase tolerance to salinity was not confirmed by data of this experiment and alterations induced by salinity in plant growth, yield and quality stabilised at high levels of water EC.     

稻–麦轮作下9000kg hm~(–2)产量水平扬麦20的群体质量及花后光合特征

在稻麦两熟制条件下,于2010—2011和2011—2012年度,通过氮肥施用量、施用时期及比例的调控,建立了扬麦20不同产量水平群体,比较≥9000 kg hm–2群体(P1)与9000 kg hm–2群体(P2)的产量构成、群体质量及花后光合特征,为稻茬小麦大面积高产提供理论依据和技术支撑。P1较P2群体产量高约10%,每穗粒数高约5.5%,差异显著,但两群体的穗数和千粒重差异不显著。P1群体的穗数、穗粒数和千粒重分别为482~538万hm–2、47~49粒和34~39 g。籽粒产量与孕穗和开花期叶面积指数(LAI)及花后LAI衰减率和光合势呈抛物线关系,与乳熟期LAI、粒(重)/叶比和群体生长率呈显著线性正相关。两年度试验结果表明P1群体具有以下特征,孕穗期、开花期和乳熟期的LAI分别为6.5~7.0、5.0~6.0和4.0~4.5;粒(数)/叶比为0.37~0.39,粒(重)/叶比为13.5~14.5;花后LAI衰减率、群体生长率、光合势和净同化率分别为0.13~0.15 d–1、19~20 g m–2 d–1、103×104~118×104 m2 d hm–2和9~11 g m–2 d–1。花后21d和28 d,剑叶SPAD值、净光合速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量及3种抗氧化酶(CAT、POD和SOD)活性与产量相关性均达极显著水平。研究表明,稻–麦轮作体系中,扬麦20达到9000 kg hm–2产量水平的栽培技术关键点是获得适宜穗数的基础上,主攻每穗粒数与千粒重的协调增加,使群体在花前具有较高的光合面积和光合速率,花后光合面积衰减速率低,维持较高的光合面积,从而充分积累花后光合物质,在适宜库容基础上保障对库充实的需求。     

滴灌甜菜对块根膨大期水分亏缺的补偿性响应

为探讨滴灌甜菜块根膨大期干旱胁迫及复水的生长补偿效应,设置70%(T1)、50%(T2)和30%(T3)田间持水量,调查块根膨大期缺水对滴灌甜菜产量、农艺性状以及理化指标的影响。结果表明,当土壤为30%田间持水量时,甜菜产量比70%和50%田间持水量分别提高51.7%和17.6%,产糖量分别提高48.7%和7.7%。与70%田间持水量相比,50%和30%田间持水量条件下,块根膨大期甜菜电导率、脯氨酸以及过氧化物酶活性均在复水1 d时显著增加。主成分分析表明,细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质以及农艺特性共同调控块根膨大期甜菜抵御干旱胁迫,其中块根可溶性糖含量不能作为甜菜抗旱性鉴定的指标。因此,滴灌甜菜块根膨大期,当土壤含水量下降至田间持水量的30%时及时补充灌溉,不但不影响甜菜生长,还有利于增加块根含糖量。