复合酶制剂对异育银鲫生长和饲料表观消化率的影响

选择360条体重6.71g左右的健康异育银鲫研究在基础饲料中分别添加0、100、200mg/kg和400mg/kg的复合酶制剂对异育银鲫生长和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验期为56d。试验结果表明,添加200mg/kg复合酶制剂组异育银鲫的增重率和特定生长率最大,显著高于对照(P<0.05);且该组异育银鲫对饲料粗蛋白质、磷及能量表观消化率最高,饲料系数最低,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。说明添加200mg/kg复合酶制剂可显著提高异育银鲫对饲料的表观消化率,促进异育银鲫的生长,同时有效降低饲料系数。     

中草药发酵提取物对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能和肠道消化酶活性的影响

本文以平均体重10.5g左右的斑点叉尾鮰为试验鱼,分别在饲料中加入0、250、500、750和1000mg/kg的中草药发酵提取物,养殖试验为8周。结果表明:饲料中添加提取物后,可以显著提高鱼的增重率、蛋白质利用效率和降低饲料系数(P0.05);与对照组相比,提取物添加500～1000g/kg的鱼增重率提高11.39%～26.90%,蛋白质效率提高7.10%～14.75%,饲料系数降低7.98%～17.79%(P0.05);添加750～1000g/kg提取物可显著提高鱼体肥满度达6.06%～12.12%(P0.05),内脏与体重比及肝胰脏与体重比较对照组则显著下降(P0.05);同时,检测到前中肠脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性显著增强(P0.05)。综上可知,在斑点叉尾鮰饲料中添加500～1000mg/kg的中草药发酵提取物,可以较好地促进斑点叉尾鮰生长,并在一定程度上提高鱼品质。     

外源酶对异育银鲫鱼种生长及表观消化率的影响研究

均重60.0g的异育银鲫鱼种300尾随机分为5组,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组,每组设3个重复。Ⅰ为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加复合酶制剂250、500、750、1000mg/kg,饲喂60d。试验结果表明:添加外源酶能有效地改善异育银鲫对干物质、蛋白质及磷的消化吸收,其中以对改善磷的利用率最显著,以添加500～750mg/kg为佳,但超过750mg/kg时消化率有下降趋势;在异育银鲫饲料中添加500～750mg/kg外源酶制剂显著促进了异育银鲫的生长。而过量添加时,外源酶则会抑制异育银鲫生长。     

异育银鲫对四种维生素需要量的研究

本研究应用4因子3水平L9(34)正交组合设计,采用常规原料配制基础饲料,设计了4种维生素9种组合的配合饲料,进行了50天的室内人工养殖试验,研究了异育银鲫人工配合饲料中VB2、VB6、烟酸(VB5)和泛酸(VB3)的添补量。结果表明:异育银鲫对VB2、VB6和泛酸等维生素的添加量分别为:VB218mg/kg、VB65mg/kg、泛酸30mg/kg,烟酸可以不添加。对异育银鲫生长影响最大的因素是VB6、泛酸,其次是VB2、烟酸。当饲料中VB2、VB6、烟酸和泛酸搭配合理,可以提高异育银鲫的生长和对饲料的利用率。另外,饲料中VB2、VB6、烟酸和泛酸4种维生素的添加改善了异育银鲫的品质,并提高了其可食比例。     

醋酸棉酚对异育银鲫生长、生理及组织结构的影响

试验以我国重要的经济养殖鱼类异育银鲫为研究对象.在饲料中添加0～720 mg/kg醋酸棉酚饲喂异育银鲫180 d,研究醋酸棉酚对异育银鲫生长性能、生理机能、肝及肠道组织结构的影响.结果表明:在这项试验条件下,分别含240、480和720 mg/kg醋酸棉酚的试验饲料对异育银鲫在成活率、增重率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率、鱼体成分、肌肉水分含量、肥满度、生理机能和肝及肠道组织结构等方面与无醋酸棉酚的对照组相比,差异不显著.试验结果表明:异育银鲫能耐受含720 mg/kg醋酸棉酚的饲料.     

中性植酸酶部分替代磷酸二氢钙对异育银鲫生长性能、体成分及磷利用率的影响

本试验旨在研究中性植酸酶部分替代磷酸二氢钙对异育银鲫生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标及磷利用率的影响。试验分为7组,分别为D1组(正对照组,饲料中添加1.5%磷酸二氢钙)、D2组(负对照1组,饲料中添加1.0%磷酸二氢钙)、D3组(饲料中添加1.0%磷酸二氢钙+400 U/kg中性植酸酶)、D4组(饲料中添加1.0%磷酸二氢钙+800 U/kg中性植酸酶)、D5组(负对照2组,饲料中添加0.5%磷酸二氢钙)、D6组(饲料中添加0.5%磷酸二氢钙+400 U/kg中性植酸酶)和D7组(饲料中添加0.5%磷酸二氢钙+800 U/kg中性植酸酶),每组3个重复,每个重复25尾鱼[初始均重(23.39±0.10)g],开展为期8周的生长试验。结果表明:异育银鲫摄食试验饲料8周后,D5组的生长性能最差,其增重率、特定生长率、摄食量均显著低于其余各组(P0.05),饲料系数则显著高于其余各组(P0.05)。D2和D6组的增重率和特定生长率显著低于D1组(P0.05),而饲料系数则显著高于D1组(P0.05)。D3、D4和D7组的各项生长性能指标与D1组均没有显著差异(P0.05)。异育银鲫的全鱼水分、粗蛋白质、粗灰分和磷含量以及血清胆固醇含量和碱性磷酸酶活性在各组间均无显著差异(P0.05)。除D5组外,其余各组间血清中磷和甘油三酯含量无显著差异(P0.05)。在相同的磷酸二氢钙添加量下,添加中性植酸酶组磷沉积率和磷表观消化率显著高于未添加中性植酸酶组(P0.05),而磷排放量则相反。由此可知,饲料中添加400和800 U/kg中性植酸酶可以分别减少0.5%和1.0%的磷酸二氢钙添加量而不影响异育银鲫的生长性能、体成分和血清生化指标等。在异育银鲫饲料中,中性植酸酶部分替代磷酸二氢钙可以提高饲料磷利用率、降低磷排放量,从而带来经济效益和生态效益。     

植酸酶在异育银鲫饲料中的应用试验

<正>以12%鱼粉的典型鲫鱼饲料配方(Dc)为对照参考,以植物蛋白源取代50%鱼粉蛋白后的配方为基础,研究添加不同剂量植酸酶(0、1000、2000、4000 FTU/kg饲料)对鲫鱼生长、机体组成、蛋白质消化率、磷消化率的影响,以及该植酸酶的热稳定性。1材料与方法1.1试验鱼苗种试验鱼苗种选用池塘培育的异育银鲫鱼苗,初始     

不同磷酸二氢钙含量饲料中添加中性植酸酶对异育银鲫生长及营养物质表观消化率、沉积率和血浆生化指标的影响

本试验研究了在不同磷酸二氢钙含量饲料中添加中性植酸酶对异育银鲫生长及营养物质表观消化率、沉积率和血浆生化指标的影响。配制磷酸二氢钙含量为1.5%的正对照饲料和磷酸二氢钙含量分别为1.0%、0.5%的负对照饲料,在含1.0%磷酸二氢钙饲料中分别添加400、800 IU/kg中性植酸酶,在含0.5%磷酸二氢钙饲料中添加400 IU/kg中性植酸酶,共配制成6种试验饲料,饲喂初始体重为(39.0±3.0)g的异育银鲫10周。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养15尾鱼。结果显示:在不添加中性植酸酶的情况下,随磷酸二氢钙添加量增加,鱼体增重率,干物质、磷表观消化率,蛋白质、灰分沉积率,全鱼磷含量均显著增加(P0.05),血浆碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著降低(P0.05);在含1.0%磷酸二氢钙饲料中添加800 IU/kg中性植酸酶显著提高了增重率(P0.05),同时显著提高了蛋白质、灰分和磷沉积率,干物质和磷表观消化率,全鱼磷含量,椎骨钙含量及血浆甘油三酯(TG)含量(P0.05),显著降低了血浆ALP活性(P0.05);在含0.5%、1.0%磷酸二氢钙饲料中添加400 IU/kg中性植酸酶均显著提高了磷表观消化率和磷沉积率(P0.05);在不同磷酸二氢钙含量饲料中添加中性植酸酶对血浆总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、钙、磷含量无显著影响(P0.05)。以上结果表明,在磷酸二氢钙含量为1.0%的饲料中添加800 IU/kg中性植酸酶可促进异育银鲫的生长,提高干物质和磷的表观消化率,800 IU/kg中性植酸酶在底物充足条件下可代替0.5%磷酸二氢钙的添加。     

饲料中添加不同浓度的Cu对异育银鲫部分生理机能的影响

试验通过固定配合饲料配方和预混料中其它成分,研究饲料中分别添加2、4、6、8、10mg/kg的Cu对异育银鲫生理机能的影响,结果表明,饲料中Cu的补充对血清溶菌酶活力有一定的影响,饲料中补充6mg/kg的Cu血清溶菌酶活力最高;随饲料中Cu补充量的增加,肝脏中释放入血的GPT活力先下降后上升,当补充量达到10mg/kg时,鱼体血清GPT活力最高,与8mg/kg组差异显著(P<0.05);随饲料中Cu补充量的增加鱼体肝胰脏GOT活力呈先上升后下降的趋势,当补充量达到10mg/kg时,肝胰脏中GOT活力最低;饲料中Cu的补充量高于4mg/kg时,鱼体全血血红蛋白含量随饲料中Cu补充量的增加而下降,添加量达到8mg/kg以上时出现明显差异。试验结果表明,在异育银鲫饲料中Cu的添加量以6～8mg/kg为宜。     

三七总皂苷对异育银鲫非特异免疫及抗氧化性能的影响

试验饲料中添加不同水平的三七总皂苷对异育银鲫血清非特异免疫和抗氧化性能的影响。选取同一放养批次健康的异育银鲫,随机分为5组。第1组空白对照组饲喂基础饲料,其他4组为三七总皂苷组,分别添加80、160、320和640mg/kg三七总皂苷试验饲料。每组3个重复,每重复30尾鱼,试验期60d。养殖结束后采集血清、肌肉和肝胰等样品进行血清非特异免疫和抗氧化性能的分析测定。试验结果表明:添加适宜水平的三七总皂苷能显著提高异育银鲫的非特异免疫功能,添加320和640mg/kg的三七总皂苷可显著提高异育银鲫的抗氧化性能。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.