新技术在配网状态检修中的应用

<正>1电力线路故障在线监测系统的应用电力线路故障在线监测系统能够在线监测线路接地故障和短路故障,实时准确地进行故障点定位。该系统的监测依据是,接地故障发生时线路中有突然增大的电容电流,接地线路电压降低3 kV以上并且线路依然处于供电状态的现象,以及短路故障发生时线路在极短的时间内产生突变大电流,随后线路转为停电状态的现象。系统利用室外监测终端通过公共数据通信网络,将故障信息传送至监控中心,监控中心线路模拟图对应显示故障位置,发出声音报警,并通过无线传输     

低压配电线路接地线损坏故障处置方法探究

从低压配电线路接地线损坏原因出发,通过分析环境、外力、材料等对低压配电线路接地线运行状态的影响。对比现状调查对接地线损坏的各方面原因进行分析,制订了对策,有效地为接地线损坏问题提供了一个可行的解决方案,提高了接地线在使用中的可靠性,从而提升了低压配电线路工作中的本质安全水平(本文中接地线均默认以挂设10 kV架空线路接地线为标准)。     

一种低压多功能接地线

正1研发背景装设接地线是保护工作人员的技术措施。停电设备挂接地线一是可以将设备或线路上的剩余电荷引入大地,二是发生误送电而造成停电设备来电时,接地线可以将三相短路,短路电流使开关设备迅速断开而切断电源,防止工作人员遭受触电伤害。根据安全规程规定,停电设备检修时,为确保人员及设备安全,必须正确挂接接地线。当验明设备已无电压后,应立即将检修的线路或设备接地并三相短路,工作地段两端和工作地段内有可能反送电的各分支线都应接地。     

接地线的使用方法(续完)

<正>为减少土壤电阻和接触电阻,使检修线路可靠接地,在打接地桩时,要选择黏性强的、有机质多的、潮湿的实地表层,避开松散、坚硬风化、回填土及干燥的地表层。冬季,应先去掉表层冻结的土壤,再打入接地桩;在较松散土质上挂完接地线后,再补打一下接地桩,消除挂接地过程中引起的接地桩松动。若条件允许,将接地线具牢固地钳夹在接地引下线上;或者是直接固定在镀锌的铁塔上,同样因接地电阻大的原因,不能将接地线钳夹在线路的拉线和金属管道上。     

提高10kV配电线路终端电压的措施

<正>城镇经济和工农业的快速发展,其对供电质量、可靠性等均提出了更高的技术要求。结合企业实际情况,对10 kV输电线路的运行工况状态进行详细评估和准确合理定位,制订有针对性的技术升级和整改方案,有效提高10 kV输电线路供电电能质量水平,为城镇经济可持续稳定发展输送安全、可靠、优质、经济的电能资源,已成为10 kV输电线路建设发展和升级改造研究的核心内容。合理的技术整改措施和综合自动化调压设备,可以有效提高10 kV输电线路终端电压水平,确保为终端用户提供高效优质的电能资源。     

新型接地线装置

<正>通过对近5年的挂拆接地线作业进行调查统计发现,在作业中容易出现接地前接触电力设备、接地线挂接不实、损伤引流线、接地线端头损坏、操作人员身体失衡发生滑脱和坠落等安全隐患,影响安全施工作业,因此非常有必要研制一种更安全、可靠的接地线装置。1设计策略通过现场调查分析可以发现,如果将接地线端头和绝缘操作杆的固定式整体结构改造为活动结构,挂接地线时让接地线端头和绝缘操作杆成一定的角度,接地线挂好后     

接地线专用扳手的设计与应用

<正>1接地线装拆的现状装接地线一般分两个步骤,先装接地端(接地棒),然后挂接地线,拆的时候顺序相反。一组接地线共有三根接地棒,目前接地线装拆一般是由操作人员戴绝缘手套完成。由于绝缘手套与操作人员的手掌空隙较大,绝缘手套与人手与接地棒三者之间力的传递效果差。当装拆接地棒时(接地棒类似一颗大螺丝),需要操作人员不停地快速用力扭动手腕,拧紧(松)接地棒。随机统计某220 k V户外变电站2013年上半年接地线装拆操作,在约10 min的接地线装(拆)耗时中,装(拆)接     

馈线终端FTU启动问题

配电网中,发生小电流单相接地故障后,故障信号弱,输电线路末端的电流很小,会造成输电线路末端的馈线终端(Feeder Terminal Unit,FTU)不启动,而在故障点附近的馈线终端FTU会频繁启动。针对馈线终端的启动问题进行了探讨,并提出解决办法。馈线终端FTU能准确启动,可以为小电流接地故障定位奠定基础,能提高供电可靠性。     

架空线路接地故障分析

由于自然灾害或其他因素的影响 ,输电线路难免遭受损坏 ,出现接地或断线等故障 ,特别是中、高压架空输电线路。1　接地故障现象线路的接地可分为 :单相接地、两相接地和三相接地。接地故障有永久性接地和瞬时性接地两种。前者通常是绝缘击穿导线落地等 ,后者通常为雷电闪络和导线上落有异物等。其中最常见的是架空线路单相接地。(4)　若接地的线路有多段或多条分支线 ,寻找接地发生在哪一段或哪一分支线上 ;(5 )　寻找接地点。2　接地故障的判断通过检测线路的电压 ,并根据表 1判明接地故障。3　接地线路的查找目前 ,确定接地线路一般采用试…     

在停电的线路上挂地线的必要性

农村输电线路一般采用35kV电压等级单独架设。10kV配电线路一般采用单独架设或与0.4kV同杆架设。35kV输电线路有几十公里至上百公里。村屯之间10kV配电线路也有十几公里。因此在停电的输配电线路上检修或进行故障处理,在工作地点线路两侧,以及在工作线路较长的情况下多处挂接地线尤为重要。 但有的电工图省事,对需检修或故障处理的线路仅在变电室或室外T接点断开,挂上接地线,在工作地点线路两侧就不挂接地线,这样是很危险的。 因为线路较长,即使已经停电,导线仍存在静电感应,线路对地电容电流也会对工作人员构成危害。特别是夏季,由于线路较长,还有个雷电问题。在工作地点两侧挂上接地线后,线路的静电感应、线路的电容电流及远方的雷电感应,经短路接地线流入大地,能可靠地保障工作地点工作人员的人身安全。 线路接地线按规程要求,必须有足够的长度,截面积不得小于25mm~2裸铜编织软线,接地棒插入地下深度不得小于60cm。 挂接地线要按规程要求,在已停电的线路上先验电,确认无电后,先将接地棒插入地中,然后再登杆挂导线侧,挂导线侧短路线的操作杆,要有足够的机械电气强度。整个操作过程应戴绝缘手套,并有专人监护。工作结     

Relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination and water use efficiency under regulated deficit irrigation of pear-jujube tree

To investigate the relationship between stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) of different organs and water use efficiency (WUE) under different water deficit levels, severe, moderate and low water deficit levels were treated at bud burst to leafing, flowering to fruit set, fruit growth and fruit maturation stages of field grown pear-jujube tree, and leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_L) at different growth stages and fruit stable carbon isotope discrimination (Δ_F) at fruit maturation stage were measured. The results indicated that water deficit had significant effect on Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage. As compared with full irrigation, the average Δ_L at different growth stages and Δ_F at fruit maturation stage were decreased by 1.23% and 2.67% for different water deficit levels, respectively. Δ_L and Δ_F among different water deficit treatments had significant difference at the same growth stage (P < 0.05). Under different water deficit conditions, significant relationships between the Δ_L and WUE_i (photosynthesis rate/transpiration rate, P_n/T_r), WUE_n (photosynthesis rate/stomatal conductance of CO_2, P_n/g_s), WUE_y (yield/crop water consumption, Y/ET_c) and yield, or between the Δ_F and WUE_y and yield were found, respectively. There were significantly negative correlations of Δ_L with WUE_i, WUE_n, WUE_y and yield (P < 0.01) at the fruit maturation stage, or Δ_L with WUE_i and WUE_n (P < 0.01) over whole growth stage, respectively. Δ_F was negatively correlated with WUE_y, WUE_n and yield (P < 0.05), but positively correlated with ET_c (P < 0.01) over the whole growth stage. Thus Δ_L or Δ_F can compare WUE_n and WUE_y, so the stable carbon isotope discrimination method can be applied to evaluate the water use efficiency of pear-jujube tree under the regulated deficit irrigation.     

Root biomass, crop response and water-yield relationship of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) grown under combinations of irrigation and nutrient application

A 3-year study was carried out to assess the root biomass production, crop growth rate, yield attributes, canopy temperature and water-yield relationships in Indian mustard grown under combinations of irrigation and nutrient application for revealing the dynamic relationship of crop yield (Y) and seasonal evapotranspiration (ET). Three post-sowing irrigation treatments viz. no irrigation (I ₁), one irrigation at flowering (I ₂) and two irrigations one each at rosette and flowering stage (I ₃), three nutrient treatments viz. no fertilizer or manure (F ₁), 100% recommended NPK i.e., 60 kg N, 13.1 kg P and 16.6 kg K ha⁻¹ (F ₂) and 100% recommended NPK plus farmyard manure @ 10 Mg ha⁻¹ (F ₃) were tested in a split-plot design. Root biomass was significantly greater in I ₃ than I ₂ and I ₁, and in F ₃ than F ₂ and F ₁. The I ₃ × F ₃, I ₂ × F ₃ and I ₃ × F ₂ combinations maintained significantly greater crop growth rate, plant height, yield components, ET and crop yield and better plant water status in terms of canopy temperature, canopy-air temperature difference (CATD) and relative leaf water content (RLWC). Number of siliqua plant⁻¹ and seeds siliqua⁻¹ were the major contributors to the seed yield. Marginal analysis of water production function was used to establish Y–ET relationship. The elasticity of water production (E _wp) provides a means to assess relative changes in Y and ET, and gives an indication of improvement of Y due to nutrient application. The ET–Y relationships were linear with marginal water use efficiency (WUE_m) of 3.09, 4.23 and 3.95 kg ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ in F ₁, F ₂ and F ₃, respectively, and the corresponding E _wp were 0.63, 0.71 and 0.61. This implies that the scope for improving yield and WUE with 100% NPK was little compared with 100% NPK + farmyard manure. The crop yield was highest in I ₃ × F ₃ combination, and the similar yield was obtained in I ₂ × F ₃ and I ₃ × F ₂ combinations. Application of organic manure along with 100% NPK fertilizers maintained greater crop growth rate, better water relation in plants, yield attributes and saved one post-sowing irrigation.     

Midday measurements of leaf water potential and stomatal conductance are highly correlated with daily water use of Thompson Seedless grapevines

A study was conducted to determine the relationship between midday measurements of vine water status and daily water use of grapevines measured with a weighing lysimeter. Water applications to the vines were terminated on August 24th for 9 days and again on September 14th for 22 days. Daily water use of the vines in the lysimeter (ET_LYS) was approximately 40 L vine⁻¹ (5.3 mm) prior to turning the pump off, and it decreased to 22.3 L vine⁻¹ by September 2nd. Pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψ_PD) and midday Ψ_l on August 24th were −0.075 and −0.76 MPa, respectively, with midday Ψ_l decreasing to −1.28 MPa on September 2nd. Leaf g _s decreased from ~500 to ~200 mmol m⁻² s⁻¹ during the two dry-down periods. Midday measurements of g _s and Ψ_l were significantly correlated with one another (r = 0.96) and both with ET_LYS/ET_o (r = ~0.9). The decreases in Ψ_l, g _s, and ET_LYS/ET_o in this study were also a linear function of the decrease in volumetric soil water content. The results indicate that even modest water stress can greatly reduce grapevine water use and that short-term measures of vine water status taken at midday are a reflection of daily grapevine water use.     

A preliminary study of an alternative controlled drainage strategy in surface drainage ditches: Low-grade weirs

This study examined hydrological characteristics of low-grade weirs, an alternative controlled drainage strategy in surface drainage ditches. Chemographs of vegetated and clear scraped (control) replicates of weir vs. non-weir treatments were compared to determine differences in time to peak (T_p) and time to base (T_b). Drainage ditches T_p and T_b were affected by both vegetation and weir presence. The order of treatment efficiency for T_p was observed to be: non-vegetated non-weir < vegetated non-weir < non-vegetated weir < vegetated weir. Furthermore, T_b for each ditch was the reverse relationship from T_p where vegetated weir > non-vegetated weir > vegetated non-weir > non-vegetated non-weir. Low-grade weirs increase chemical retention time (vegetated and clear scraped), the average time a molecule of contaminant remains in the system. Future research in water quality improvement and weir management will yield useful information for non-point source pollutant reduction.     

Water production functions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with saline and alkali waters using double-line source sprinkler system

Expected yield losses as a function of quality and quantity of water applied for irrigation are required to formulate guidelines for the effective utilisation of marginal quality waters. In an experiment conducted during 2004-2006, double-line source sprinklers were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of saline and alkali irrigation waters on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included three water qualities: groundwater (GW; electrical conductivity of water, ECw 3.5 dS m⁻¹; sodium adsorption ratio, SAR 9.8 mmol L⁻¹; residual sodium carbonate, RSC, nil) available at the site, and two synthesized waters, saline (SW; ECw 9.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR 10.3 mmol L⁻¹; RSC nil) and alkali (AW; ECw 3.7 dS m⁻¹, SAR 15.1 mmol L⁻¹; RSC 9.6 meq. L⁻¹). The depths of applied SW, AW, and GW per irrigation ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm; the depths of applied mixtures of GW with either SW (MSW) or AW (MAW) ranged from 3.2 to 5 cm. Thereby, the water applied for post-plant irrigations using either of GW, SW or AW ranged between 15.2 and 34.6 cm and 17.1 and 48.1 cm during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively and the range was 32.1-37.0 and 53.1-60.0 cm for MSW or MAW. Grain yields, when averaged for two years, ranged between 3.08 and 4.36 Mg ha⁻¹, 2.57 and 3.70 Mg ha⁻¹ and 2.73 and 3.74 Mg ha⁻¹ with various quantities of water applied using GW, SW and AW, respectively, and between 3.47 and 3.75 Mg ha⁻¹ and 3.63 and 3.77 Mg ha⁻¹ for MSW and MAW, respectively. The water production functions developed for the two sets of water quality treatments could be represented as: RY = 0.528 + 0.843(WA/OPE) − 0.359(WA/OPE)² − 0.027ECw + 0.44 × 10⁻²(WA/OPE) × ECw for SW (R² = 0.63); RY = 0.446 + 0.816(OPE/WA) − 0.326(WA/OPE)² − 0.0124RSC − 0.55 × 10⁻⁴(WA/OPE) × RSC for AW (R² = 0.56). Here, RY, WA and OPE are the relative yields in reference to the maximum yield obtained with GW, water applied for pre- and post-plant irrigations (cm), and open pan evaporation, respectively. Crop yield increased with increasing amount of applied water for all of the irrigation waters but the maximum yields as obtained with GW, could not be attained even with increased quantities of SW and AW. Increased frequency of irrigation with sprinklers reduced the rate of yield decline with increasing salinity in irrigation water. The sodium contents of plants increased with salinity/alkalinity of sprinkled waters as also with their quantities. Simultaneous decrease in potassium contents resulted in remarkable increase in Na:K ratio.     

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of Populus euphratica Oliv forest during the growing season in the extreme arid region northwest China

Based on successive observation, fifteen-day evapotranspiration (ET_c) of Populus euphratica Oliv forest, in the extreme arid region northwest China, was estimated by application of Bowen ratio-energy balance method (BREB) during the growing season in 2005. During the growing season in 2005, total ET_c was 446.96 mm. From the beginning of growing season, the ET_c increased gradually, and reached its maximum value of 6.724 mm d⁻¹ in the last fifteen days of June. Hereafter the ET_c dropped rapidly, and reached its minimum value of 1.215 mm d⁻¹ at the end of growing season. The variation pattern of crop coefficient (K_c) was similar to that of ET_c. From the beginning of growing season, the K_c value increased rapidly, and reached its maximum value of 0.623 in the last fifteen days of June. Afterward, with slowing growth of P. euphratica, the value dropped rapidly to the end of growing season. According to this study, the ET_c of P. euphratica forest is affected not only by meteorological factors, but by water content in soil.     

Impacts of climate variability on reference evapotranspiration over 58 years in the Haihe river basin of north China

Physically, evaporative demand is driven by net radiation (R_n), vapour pressure (e_a), wind speed (u₂), and air temperature (T_a), each of which changes over time. By analyzing temporal variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET₀), improved understanding of the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes can be obtained. In this study, variations in ET₀ over 58 years (1950-2007) at 34 stations in the Haihe river basin of China were analyzed. ET₀ was calculated by the FAO Penman-Monteith formula. Calculation of Kendall rank coefficient was done by analyzing the annual and seasonal trends in ET₀ derived from its dependent climate variables. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was used to analyze the spatial variation in annual and seasonal ET₀, and in each climate variable. An attribution analysis was performed to quantify the contribution of each input variable to ET₀ variation. The results showed that ET₀ gradually decreased in the whole basin over the 58 years at a rate of −1.0 mm yr⁻², at the same time, R_n, u₂ and precipitation also decreased. Changes in ET₀ were attributed to the variations in net radiation (−0.9 mm yr⁻²), vapour pressure (−0.5 mm yr⁻²), wind speed (−1.3 mm yr⁻²) and air temperature (1.7 mm yr⁻²). Looking at all data on a month by month basis, we found that T_a had a positive effect on dET₀/dt (the derivative of reference evapotranspiration to time) and R_n and u₂ had negative effects on dET₀/dt. While changes in air temperature were found to produce a large increase in dET₀/dt, changes in other key variables each reduced rates, resulting in an overall negative trend in dET₀/dt.     

The effect of soil surface temperature on the crop water stress index

Summary A coupled soil-vegetation energy balance model which treats the canopy foliage as one layer and the soil surface as another layer was validated againt a set of field data and compared with a single-layer model of a vegetation canopy. The two-layer model was used to predict the effect of increases in soil surface temperature (T _s ) due to the drying of the soil surface, on the vegetation temperature (T _v ). In the absence of any change in stomatal resistance the impact of soil surface drying on the Crop Water Stress Index (CSWI) calculated from T _v was predicted. Field data came from a wheat crop growing on a frequently irrigated plot (W) and a plot left un watered (D) until the soil water depletion reached 100 mm. Vegetation and soil surface temperatures were measured by infrared thermometers from tillering to physiological maturity, with meteorological variables recorded simultaneously. Stomatal resistances were measured with a diffusion porometer intensively over five days when the leaf area index was between 5 and 8. The T _v predicted by the single-layer and the two-layer models accounted for 87% and 88% of the variance of measured values respectively, and both regression lines were close to the 11 relationship. Study of the effect of T _s on the CWSI with the two-layer model indicated that the CWSI was sensitive to changes in T _s . The overestimation of crop water stress calculated from the CWSI was predicted to be greater at low leaf area indices and high levels of stomatal resistance. The implications for this bias when using the CWSI for irrigation scheduling are discussed.List of Symbols C Sensible heat flux from the soil-vegetation system (W m^–2) - c _{l shade} Mean stomatal conductance of the shaded leaf area (m s^–1) - c _{l sun} Mean stomatal conductance of the sunlit leaf area (m s^–1) - c _max Maximum stomatal conductance (m s^–1) - c ₀ Minimum stomatal conductance (m s^–1) - C _p Specific heat at constant pressure (J kg^–1 °C^–1) - C _s Sensible heat flux from the soil (W m^–2) - C _v Sensible heat flux from the vegetation (W m^–2) - c _v Bulk stomatal conductance of the vegetation (m s^–1) - CWSI Crop Water Stress Index (dimensionless) - e _a Vapor pressure at the reference height (kPa) - e _b Vapor pressure at the virtual source/sink height of heat exchange (kPa) - e ₀ ^* Saturated vapor pressure at T ₀ (kPa) - e _s Vapor pressure at the soil surface (kPa) - e _v ^* Saturated vapor pressure at T _v (kPa) - G Soil heat flux (Wm^–2) - GLAI Green leaf area index (dimensionless) - GLAI_shade Green shaded leaf area index (dimensionless) - GLAI_sun Green sunlit leaf area index (dimensionless) - k Extinction coefficient for photosynthetically active radiation (dimensionless) - k ₁ Damping exponent for Eq. A 5 (m² W^–1) - LAI Leaf area index (dimensionless) - LE Latent heat flux from the soil-vegetation system (W m^–2) - LE _s Latent heat flux from the soil (W m^–2) - LE _v Latent heat flux from the vegetation (W m^–2) - p _a Density of air (kg m^–3) - PAR_a Photosynthetically active radiation above the canopy (W m^–2) - PAR_u Photosynthetically active radiation under the canopy (W m^–2) - r _a Aerodynamic resistance (s m^–1) - r _b Heat exchange resistance between the vegetation and the adjacent air boundary layer (s m^–1) - r _c Bulk stomatal resistance of the vegetation (s m^–1) - R _n Net radiation above the canopy (W m^–2) - R _s Net radiation flux at the soil surface (W m^–2) - r _st Mean stomatal resistance of leaves in the canopy (s m^–1) - R _v Net radiation absorbed by the vegetation (W m^–2) - r _w Heat exchange resistance between the soil surface and the boundary layer (s m^–1) - S Photosynthetically active radiation on the shaded leaves (W m^–2) - S _d Diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (W m ^–2) - S ₀ Photosynthetically active radiation on a surface perpendicular to the beams (W m^–2) - T _a Air temperature at the reference height (°C) - T _b Temperature at the virtual source/sink height of heat exchange (°C) - T ₀ Aerodynamic temperature (°C) - T _s Soil surface temperature (°C) - T _v Vegetation temperature (°C) - w ₀ Single scattering albedo (dimensionless) - Psychrometric constant (kPa °C) - ₀ Cosine of solar zenith angle (dimensionless)     

Increasing water productivity of irrigated crops under limited water supply at field scale

Borkhar district is located in an arid to semi-arid region in Iran and regularly faces widespread drought. Given current water scarcity, the limited available water should be used as efficient and productive as possible. To explore on-farm strategies which result in higher economic gains and water productivity (WP), a physically based agrohydrological model, Soil Water Atmosphere Plant (SWAP), was calibrated and validated using intensive measured data at eight selected farmer fields (wheat, fodder maize, sunflower and sugar beet) in the Borkhar district, Iran during the agricultural year 2004-2005. The WP values for the main crops were computed using the SWAP simulated water balance components, i.e. transpiration T, evapotranspiration ET, irrigation I, and the marketable yield Y_M in terms in terms of Y_MT⁻¹, Y_M ET⁻¹ and Y_M I⁻¹.The average WP, expressed as $ T⁻¹ (US $ m⁻³) was 0.19 for wheat, 0.5 for fodder maize, 0.06 for sunflower and 0.38 for sugar beet. This indicated that fodder maize provides the highest economic benefit in the Borkhar irrigation district. Soil evaporation caused the average WP values, expressed as Y_M ET⁻¹ (kg m⁻³), to be significantly lower than the average WP, expressed as Y_MT⁻¹, i.e. about 27% for wheat, 11% for fodder maize, 12% for sunflower and 0.18 for sugar beet. Furthermore, due to percolation from root zone and stored moisture content in the root zone, the average WP values, expressed as Y_MI⁻¹ (kg m⁻³), had a 24-42% reduction as compared with WP, expressed as Y_M ET⁻¹.The results indicated that during the limited water supply period, on-farm strategies like deficit irrigation scheduling and reduction of the cultivated area can result in higher economic gains. Improved irrigation practices in terms of irrigation timing and amount, increased WP in terms of Y_MI⁻¹ (kg m⁻³) by a factor of 1.5 for wheat and maize, 1.3 for sunflower and 1.1 for sugar beet. Under water shortage conditions, reduction of the cultivated area yielded higher water productivity values as compared to deficit irrigation.     

Soil salinity related to physical soil characteristics and irrigation management in four Mediterranean irrigation districts

Irrigated agriculture is threatened by soil salinity in numerous arid and semiarid areas of the Mediterranean basin. The objective of this work was to quantify soil salinity through electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques and relate it to the physical characteristics and irrigation management of four Mediterranean irrigation districts located in Morocco, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey. The volume and salinity of the main water inputs (irrigation and precipitation) and outputs (crop evapotranspiration and drainage) were measured or estimated in each district. Soil salinity (EC_e) maps were obtained through electromagnetic induction surveys (EC_a readings) and district-specific EC_a-EC_e calibrations. Gravimetric soil water content (WC) and soil saturation percentage (SP) were also measured in the soil calibration samples. The EC_a-EC_e calibration equations were highly significant (P < 0.001) in all districts. EC_a was not significantly correlated (P > 0.1) with WC, and was only significantly correlated (P < 0.1) with soil texture (estimated by SP) in Spain. Hence, EC_a mainly depended upon EC_e, so that the maps developed could be used effectively to assess soil salinity and its spatial variability. The surface-weighted average EC_e values were low to moderate, and ranked the districts in the order: Tunisia (3.4 dS m⁻¹) > Morocco (2.2 dS m⁻¹) > Spain (1.4 dS m⁻¹) > Turkey (0.45 dS m⁻¹). Soil salinity was mainly affected by irrigation water salinity and irrigation efficiency. Drainage water salinity at the exit of each district was mostly affected by soil salinity and irrigation efficiency, with values very high in Tunisia (9.0 dS m⁻¹), high in Spain (4.6 dS m⁻¹), moderate in Morocco (estimated at 2.6 dS m⁻¹), and low in Turkey (1.4 dS m⁻¹). Salt loads in drainage waters, calculated from their salinity (EC_dw) and volume (Q), were highest in Tunisia (very high Q and very high EC_dw), intermediate in Turkey (extremely high Q and low EC_dw) and lowest in Spain (very low Q and high EC_dw) (there were no Q data for Morocco). Reduction of these high drainage volumes through sound irrigation management would be the most efficient way to control the off-site salt-pollution caused by these Mediterranean irrigation districts.