杉木种子发育生理、涩籽成因及降低败育措施的研究

对杉木种子发育生理及涩籽形成原因的研究结果表明：随着胚的分化发育,雌配子体（胚乳）和胚的干质量、体积及生物分子（总核酸、蛋白质和类脂）含量均不断增加,一直持续到种子成熟。败育的杉木涩籽中存在着凝集素类物质,它的存在与败育无关,而在贮藏蛋白的形成中的作用。败能的杉木涩籽中只积累较多的脱落酸,说明了败育涩籽的衰败和失活。根据研究结果提出了减少杉木种子败育的措施。     

杉木正常及败育种子过氧化物同工酶的比较

杉木种子发育初期,败育种子和正常种子的过氧化物酶活性大抵相同;随着种子的发育,败育种子过氧化物酶活性显著高于正常种子,到后期愈加显著。正常种子生长后期某些过氧化物同工酶谱带消失。初步认为,杉木种子败育在生化原因上与过氧化物酶活性高有关。     

异常气候对马尾松球花和种实发育的影响

马尾松可育珠鳞集生于球果中、上部,不育珠鳞集生于球果下部,两者分别占球果总鳞数的58.4%和41.6%。可育珠鳞中仅部分胚珠发育正常,其余呈不同形态的败育。胚珠败育发生在大孢子母细胞、雌配子体游离核及全细胞化的三个时期。败育胚珠占球果总鳞数的21.7%。花粉粒各发育阶段因低温冻害败育,导致花粉发芽率降低50%左右。由于异常气候的影响,造成胚珠败育和种实发育不良,使饱满种子显著少于正常年份。     

马尾松胚胎发育的观察研究

在自然条件下，马尾松成熟花粉粒发育需6个月，授粉有效期在珠鳞展开的头5天，授粉后雌配子体游离核时期持续12个月，从游离核到细胞约需7天，颈卵器2－3个，受精作用发生在授粉后第13个月，原胚期约30天，幼胚期约40，成熟胚期约60天；从球花芽分化到种子成熟约需24个月，在形态发育的观察中，发现低温冻害会引起花粉在发育各阶段的形态异常及大量败育。     

杉木雄性不育株与可育株的形态解剖学的比较研究

本文对杉木（Cunninghamialanceolata（Lamb．）Hook．）的雄性可育株和不育株进行了形态解剖学的比较研究。结果表明：杉木的雄性不育属于无花粉型。不育株叶色较正常可育株深绿，有曲枝现象，小孢子叶球“簇”苞片较早松开，小跑子囊也较早露出。雄性败育发生在孢原细胞到四分体时期。同一小孢子叶球上的小孢子发生和发育不一致。不育株输导组织结构的异常、小孢子囊壁中层细胞的增生和绒毡层过早解体及囊外的包被结构，是导致其败育的主要原因之     

极度濒危植物水松大孢子发生、雌配子体发育及胚形成

【目的】通过对水松生殖发育解剖结构的研究,探讨水松属分类地位,分析水松种子严重败育的原因,进一步为水松繁殖和保护提供丰富、完善的胚胎学研究资料。【方法】2011年9月至2013年9月,采用石蜡切片技术对水松大孢子发生、雌配子体发育和胚形成过程进行系统地显微观察,详细观测水松雌球果发育过程中外部形态变化。【结果】9—11月为水松雌球果芽分化期,12月至翌年5月为大孢子发生和雌配子体发育期,6月为受精期,6月下旬至7月为原胚发育期,8月为早期胚发育期,9月为后期胚发育期。大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成直线型四分体,其中3个大孢子逐渐退化,仅靠近合点端的大孢子发育成为功能大孢子;复合颈卵器由6～17个颈卵器构成,外层有双核套层细胞。套层细胞具有明显的极性分布;复合颈卵器大多数着生于雌配子体顶端,少数侧生;中央细胞不形成卵核和腹沟细胞,直接发育为成熟的卵细胞;精细胞进入颈卵器时,不损伤颈细胞;受精作用主要发生在颈卵器中部,偶尔发生在颈卵器两端。精核与卵核融合过程中,精核的核仁发生解聚和复聚;合子转移到合点端后,进行有丝分裂形成原胚自由核;受精作用属于有丝分裂前配子融合类型。原胚发育属松杉类标准型,为简单多胚类型;原胚发育形成原胚柄,但不形成初生胚柄。受精作用过程中,存在严重授粉不足现象。【结论】基于雌配子游离核、颈卵器和颈细胞数目,颈卵器类型和着生位置,中央细胞及原胚发育等特征综合分析表明,水松属与台湾杉属、水杉属、柳杉属、落羽杉属亲缘关系密切,与杉木属亲缘关系较近。授粉不足可能是水松大量瘪粒种子形成的主要原因。     

‘冷白玉’枣果实发育过程中内源激素变化与胚败育的关系

【目的】生长素、赤霉素、脱落酸等植物内源激素在促进胚胎发育过程中起着重要的作用。本研究通过分析‘冷白玉’枣4个重要发育阶段胚胎和果肉中生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA4)、顺式脱落酸(c ABA)和反式脱落酸(t ABA)的动态变化,探究枣胚败育与果实发育过程中内源激素变化的相互关系,为阐明枣胚败育机理提供证据,为败育胚的挽救提供理论支撑。【方法】以处于原胚、小球形胚、球形胚、鱼雷形胚4个时期的‘冷白玉’枣为试材,监测幼果和幼胚发育状况,采用液相色谱-质谱检测枣果发育过程中正常胚、败育胚、胚正常果肉、胚败育果肉中IAA、GA4、c ABA、t ABA 4种内源激素含量的变化。【结果】1)胚中IAA的含量显著高于果肉。在胚中,正常胚中IAA含量呈逐渐升高趋势,而在败育胚中IAA含量呈逐渐下降趋势。胚正常果肉中IAA含量变化呈倒V字形,而胚败育果肉中呈正V字形。2)胚中GA4的含量明显低于果肉,并一直处于较低水平。正常胚中GA4含量低于败育胚。胚发育正常果肉和胚败育果肉中GA4含量均表现为先升高后降低的趋势。3) c ABA在果肉和胚发育过程中均表现为逐渐降低趋势。在正常胚中,c ABA含量大于果肉中的含量;败育胚中,c ABA含量小于果肉中的含量。4)胚中t ABA的含量高于果肉。在胚中,正常胚中t ABA的含量呈逐渐下降趋势,而在败育胚中t ABA呈逐渐上升趋势,并在后期高于正常胚。在果肉中,胚正常果肉和胚败育果肉中的t ABA含量均呈先下降后缓慢升高趋势。5)胚中低水平的GA4且较高水平的IAA,及后期低含量的t ABA、c ABA和较高的IAA/GA4比值有利于幼胚的正常发育。胚中IAA下降和t ABA增加及(GA4+IAA)/ABA比值下降是导致胚败育的重要因素。【结论】在枣幼胚发育前期,需要较高的生长类激素促进生长,而在发育后期胚中t ABA含量的增加可引起胚败育。     

‘金田皇家无核’葡萄种子败育的动态变化

以种子败育型‘金田皇家无核’葡萄为试验材料,以‘金田蓝宝石’葡萄为对照,调查了花后不同时期果实单果粒重和种子数,并对种子的不完全败育和胚败育的过程进行了解剖观察。根据试验结果分析数据得出:‘金田皇家无核’葡萄种子败育有两种情况:一种情况表现为:当果实成熟时,在果实内仅剩下极其细小的种子;另一种情况表现为:果实成熟的时候,种子内胚完全退化,种皮继续发育并且显著增厚,表现为透明且肉质化。在自然条件下‘金田皇家无核’的自交胚在授粉后60d左右开始出现胚退化现象;授粉后80~90d种子种皮异常加厚,此时,胚基本退化消失。     

卡特兰雌配子的发育

采用石蜡切片法观察了卡特兰雌配子的发育过程。结果表明:卡特兰在授粉前,胎座和胚珠并没有开始发育;在成功授粉后,胚珠原基开始发育;卡特兰的胚珠为倒生型,具薄珠心和2层珠被,成熟胚囊为8核;从授粉到胚囊成熟需要112 d左右;外珠被的过早发育可能是造成胚败育的原因之一。     

四倍体刺槐胚珠败育及其机制

四倍体刺槐的胚珠败育可分为3个阶段.初期败育:发生在花冠展开后5～30天之间,合子处于休眠状态,平均败育率为51.9%,败育胚珠体积较小、轻度至深度枯黄色,败育胚珠的有胚率为0,因而属无胚胚珠败育,发生原因可能与果实生理落果有关;中期败育:花冠展开后30～50天之间,球形原胚、心形胚已逐渐形成,平均败育率为30.3%,败育胚珠体积较小、表面部分枯黄色、周围有黄色透明液体,败育胚珠的有胚率为33.2%;后期败育:花冠展开50天后,子叶胚已逐渐形成,平均败育率为72.6%,败育胚珠干瘪、较小、棕黄色,败育胚珠的平均有胚率为70.8%;中、后期败育属有胚、无胚胚珠同时存在的胚珠败育,其发生的原因主要是幼胚的畸形死亡.花冠展开15天之后的胚珠发育期间,败育胚珠生长促进类内源激素(GA3,IAA)水平低于正常胚珠,生长抑制类内源激素(ABA)水平及ABA/(IAA+GA,)明显高于正常胚珠,因此,四倍体刺槐胚珠败育也可能与胚珠内源激素异常有关.     

Somatic embryogenesis and histological analysis from zygotic embryos in Vitis vinifera L. ''Moldova''

We examined the somatic embryogenesis from and histological studies of zygotic embryos of seeds in European Grape 'Moldova' (Vitis vinifera L. 'Moldova'). Primary calli were initiated on Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium supplemented with 1.0mg'L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg'L-1 6-BA. Embryogenic calli were produced upon transfer to a NN medium with 0.5 mg-L-1 6-BA and 2 mg.L-1 NAA and somatic embryos were obtained on a half strength MS medium without plant growth regulators. During the somatic embryo germination, an addition of 1.0 mg.L-1 6-BA in the medium could accelerate somatic embryos to develop into normal plants and increase the conversion rate from 0 to 43.3%. Histological studies of embryogenic calli and somatic embryos demonstrated dy-namic changes of proteins and starch grains. The developmental processes of somatic embryos were similar to those of zygotic em-bryos, including typical epiderma, cotyledon primordium and vascular tissue.     

Somatic embryogenesis and histological analysis from zygotic embryos in Vitis vinifera L. ＇Moldova＇

We examined the somatic embryogenesis from and histological studies of zygotic embryos of seeds in European Grape 'Moldova' (Vitis vinifera L. 'Moldova'). Primary calli were initiated on Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium supplemented with 1.0mg'L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg'L-1 6-BA. Embryogenic calli were produced upon transfer to a NN medium with 0.5 mg-L-1 6-BA and 2 mg.L-1 NAA and somatic embryos were obtained on a half strength MS medium without plant growth regulators. During the somatic embryo germination, an addition of 1.0 mg.L-1 6-BA in the medium could accelerate somatic embryos to develop into normal plants and increase the conversion rate from 0 to 43.3%. Histological studies of embryogenic calli and somatic embryos demonstrated dy-namic changes of proteins and starch grains. The developmental processes of somatic embryos were similar to those of zygotic em-bryos, including typical epiderma, cotyledon primordium and vascular tissue.     

樟子松种子萌发过程中碳水化合物代谢变化规律

通过测定樟子松(Pinus sylvestris vat.mongolica)种子萌发过程中碳水化合物的代谢变化,结果表明,在种子萌发过程中,樟子松种子的胚乳中还原糖、淀粉和总糖含量及淀粉酶活性变化较为明显,种胚中淀粉含量和酶活性变化不明显.     

油松树脂道的发育过程和组织化学研究

利用薄切片和组织化学方法对油松茎皮层树脂道发育过程中上皮细胞内树脂滴和淀粉粒的动态变化进行了观察研究。在树脂道原始细胞阶段，树脂滴稀少，淀粉粒２－５个；树脂道形成期间，树脂滴数量逐渐增加，体积增大，淀粉粒也呈递增趋势，两者都均匀分布于细胞质中；树脂道成熟阶段，上皮细胞内树脂滴明减少，主要分布于靠近腔道一侧的细胞质中，淀粉粒数量变化不大，而体积明显减小，通常分布于远离腔道一侧的细胞质中，在树脂道发育     

Somatic embryogenesis and histological analysis from zygotic embryos in Vitis vinifera L. ＇Moldova＇

We examined the somatic embryogenesis from and histological studies of zygotic embryos of seeds in European Grape ＇Moldova＇ （Vitis vinifera U ＇Moldova＇）. Primary calli were initiated on Nitsch and Nitsch （NN） medium supplemented with 1.0 mg·L^-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA. Embryogenic calli were produced upon transfer to a NN medium with 0.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA and 2 mg·L^-1 NAA and somatic embryos were obtained on a half strength MS medium without plant growth regulators. During the somatic embryo germination, an addition of 1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA in the medium could accelerate somatic embryos to develop into normal plants and increase the conversion rate from 0 to 43.3%. Histological studies of embryogenic calli and somatic embryos demonstrated dynamic changes of proteins and starch grains. The developmental processes of somatic embryos were similar to those of zygotic embryos, including typical epiderma, cotyledon primordium and vascular tissue.     

High-efficiency somatic embryogenesis and morphohistology and histochemistry of somatic embryo development in Larix leptolepis Gordon

A high-efficiency somatic embryogenesis protocol of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Gordon) has been established in our investigation. Calli were induced from immature zygotic embryos of female cones of L. leptolepis and then subcultured regularly on to a modified Gupta and Durzan (DCR) basal medium for 5 years. Embryogenic tissues showed distinct morphological changes dur-ing somatic embryo development when they were transferred to a maturation medium supplemented with abscisic acid (ABA) com-pared with the morphology in a medium lacking ABA. Histological observations indicated that polyembryony was a characteristic feature during early embryogeny and somatic embryos at later stages showed normal histodifferentiation. In addition, histochemical analysis revealed that abundant starch granules and proteins accumulated in mature embryos, indicating that they played important roles in the development and regeneration of normal plantlets from somatic embryos on hormone-free germination media     

云南红豆杉种子贮藏过程中胚的变化

采用显微测量、石蜡切片和离体培养法研究了云南红豆杉种子在贮藏过程中胚的长度、结构和萌发率的变化,结果显示:新鲜种子胚的长度差异明显,在种子贮藏过程中胚的长度变化不明显;多数情况下,成熟种子的胚分化完全,在种子贮藏过程中胚的结构没有发生明显变化;在离体培养中,新鲜种子胚在2周左右萌发,萌发率为70%,随着贮藏时间的延长,胚的萌发率会逐渐降低.因此推测种子休眠不是由胚的生物学特性引起的;胚在种子中能较长时间的保持活力,这是长期适应的结果,但却是以损失萌发率为代价的.     

Histology of Pinus maximinoi cones infected by Cronartium conigenum1

Apparently healthy and C. conigenum infected female strobili of Pinus maximinoi, collected in Guatemala, were histopathologically studied by light microscopy. Scales from infected cones were fused and fertile scales had aborted seeds. Infected cone scales lacked fibre cells in the cortex, which are abundant in healthy cone scales. Intercellular spaces of cortex contained abundant hyphae compared to phloem and xylem. The cell walls of infected tissues in the ovules were darkly stained, while those of comparable healthy tissue were colourless under Pianeze's IIIB stain. Infected ovules of different developmental stages with nucellus, or nucellus plus spongy tissue, were observed. The cells of each tissue type contained many haustoria and did not develop into female gametophyte and embryo. Ovule colonization by hyphae appeared after pollination and subsequently caused their early abortion.     

Seasonal fluctuations of starch in root and stem tissues of coppiced Salix viminalis plants grown under two nitrogen regimes

Seasonal changes in starch were studied at the tissue and cellular levels in roots and stems of Salix viminalis L. cuttings. Cuttings were planted in pots containing sand and grown in a controlled environment chamber in which seasons were artificially induced by changes in temperature and photoperiod. Nitrogen was supplied at optimum and low rates, and during dormancy, one-half of the plants were decapitated. Starch concentrations in root and stem tissues were determined regularly during shoot extension growth, dormancy and resprouting after dormancy. We used light microscopy (LM) combined with image analysis (IA) to determine the cellular localization and amount of starch in different cell types of stem and root tissues. Chemical analysis confirmed that starch concentrations were lower in plants receiving a high-N supply rate than in plants receiving a low-N supply rate. In all plants, the highest concentration of starch was in the roots. Light microscopy and IA showed that starch accumulated mainly in the phloem and cortical cells of both root and stem tissues. Starch grains were also regularly found in ray parenchyma cells. The amount of starch as well as the size of the grains showed strong seasonal fluctuations. In both roots and stems, starch concentrations were highest during predormancy and lowest during periods of shoot extension growth. At the time of resprouting, root cells of decapitated plants were more depleted of starch than root cells of intact plants, supporting the hypothesis that starch reserves in roots are important during the early phase of resprouting in coppice systems.