基于神经网络的混沌时间序列土壤墒情预测预报

土壤墒情预测预报对农业生产、水分循环的研究具有重要的意义。应用混沌理论对具有混沌特性的土壤墒情时间序列进行相空间重构,利用神经网络对土壤墒情时间混沌序列重构相空间中相点的演化过程进行了学习、训练及预测。结果表明,该方法所需的参数较少,简单易行,即只需要土壤墒情时间序列数据。通过对预测预报值与实测数据进行比较,证实了该方法相对误差较小,预测精度高,有一定的可靠性和实用性。     

和田绿洲空气相对湿度的混沌神经网络预测模型

针对用单一指标判断时间序列的混沌特性的不足,本文应用Hurst指数、Lyapunov指数以及饱和关联维数从不同的角度对和田绿洲空气相对湿度的混沌特性进行了识别。在此基础上将混沌理论与神经网络相结合,建立了混沌神经网络预测模型,利用此模型分别对1954-2002年和2003-2004年和田河流域月平均相对湿度进行模拟和预测,其平均相对误差分别为2.96%和0.85%,表明模型具有较高的精度。     

农业灌溉用水量混沌预报模型建立与应用

针对当前灌溉用水量预报方法研究现状及预报精度低的问题,提出了混沌预报模型。通过灌溉用水量序列相空间重构在高维空间中恢复演变规律,并进行混沌演变特性识别,建立了基于最大Lyapunov指数的灌溉用水量混沌预报模型。模型用于湖北省举水流域灌溉用水量预报并与不同方法进行对比分析,结果表明模型预报效果好,可以作为农业灌溉用水量预报的一种有效方法。     

不同氮形态对铅胁迫下苏丹草根系形态及铅吸收富集特征的影响

为进一步研究富营养化水体中不同氮形态和重金属对修复植物的交互作用,通过水培试验研究了水体中不同形态氮培养对铅胁迫下苏丹草根系形态及其对铅吸收富集的影响。结果表明,水体Pb(0.5mmol/L)污染时,不同氮形态培养虽然对苏丹草根系形态有一定的影响,但没达到显著性差异,然而对苏丹草根系中丙二醛(MDA)含量及其各器官生物量的影响达显著差异(p<0.05),NH4—N营养液培养的苏丹草根系MDA含量比NO3—N,NO2—N营养液培养的分别高出了4.6和1.6倍;NO3—N营养液培养的苏丹草根、茎、叶生物量比NH4—N营养液培养的分别高出了28.7%,19.6%和23.9%,比NO2—N营养液培养的高出37.6%,30.9%和36.7%。水体Pb(0.5 mmol/L)污染时,NO3—N营养液培养的苏丹草根中Pb浓度明显比NH4—N营养液培养的高出2倍多,且其地下富集系数最大;NO2—N营养液培养的苏丹草茎中Pb浓度明显比NH4—N营养液培养的高出近8倍,且其对铅的转运能力影响作用最强。这表明受重金属污染的富营养化水体中如存在不同形态氮,在一定程度上还有利于削弱重金属对修复植物的毒性作用,增大水体对某些重金属的环境容量。     

汾河运城段河流水质评价

基于长期的水质监测数据,应用水质标识指数法,对汾河运城段2005—2009年的水质进行了评价,得出了新绛站监测断面和河津大桥监测断面的地表水环境质量级别。结果表明,该河段COD,BOD5和氨氮这3项因子超标严重,且氨氮的污染指数最大,不能满足相应的水环境功能要求,水质不能达到地表水环境质量标准。总体来看,须对汾河运城段的COD,BOD5和氨氮等污染物加以严格控制。研究结果可为运城市地表水资源规划、管理与保护提供科学依据。     

不同填充料对猪粪堆肥腐熟过程的影响

采用稻草、木屑、粉煤灰、树叶为猪粪堆肥的填充料，研究了不同填充料与猪粪混合堆肥的温度、总氮、NH4^ —N、NO3^-—N、水溶性有机碳(DOC)和种子发芽系数随时间的变化规律。结果发现，稻草在堆肥过程中很容易腐烂和结块，不宜单独用作猪粪堆肥的填充料；稻草 粉煤灰或树叶 木屑作为填充料加入猪粪混合堆肥中可改善堆肥物料的物理性质，减少物料的结块现象，促进NH4^-—N向NO3^-——N转化，有利于水溶有机碳的分解，提高种子发芽率，促进堆肥的腐熟。     

巢湖水环境质量时空演变特征及成因分析

以巢湖湖体12个监测点多年监测资料分析巢湖水环境时空分布特征,并探究其成因。结果得出,在时间序列上,巢湖水体高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、总磷(TP)浓度在1995—2007年间变幅不明显;而总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH3—N)浓度下降趋势显著;叶绿素a(Chla)指标除2003年外变幅较微弱。空间分布上,比较1995—1999年和2000—2007年2个时段,CODMn高浓度地区在西湖区有所扩张,TP向西湖区有所收缩,NH3—N高浓度地区从派河入湖口、塘西一带转至南淝河、桥南且面积收缩,TN和Chla在西湖区浓度仍高于东湖区,而pH值在东湖区的槐林地区较高。总体而言东湖区水环境质量好于西湖区,近年来水环境有改善趋势。巢湖水环境时空演变缘由可能是丰富的外源汇入加剧水环境压力,持续的内源释放加重富营养化程度和适宜的生长环境易诱发大规模蓝藻爆发。     

基于盲数理论的四川省西充河水环境容量研究

嘉陵江一级支流西充河为四川省严重污染河流。经监测分析,2009年西充河水质被评为劣5类,主要污染物包括氨氮、化学需氧量、总氮、总磷、粪大肠菌群等。以西充河南充市段为研究对象,运用盲数理论测算,对比了西充河雷打石和拉拉渡2个断面2003—2009年的水质监测资料。2个断面的水环境容量值CODCr为637.01kg/d,NH3—N为0.76kg/d。2断面间的化学需氧量、氨氮超过水环境容量值(WCODCr=874.59kg/d,WNH3—N=116.34kg/d)分别是允许水环境容量的1.37和153倍。为了达到国家3级水质标准,西充河的治理已经刻不容缓。     

闽江福州下游段水体N含量季节变化及对湿地土壤N含量的影响

选取闽江福州下游段水体及河口短叶茳芏湿地土壤水作为研究对象,采用SAN++连续流动分析仪测试样品中NO-3—N,NO-2—N和NH+4—N含量,以揭示河流水体N含量的季节差异和对土壤水N含量的影响。研究结果表明:(1)闽江福州下游段秋季河流水NH+4—N和NO-3—N含量高于春季,NO-2—N含量低于春季;秋季短叶茳芏湿地土壤水NH+4—N和NO-2—N含量也明显高于春季,土壤水NO-3—N含量低于春季;春、秋季土壤水NH+4—N含量皆高于河流水,而NO-3—N和NO-2—N含量皆明显低于河流水。(2)河流水的浸淹对土壤N含量影响较大,说明河流水是湿地土壤的主要N源。(3)闽江福州下游段河流水3种形态的N含量表现为秋季大于春季,存在较明显的季节差异。(4)与2007—2008年的观测值相比较,闽江河口河流水体N含量呈大幅上升趋势,水体富营养化加剧。     

不同时空尺度下流域景观格局与水质的相关性研究——以嫩江右岸典型子流域为例

流域景观格局与水质的相关关系依赖于研究的时空尺度,区分时空尺度的研究有助于为流域水陆一体化管理提供准确依据。以嫩江右岸典型子流域为例,从亚流域、河流廊道2个空间尺度,丰水和枯水期2个时间尺度,研究了景观格局与河流水质的相关关系,分析了相关关系的时空差异。空间尺度上的研究结果表明：（1）亚流域尺度上与水质指标相关性显著的景观指标个数较河流廊道尺度多;（2）随尺度增大,NO3—N,综合污染指数与林地景观百分比的负相关性先增后减,400m处负相关性最强;TDS,NH4—N,NO3—N,综合污染指数与耕地景观百分比的正相关性先增后减,300m处正相关性最强,300～400m是嫩江支流廊道管理的关键区域。时间尺度上的研究结果表明,丰水期与水质指标显著相关的景观指数个数较枯水期多;丰水期林地、草地和耕地景观与水质指标的相关性强,而枯水期建设用地景观与水质指标的相关性强。     

Absorption and transport of Na and Cl in rice cultivars differing in their tolerance to salinity: An examination of the effects of ammonium and potassium salts

The absorption and transport of Na and Cl from 0.1 mM and 10 mM ²²Na labelled NaCl or ³⁶Cl labelled KCl were examined in 15 days old seedlings of 3 cultivars of rice differing in their tolerance to salinity. Furthermore, the effects of 10, 100 and 1000 ppm (N)₂S on their uptake were studied. It was found that in general, the salt‐tolerant cultivars BR and PNL‐1 absorbed more Na and translocated a lesser proportion of it to the shoot, compared to the salt‐sensitive IR‐8, from 0.1 mM NaCl. The presence of (N)₂S reduced the uptake of Na in all the cultivars. It was also found that the presence of 100 ppm K, KN or NNreduced Na absorption from 0.1 mM NaCl significantly in all the cultivars, and the translocation to shoot in BR‐ Chloride transport from 0.1 mM NaCl was reduced by (N)₂S in all the cultivars. The 3 cultivars differed significantly in the rates of absorption and transport of Na and Cl. The results indicate that PNL‐1 which is a cross of IR‐8 X BR, has inherited the salt tolerance trait from BR. Lower rates of Na translocation to the shoot can be used as an index of salt tolerance in rice.     

An examination of the total analysis of major elements in soil samples

Recently conventional chemical analyses were mostly replaced by instrumental analysis. Although results from both methods were examined in details after the samples had been solubilized or extracted by appropriate techniques, the solubilization method was considerably altered so as to be convenient for the following analysis. In atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), for example, fusion technique was mostly inadequate because of the higher salts concentration in the obtained solution. The use of H₂SO₄ must also be avoided in acid digestion for SO₄ ^2- precipitates with Sr²⁺ or La³⁺ which must be added to eliminate interferences in the succeeding procedure. Therefore, it is essential to consider the whole scheme including sample treatments to evaluate the suitability of instrumental analysis. In this experiment, the suitability of the methods which have been employed in our laboratory was examined by analyzing 9 rock standards.     

Denitrification potential in a grassland subsoil: effect of carbon substrates

We examined the potential of a subsoil to denitrify nitrate under optimal anaerobic conditions in a laboratory-based incubation when supplied with a range of C substrates of increasing recalcitrance. Both topsoil and its associated subsoil were supplied with nitrate and either glucose, starch or cellulose. Microbial respiration and the evolution of N₂O and N₂ were measured. The subsoil supported low amounts of microbial activity and responded only to the glucose treatment; with less than one-fifth of the N₂O production measured in the top soil. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the denitrification potential of this particular subsoil is relatively low and that only simple carbohydrates could be utilised readily by the resident microorganisms.     

Developmental patterns of lamellae and stroma fractions of chloroplasts in rice plants

On examining the changes in lamellae and stroma nitrogen during leaf development, it is demonstrated that the lamellae and stroma fractions ofrice chloroplasts develop in quite different ways. In the case of stroma, the stroma materials existing in the leaf section which has just emerged from a leaf sheath are quite limited and the major part of this fraction is derived from the successive protein synthesis, i.e., the synthesis of this fraction was markedly increased during leaf expansion. This developmental pattern of the stroma coincided with the changes in the high-molecular-weight water soluble leaf protein, which seemed to be mainly composed of Fraction I protein. A rapid increase in stroma nitrogen was found to be a major cause for an increase in the leaf nitrogen content during leaf development.

On the other hand, the developmental pattern of the lamellae fraction was characterized by the fact that a considerable amount of this fraction had already been prepared when a leaf emerged from a leaf sheath and thereafter, no outstanding increase was seen compared to that of the stroma. This developmental pattern of the lamellae fraction resulted in a lowering of the proportion of lamellae nitrogen to the total leaf nitrogen during leaf development.

A great change in the lamellae-stroma composition of chloroplasts was observed. The proportion of stroma nitrogen to the total chloroplast nitrogen tended to increase as a leaf develops. Since the developmental stage varied according to the regions of a leaf, variation of the lamellaestroma composition was seen even within a leaf, i.e., the proportion of stroma nitrogen increased from base to tip.

In order to compare the synthetic rate of chlorophyll with those of the stroma and lamellae fractions, the changes in the ratios of stroma nitrogen/chlorophyll and lamellae nitrogen/chlorophyll were examined. The lamellae nitrogen/chlorophyll ratio decreased as a leaf developed, whereas the stroma nitrogen/chlorophyll ratio increased. Then the synthetic rates of these fractions during leaf development turned out to be of the same order as the stroma fraction, chlorophyll, lamellae fraction.     

Availability and extractability of soil manganese in a liming experiment

Abstract

The availability of soil Mn to corn in relation to extractability of soil Mn by EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂, CH₃COONH₄, hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄ as affected by liming was evaluated under field conditions on a single soil type. EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂ and CH₃COONH₄‐extractable Mn were related inversely to available Mn. No useful relationships were found between hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄‐extractable soil Mn and Mn uptake by sweet corn.     

CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes of upland black spruce (Picea mariana) forest soils after forest fires of different intensity in interior Alaska

Abstract

Forest fires can change the greenhouse gase (GHG) flux of borea forest soils. We measured carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes with different burn histories in black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in interior Alaska. The control forest (CF) burned in 1920; partially burned (PB) in 1999; and severely burned (SB1 and SB2) in 2004. The thickness of the organic layer was 22 ± 6 cm at CF, 28 ± 10 cm at PB, 12 ± 6 cm at SB1 and 4 ± 2 cm at SB2. The mean soil temperature during CO₂ flux measurement was 8.9 ± 3.1, 6.4 ± 2.1, 5.9 ± 3.4 and 5.0 ± 2.4°C at SB2, SB1, PB and CF, respectively, and differed significantly among the sites (P < 0.01). The mean CO₂ flux was highest at PB (128 ± 85 mg CO₂-C m^?2 h^?1) and lowest at SB1 (47 ± 19 mg CO₂-C m^?2 h^?1) (P < 0.01), and within each site it was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01). The CO₂ flux at SB2 was lower than that at CF when the soil temperature was high. We attributed the low CO₂ flux at SB1 and SB2 to low root respiration and organic matter decomposition rates due to the 2004 fire. The CH₄ uptake rate was highest at SB1 [–91 ± 21 μg CH₄-C m^?2 h^?1] (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01) but not soil moisture. The CH₄ uptake rate increased with increasing soil temperature because methanotroph activity increased. The N₂O flux was highest [3.6 ± 4.7 μg N₂O-N m^?2 h^?1] at PB (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that the soil temperature and moisture are important factors of GHG dynamics in forest soils with different fire history.     

Sulfur dioxide inhibition of photosynthesis at different CO2 and O2 concentrations in relation to photorespiration

The mechanism of SO₂ inhibition of photosynthesis in intact leaves of tomato and maze was studied to evaluate SO₂ inhibition of photorespiration. Leaf tissues were fumigated with SO₂ under photorespiratory (low CO, and/or high O, concentrations) and non-photo-respiratory conditions. When tomato leaf disks were fumigated with 10 ppm SO₂ at 2, 21 and 100° o O., SO₂ inhibited photosynthesis at 2% O₂ in the same degrees as at 21% O₂. SO₂ inhibition of photosynthesis was depressed at higher CO₂ concentrations when the disks were fumigated with SO₂ at different CO₂ concentrations. High CO₂ concentrations also reduced the photosynthesis inhibition of maize leaf disks. These results suggest that SO₂ inhibits photosynthesis through other mechanisms than photorespiration inhibition and confirm the view that SO₂ competes with CO₂ for the carboxylating enzymes in photosynthesis     

Abstracts of Nippon Dojohiryogaku Zassui

The effects of NO₂ and O₃ exposure alone or in combination were investigated with respect to the amino acid content and composition in kidney bean. The short-term exposure (up to 8 h) to NO₂ at a concentration of 4.0 ppm alone or in combination with O₃ at a concentration of 0.4 ppm induced a rapid increase in the total amino acid content among which glutamine accounted for most of the part. Total amino acid content was also increased by O₃ exposure at 0.4 ppm after 2 hours’ lag period. Ammonium level became higher in the case of combined exposure to NO₂ and O₃, while it remained constant in the case of exposure to NO₂ and O₃ alone.

When the exposure period was extended to 2 to 7 days (long-term exposure), the increase in the content of the total amino acids was observed in most of treatments. Roots of the plants exposed to various concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ showed the most remarkable increase in the content of total amino acids. Asparagine, in place of glutamine, became a major amino acid. The percentage of asparagine was especially increased by the mixed exposure to NO₂ and O₃ These results indicate that glutamine which accumulates considerably in the early phase of the gas exposure (short-term exposure) seems to be gradually converted into other amino acids, mainly asparagine.

The correlation between the content of each amino acid, ammonium and total amino acids was calculated using data from the above experiment. Most of the amino acids in the primary and trifoliate leaves showed a high correlation with the total amino acids, suggesting that the changes in the amount of total amino acids caused by the air pollutants may be reflected not only by a particular amino acid, but also by an individual amino acid composing soluble metabolite pool. A high correlation was obtained among amino acids belonging to the serine family such as glYCine, serine, and cysteine.     

The effect of ZnSO4 and KNO3 on quantitative and qualitative properties of Punica granatum L.

Abstract

We investigated the effect of foliar application of potassium nitrate (KNO₃) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) on the fruit quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Malas-E–Torsh in Saveh). Potassium was applied as KNO₃ at concentrations of 0%, 0.25%, and 0.5% and zinc was applied as ZnSO₄ at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, and 1% in a completely randomized block design. To determine the effect of the treatments on fruit quality, we measured fruit weight, peel thickness, aril diameter, phenol content of the juice, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and antioxidant capacity. Foliar application of KNO₃ significantly increased fruit weight, 100 aril weight, peel weight, peel thickness, TTS, and antioxidant capacity. In contrast, pH, TA, TSS/TA, and phenol content of the juice were not influenced by foliar application of KNO₃. ZnSO₄ significantly increased fruit weight, aril diameter, and phenol content of the juice. KNO₃ 1% and ZnSO₄ 0.5% were identified as the most appropriate treatments in improving quality and quantity of pomegranate. The fatty acid profile of the pomegranate oil was primarily composed of punicic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid.     

Effects of NaHCO3 on photosynthetic characteristics,and iron and sodium transfer in pomegranate

In order to study effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) stress in irrigation water on photosynthetic characteristics and iron (Fe) and sodium (Na⁺) translocation content of pomegranate plants, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three cultivars of pomegranate (“Gorch-e-Dadashi,” “Zagh-e-Yazdi,” and “Ghermez-e-Aliaghai”) and four concentrations of NaHCO₃ (0, 5, 10, and 15 mM), with three replications. The results of plant analysis indicated that NaHCO₃ affected chlorophyll index, F_v/F_m, and performance index (PI) in upper and lower leaves of shoots and also the translocation of Na⁺ and Fe. The results also showed that Fe translocation from root to shoot reduced at 15 mM level of NaHCO₃. The highest Na translocation and the lowest Fe translocation were observed in Zagh-e-Yazdi and Ghermez-e-Aliaghai cultivars, respectively. The ratio of sodium/potassium (Na⁺/K⁺) in stems was higher than that in roots and leaves, and the observed chlorophyll content of upper leaves was also lower than that of lower leaves. Based on the measured parameters Gorch-e-Dadashi cultivar showed less relative sensitivity than other cultivars to NaHCO₃ of irrigation water through maintaining the lower Na⁺ transport to the shoots, and improvement of Fe transport to shoots.