尼龙网方格沙障防风效应复变规律

方格沙障的布设参数直接影响防风效应的复变作用,定量表达其复变规律,对于沙障配置模式的确定具有重要意义。在乌兰布和沙漠机械整平的风沙观测场,铺设9种不同高度、规格的尼龙网方格沙障,观测其在不同风速背景下的风速流场特征,揭示方格沙障防风效应的复变规律。结果表明:尼龙网方格沙障防风效应复合变化受不同指示风速下,沙障高度与规格共同的影响。沙障内部0. 1 m高度的风速随防护宽度的增加呈对数函数递减,指示风速增大1 m·s~(-1),风速衰减率增加0. 07倍;沙障高度增大0. 1 m,风速衰减率增加0. 20倍;方格边长增大1 m,风速衰减率减小0. 07倍。观测的9种规格方格沙障,30 cm高度1 m×1 m规格沙障复变作用最强,15 cm高度2 m×2 m规格沙障复变作用最弱。该结果可为确定沙障合理防护宽度、节约沙障铺设成本、优化沙障布设技术提供基础数据和理论支撑。     

格状沙障内风速波动特征初步研究

通过对不同孔隙度格状沙障内风沙流中风速波动特征研究发现:风沙流中各高度层风速波动具有很好的相关性,其波动幅度随孔隙度的增加而减小;瞬时风速在时间序列上波动的均一性随不同高度间距离增加呈递减趋势;瞬时风速的波动性一方面受下垫面性质及外在环境条件的影响,另一方面与其所在高度层沙粒数量和运动状态有关.     

3种低立式沙障内表层沉积物粒度特征研究

以库布齐沙漠兴巴高速南铺设3 a的3种(PLA沙障、沙柳沙障、HDPE沙障)同种规格不同材料沙障为研究对象,通过采集沙障内表层0～2 cm沉积物样品,利用激光粒度仪测定样品机械组成,分析了平均粒径、标准偏差、偏度、峰态和分形维数等参数。结果表明:(1)以中、细砂为主,其含量约为77.83%～98.00%,黏粒和粉粒的含量均不超过5%;沙丘迎风坡坡底PLA和HDPE沙障内表现为轻度风蚀,颗粒粒径偏粗;沙柳沙障自坡底到坡顶,障格内粒径逐渐增大,在坡顶处发生蚀积转换。(2)整体上沙障内沉积物分选性较差,偏度向正偏或负偏发展,峰态向尖窄发展,分形维数在1.94～2.20,优势粒级向细砂转变。(3)不同类型沙障对沉积物的影响具有一定差异性,HDPE沙障和PLA沙障内沉积颗粒分布更为广泛,而沙柳沙障则相对集中,且都趋于细化;对土壤颗粒组成优化表现为HDPE沙障沙柳沙障PLA沙障。     

固沙网沙障积沙凹曲面特征及其固沙效益分析

在塔克拉玛干沙漠垄间平沙地布设了3种固沙网沙障试验,6个风季后对沙障内积沙和破损状况进行了测量和调查.结果表明:在地形平坦、主风向明显的区域,这3种布设模式的固沙网沙障均发挥了良好的固沙效益,在沙障内发育了积沙凹曲面,凹曲面的纵横断面基本呈光滑的抛物线形,积沙厚度和水平距离符合二次函数,蚀积系数k均小于1/12,k值1 m×1 m＞2 m×2 m＞2 m间距行列式;3种固沙网沙障的固沙能力1 m×1 m＞2 m×2 m＞2 m间距行列式,固沙成本2m间距行列式＜2m×2m＜1 m×1 m,破损率2m×2m＞ m×1 m＞2m间距行列式.研究结果可为固沙网沙障在防沙工程中的应用提供科学参考.     

巨菌草留茬沙障防风固沙效益及其适宜模式研究

基于对乌兰布和沙漠刘拐沙头黄河沿岸相近株距(10~15 cm)、不同行距(1 m,2 m)、不同留茬高度(10cm,30 cm)巨菌草的防风阻沙试验的观测数据分析。结果表明:(1)巨菌草留茬沙障的防风固沙效益与沙障的高度和行距有直接关系,高度一定,行数越多,带距越小,防护效果越好,但所需材料增加。(2)巨菌草留茬沙障内输沙量主要集中在地表15 cm以下,近地表0~5 cm处沙障对风沙流的阻碍能力较强。沙障行距为1 m、2 m时,高10 cm的沙障分别经9带、12带后风速降至起沙风速以下;高30 cm的沙障对风的阻碍能力增强,分别经7带、9带后地表无流沙运动。(3)沙障的设置应在保证高效的前提下降低成本。行距2 m、高30 cm的巨菌草留茬沙障,气流经过9个条带(18 m宽)后,风速可降至起沙风速以下,此设置模式宜在干旱地区推广。     

方格沙障麦草致腐因素与防腐方法的研究

本文总结了几年来沙坡头地区沙障麦草防腐的研究结果。在沙障麦草致腐的因素及沙障麦草防腐效果的考核方面,均取得了有益的进展。通过试验发现不同年龄沙障麦草中的纤维素递增、碱抽出量的递减规律与红松相反;而木质素变化基本不大,与燕麦杆、玉米秸腐烂中木质素递增规律相近。该地区沙障麦草的腐烂变质,除与其化学成份密切相关外,还受制于自然腐蚀与微生物噬食的交互作用。本文还介绍了优选出的9种高效、安全防腐剂及其易于推广使用的防腐方法。     

机械沙障在退化人工梭梭林恢复中的应用

在民勤治沙综合试验站进行的退化人工梭梭林恢复试验表明,机械沙障可以提高退化梭梭林下垫面的粗糙度,降低近地面层风速,固定流沙,减少风蚀,同时对退化植被及其土壤含水率也有一定的恢复作用,可在绿洲边缘退化植被恢复中推广应用。三种机械措施相比,布设前两年的麦草方格沙障的防风固沙效果最好,但作用年限最短,年成本最高,价值系数低;粘土沙障的防风固沙效果最差,年成本最低,价值系数最高;塑料方格沙障防风固沙效果、年成本和价值系数均介于麦草方格沙障和粘土沙障之间。     

土壤凝结剂沙障防沙机理的风洞模拟实验研究

模型按 1 :1 0比例设计 ,在 7m/s、1 5 m/s和 2 0 m/s的实验风速下 ,对不同浓度土壤凝结剂处理的沙障模型进行风洞实验 ,测定其蚀积状况。实验结果表明 :抗风蚀强度以 40 %浓度处理的固沙模型最强 ,2 0 %最弱 ,但 30 %浓度防风蚀效果较为实用。积沙状况与浓度关系不明显 ,水平放置与坡面 ( 30°)放置时均以 1× 1 m规格的沙障积沙最多 ,1 .5× 1 .5 cm次之 ,2×2 cm最差。风速在障前受阻减弱 ,而后沿流速方向在沙障间逐渐增大 ,在第二格上方障埂处出现最大值 ,障后逐渐减速 ,直至障高 1 0倍处趋于稳定。障前、障后风速降低是引起障前、障后积沙的主要原因 ,也是土壤凝结剂沙障的防沙机理。     

PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响

选取风季和雨季两个典型时期,对铺设不同规格PLA沙障沙丘迎风坡不同坡位0-60cm土层的土壤含水量进行测定,并以裸沙丘为对照,探究PLA沙障对沙丘迎风坡土壤水分的影响.结果表明:1m×1m和2m × 2m沙障在不同时期对沙丘迎风坡整体和坡位间土壤水分影响明显,而菱形沙障作用效果差;1m×1m、2m×2m沙障使风季形成迎风坡浅层(5-20cm)土壤含水量低于裸沙丘的水分特征,雨季形成迎风坡表层(0-10cm)土壤含水量优于裸沙丘的水分特征,从而影响了植物的入侵与定居方式;不同时期1m×1m和2m×2m沙障对迎风坡中部和下部土壤水分的影响均较上部明显,迎风坡中部和下部应为重点关注区域,而在上部应采取相伴措施弥补不足.     

沙丘部位对聚乳酸纤维沙袋沙障降解速度的影响

掌握聚乳酸纤维沙障的降解速度对于沙障防护效益的发挥具有重要意义。在毛乌素沙地的流动沙丘迎风坡设置聚乳酸沙障,采用测定力学性能、质量损失及观察表面形态等多种手段对毛乌素沙丘迎风坡底部、中部和沙丘顶部铺设5a的聚乳酸纤维沙障的降解速度进行了研究。结果表明:与原始聚乳酸纤维沙障相比,从沙丘迎风坡底、迎风坡中到坡顶,沙障的降解速度逐渐增大。障格内纬向障体(垂直于主风向)的整体降解速度较经向障体(平行于主风向)的严重。单根沙障暴露面障体的降解速度均较贴地面的大,且二者的差异随坡位的上升越来越大。表明沙丘不同部位的风沙活动、光照、土壤水分含量等环境因素分布的差异对于聚乳酸纤维沙障降解速度有着重要的影响,在设置沙障或后期维护时应当注意加强。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠4种结构尼龙阻沙网的防风阻沙效益对比

常用尼龙阻沙网的孔隙度为均匀分布,而风沙流结构在垂直方向上是非均匀分布的。通过设计4种孔隙度非均匀分布的尼龙阻沙网：大条带上疏下密式（A）、大条带上密下疏式（B）、小条带疏密相间式（C）,将其布设在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的垄间平地,以均匀结构阻沙网为对照（CK）。对4种阻沙网前后的风速变化、防风效能、积沙形态、积沙量进行对比。结果表明：① B阻沙网有效防护距离最短,仅为6H（H为阻沙网的高度）,其余3种结构有效防护距离差别不大,均为15H;在网后10H处0.15 m、0.3 m和0.5 m 3个观测高度,风速削弱程度的平均值存在明显差异,呈C>A>B>CK。② 在风季后期,4种结构阻沙网前后积沙量B最小,其余3种类型差别不大。③ 综合考虑防风和阻沙效益,C阻沙网提供了一个较好的结构模式,防护效益最好,B阻沙网最差,A和CK阻沙网效益相差不大。研究结果为高立式沙障结构优化设计提供了参考依据。     

Wind tunnel test on the effect of metal net fences on sand flux in a Gobi Desert,China

The Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through an expansive windy area in a Gobi Desert, and sand-blocking fences were built to protect the railway from destruction by wind-blown sand. However, the shielding effect of the sand-blocking fence is below the expectation. In this study, effects of metal net fences with porosities of 0.5 and 0.7 were tested in a wind tunnel to determine the effectiveness of the employed two kinds of fences in reducing wind velocity and restraining wind-blown sand. Specifically, the horizontal wind velocities and sediment flux densities above the gravel surface were measured under different free-stream wind velocities for the following conditions: no fence at all, single fence with a porosity of 0.5, single fence with a porosity of 0.7, double fences with a porosity of 0.5, and double fences with a porosity of 0.7. Experimental results showed that the horizontal wind velocity was more significantly decreased by the fence with a porosity of 0.5, especially for the double fences. The horizontal wind velocity decreased approximately 65% at a distance of 3.25 m(i.e., 13 H, where H denotes the fence height) downwind the double fences, and no reverse flow or vortex was observed on the leeward side. The sediment flux density decreased exponentially with height above the gravel surface downwind in all tested fences. The reduction percentage of total sediment flux density was higher for the fence with a porosity of 0.5 than for the fence with a porosity of 0.7, especially for the double fences. Furthermore, the decreasing percentage of total sediment flux density decreased with increasing free-stream wind velocity. The results suggest that compared with metal net fence with a porosity of 0.7, the metal net fence with a porosity of 0.5 is more effective for controlling wind-blown sand in the expansive windy area where the Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through.     

Cost analysis of sand barriers in desertified regions based on the land grid division model

Sand barriers are the most widely used mechanical implements for wind-blown sand control and desertification prevention. However, there is no standard quantitative cost analysis of the sizes and materials required for sand barriers. In this study, based on the original land grid division model for optimal resource utilization, we calculated the total side lengths of square and regular hexagonal sand barriers with the sizes of 1.0 m×1.0 m, 2.0 m×2.0 m, and 3.0 m×3.0 m in a desertified region of the Shapotou area on the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert, China. Then, through literature review and social survey, we obtained the material cost and material utilization amount of sand barriers with different materials and sizes. Finally, we calculated the costs of square and regular hexagonal sand barriers comprised of wheat straw, corn stalk, Salix mongolica, poly lactic acid, magnesium cement, and high-density polyethylene, with the sizes of 1.0 m×1.0 m, 2.0 m×2.0 m, and 3.0 m×3.0 m. The results show that the material cost of regular hexagonal corn stalk sand barriers with the size of 3.0 m×3.0 m is the lowest, while the material cost of square magnesium cement sand barriers with the size of 1.0 m×1.0 m is the highest. When using the same material, the cost of regular hexagonal sand barriers is lower than that of square sand barriers with the same size. When using the same size, the cost of sand barriers with corn stalk material is lower than that of sand barriers with other materials. Based on the above analysis, we can conclude that the economic benefits of regular hexagonal sand barriers are greater than those of square sand barriers. This study provides a theoretical basis for accurately calculating the material cost of sand barriers, particularly for the estimated cost of mechanized sand barrier engineering projects.     

库布齐沙漠机械防沙措施的防护效益

在库布齐沙漠风沙防治试验场,开展了机械防沙措施的防护效益观测。结果表明:防风效益、阻沙效益和表土含水率等随沙障材料、规模和结构发生变化。1 1 m×1 m植物纤维网沙障和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)网沙障风速降低比(K值)分别为58.5%和55.7%,均高于同规格的沙柳沙障的18.3%,说明同一规格下植物纤维网防风效果要优于其他材料;2 1 m×1 m植物纤维网沙障和1 m×1 m HDPE沙障的K值均小于相同材料8 m×8 m沙障的K值,说明小规格低立式沙障防风效应,低于相同材料较大规格高立式沙障;3月积沙量数据分析表明,阻沙栅栏能有效减小积沙量,而固沙沙障内积沙量受风向和局部地形影响较大;4不同材料与不同规格沙障内的表土含水率均高于对照区裸沙地,说明防沙措施对保持土壤水分也起到了一定作用。     

Wind regimes and associated sand dune types in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Wind controls the formation and development of sand dunes. Therefore, understanding the wind regimes is necessary in sand dune research. In this study, we combined the wind data from 2017 to 2019 at four meteorological stations (Cherigele and Wuertabulage stations in the lake basins, and Yikeri and Sumujilin stations on the top of sand dunes) in the hinterland of the Badain Jaran Desert in China, with high resolution Google Earth images to analyze the correlation between the wind energy environments and dune morphology. The results of data analysis indicated that both the wind direction and sand drift intensity exhibited notable spatial and temporal variations. The highest level of wind activity was observed in spring. Northwesterly and northeasterly winds were the dominant in the Badain Jaran Desert. At the Cherigele, Wuertabulage, and Yikeri stations, the drift potential (DP) was below 200.00 vector units (VU). The wind energy environments in most areas could be classified as low-energy environments. The resultant drift direction differed at different stations and in different seasons, but the overall direction was mainly the southeast. The resultant drift potential (RDP)/DP ratio was greater than 0.30 in most parts of the study area, suggesting that the wind regimes mainly exhibited unimodal or bimodal characteristics. Differences between the thermodynamic properties and the unique landscape settings of lakes and sand dunes could alter the local circulation and intensify the complexity of the wind regimes. The wind regimes were weaker in the lake basins than on the top of sand dunes. Transverse dunes were the most dominant types of sand dunes in the study area, and the wind regimes at most stations were consistent with sand dune types. Wind was thus the main dynamic factor affecting the formation of sand dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert BJD. The results of this study are important for understanding the relationship between the wind regimes and aeolian landforms of the dune field in the deserts.     

敦煌月牙泉风沙环境及沙山动态监测

通过对月牙泉景区气象站点资料以及周边沙山高度定点长期监测数据的分析,得出景区内由于受周边高大沙山地形因素影响,景区内形成了两组主导风向下的局地环流,两组环流风向相反,物质搬运方向相反。但随着周边环境的变化,环流产生变化,原有输沙平衡遭到破坏,造成了南山和北山对月牙泉形成夹击之势。从沙山高度变化的监测中,除东山高度有降低趋势外,其余各点均表现为增高趋势,与输沙势分析结果保持一致。通过以上分析,从风流场方面揭示出月牙泉夹击之势的形成原因,剖析出沙害的根源,进而为保护月牙泉提供强有力的科学依据,并为揭示飞沙不落月牙泉现象奠定研究基础。     

塔里木沙漠公路防沙体系建设几个问题的探讨

沙害主要取决于两个系统因素的共同作用 :动力系统—风力和响应系统—下垫面状况。塔里木沙漠公路沿线风沙地貌形态类型复杂多样 ,沙源充足 ;起沙风频数高 ,作用时间长 ,防沙难度极大。已建成的高立式芦苇阻沙栅栏和 1 m× 1 m半隐蔽芦苇草方格固沙沙障结合的“阻固”体系 ,有效控制了沙害 ,但也存在一定问题。定位观测表明 ,沿线起沙风和输沙方向集中于 NE、ENE、E三个方向 ,占 46%～ 68% ,从理论上说 ,应加大风侧 (路东侧 )防护力度 ,而实际上固沙带内部强烈的风蚀与沙埋过程 ,使其有效年限与设置宽度关系不明显 ,宜采取窄宽度勤维修原则 ,上风侧宽度控制在 3 0 m～ 40 m,每 3～ 4年更新一次并及时维修。下风侧可不设置高立式沙障 ,固沙带宽度控制在 1 0 m～ 1 5 m为宜 ;高立式沙障与半隐蔽方格沙障前沿之间空留宽度控制在 8H以内较为适宜。依沙害程度 ,以单一原状芦苇固定沙障、复膜沙袋阻沙体活动沙障及固定沙障与活动沙障有机结合加强前沿阻沙力度 ;不同沙害部位设置不同规格不同高度的半隐蔽方格沙障、固化路肩边坡创造输沙断面等技术 ,形成立体防护体系 ,足以控制沙害。     

毛乌素沙地风沙流结构的研究

运用曲线拟合、拟合方程等方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘流动沙丘0～30cm垂直高度范围内的风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明:在0～30cm高度,输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比,幂函数拟合关系最佳。其中,各高度层输沙率随风速的变化分别呈幂函数或指数函数关系,同风速下输沙率随着高度的增加而减小,呈幂函数或指数函数关系;随着风速和气流中总输沙率的增加,0～30cm高度范围内的绝对输沙率增加,相对输沙率(%)的变化为下层趋于减少,中层略变,上层增加,风沙流结构的特征值λ增大;风沙流中沙粒粒度沿垂向变化为细沙增加,中沙减少,沙粒平均粒径变细。