生漆和漆酚电阻率的初步研究

高绝缘性能材料,特别是液态高绝缘性能材料的电阻率,用一般方法较难测定。作者据漏电法原理,对我国重要的林特产品和出口商品生漆及漆酚的电阻率进行了测定,得到了生漆和漆酚的电阻率的数据。证明漆酚有很高的电阻率,是生漆电阻率高绝缘性能好的主要原因。漆酚是一种很好的液态绝缘材料。     

淮阴泵站起动试验研究

现场实测虹吸流道泵系统起动过渡过程电动机定子端电压、泵机组转速、虹吸流道内水位和气压等瞬态值,分析得出计算泵系统起动动态参数数学模型,为大型泵站设计和管理提供科学依据。     

离子液体在香料制备中的应用

离子液体作为环境友好的＂绿色＂溶剂和＂可设计＂溶剂在合成化学中得到了广泛应用。离子液体的应用为各种香料和香豆素提供了高效、环保的制备途径,特别是功能化离子液体的应用避免了使用额外的催化剂,建立了更加经济、环境友好的反应工艺。综述了离子液体在香料制备中的应用进展。     

Differential classical conditioning of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica

The defensive siphon and gill withdrawal reflex of Aplysia is a simple reflex mediated by a well-defined neural circuit. This reflex exhibits classical conditioning when a weak tactile stimulus to the siphon is used as a conditioned stimulus and a strong shock to the tail is used as an unconditioned stimulus. The siphon withdrawal component of this reflex can be differentially conditioned when stimuli applied to two different sites on the mantle skin (the mantle shelf and the siphon) are used as discriminative stimuli. The differential conditioning can be acquired in a single trial, is retained for more than 24 hours, and increases in strength with increased trials. Differential conditioning can also be produced within the field of innervation of a single cluster of sensory neurons (the LE cluster) since two separate sites on the siphon skin can serve as discriminative stimuli. The finding that two independent afferent inputs that activate a common set of interneurons and motor neurons can be differentially conditioned restricts the possible cellular loci involved in the associative learning.     

Dielectric asymmetry in the photosynthetic reaction center

Although the three-dimensional structure of the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (RC) reveals a high level of structural symmetry, with two nearly equivalent potential electron transfer pathways, the RC is functionally asymmetric: Electron transfer occurs along only one of the two possible pathways. In order to determine the origins of this symmetry breaking, the internal electric field present in the RC when charge is separated onto structurally characterized sites was probed by using absorption band shifts of the chromophores within the RC. The sensitivity of each probe chromophore to an electric field was calibrated by measuring the Stark effect spectrum, the change in absorption due to an externally applied electric field. A quantitative comparison of the observed absorption band shifts and those predicted from vacuum electrostatics gives information on the effective dielectric constant of the protein complex. These results reveal a significant asymmetry in the effective dielectric strength of the protein complex along the two potential electron transfer pathways, with a substantially higher dielectric strength along the functional pathway. This dielectric asymmetry could be a dominant factor in determining the functional asymmetry of electron transfer in the RC.     

汛期施工导流在南水北调工程中的应用——以贾鲁河倒虹吸导流工程设计为例

笔者以河南贾鲁河倒虹吸导流工程为例,验证了汛期施工导流施工方案的可行性,探讨了倒虹吸导流工程设计中的方案分析和算法等方面的处理方法,对南水北调国家战略性工程的完成具有现实意义。该项目的成功实施为水利工程施工提供了很好的范例。     

选择卸油鹤管应注意的问题

有些卸车栈桥不能满足上卸鹤管的应用条件，使卸油作业难以进行，为此提出根据所卸介质的挥发性合理选择鹤管，鹤管出厂前做虹吸试验，加强鹤管的密封性，密封圈应设计成自封式，自动补偿密封圈磨损的能力，如采用“Ｏ”型圈时，应保证密封圈的压缩量可调。在上卸作业的工艺流程中，高位汇管布置会破坏鹤管的虹吸能力，使上卸速度减慢，甚至终止卸油，而低位汇管能避免鹤管间相互干扰，降低对管系严密性的要求，从而顺利地实现上卸作     

A dielectric polymer with high electric energy density and fast discharge speed

Dielectric polymers with high dipole density have the potential to achieve very high energy density, which is required in many modern electronics and electric systems. We demonstrate that a very high energy density with fast discharge speed and low loss can be obtained in defect-modified poly(vinylidene fluoride) polymers. This is achieved by combining nonpolar and polar molecular structural changes of the polymer with the proper dielectric constants, to avoid the electric displacement saturation at electric fields well below the breakdown field. The results indicate that a very high dielectric constant may not be desirable to reach a very high energy density.     

Existence of an orientational electric dipolar response in c60 single crystals

The dielectric constant in and conductivity sigma of undoped C(60) single crystals have been measured as a function of temperature, 10 K < T < 330 K, and frequency, 0.2 kilohertz < f < 100 kilohertz. On cooling below the first-order structural phase transition at 260 K, a Debye-like relaxational contribution to the dielectric response is observed, which requires the presence of permanent electric dipoles. The relaxation rate is thermally activated with a broad distribution of energies centered at 270 millielectron volts. The existence of a dipole moment in C(60) is unexpected, because it is precluded by symmetry for the pure ordered cubic phase. These data suggest that the high degree of frozen-in orientational disorder of the C(60) molecules is responsible for the existence of electric dipolar activity.     

Formation of glasses from liquids and biopolymers

Glasses can be formed by many routes. In some cases, distinct polyamorphic forms are found. The normal mode of glass formation is cooling of a viscous liquid. Liquid behavior during cooling is classified between "strong" and "fragile," and the three canonical characteristics of relaxing liquids are correlated through the fragility. Strong liquids become fragile liquids on compression. In some cases, such conversions occur during cooling by a weak first-order transition. This behavior can be related to the polymorphism in a glass state through a recent simple modification of the van der Waals model for tetrahedrally bonded liquids. The sudden loss of some liquid degrees of freedom through such first-order transitions is suggestive of the polyamorphic transition between native and denatured hydrated proteins, which can be interpreted as single-chain glass-forming polymers plasticized by water and cross-linked by hydrogen bonds. The onset of a sharp change in ddT( is the Debye-Waller factor and T is temperature) in proteins, which is controversially indentified with the glass transition in liquids, is shown to be general for glass formers and observable in computer simulations of strong and fragile ionic liquids, where it proves to be close to the experimental glass transition temperature. The latter may originate in strong anharmonicity in modes ("bosons"), which permits the system to access multiple minima of its configuration space. These modes, the Kauzmann temperature T(K), and the fragility of the liquid, may thus be connected.     

Electrically supported column of liquid

Applicctiont of an electric field normal to the interface of certain liquids causes a liquid column of uniform diameter to be formed parallel to the electric field. A column of amyl alcohol supported in aim by a high voltage was investigated experimentally; the diameter of the column varied aS the voltage raised to the 3.5 power.     

六种离子液体的合成研究

离子液体被认为是环境友好的“绿色”反应溶剂,引起了研究者将离子液体应用于食品工业和农业等领域的浓厚兴趣.根据离子液体种类不同,建立不同的合成方法,合成一系列离子液体,用核磁共振氢谱表征,并对合成方法进行研究,以满足离子液体大规模生产和应用的需要.     

中国蛤蜊人工育苗技术的初步研究

于2008年4—10月在庄河海洋贝类养殖场对中国蛤蜊Mactra chinenzis的人工育苗技术进行了研究,至10月份成功培育出壳长为（9．124-1．13）mm的稚贝共计64030粒。结果表明：在海区采集的中国蛤蜊亲贝的雌雄比例为1．02：1,产卵量为74．1万粒／个;在温度为23～24℃、盐度为24—26、pH为8．02的条件下,受精卵经过23．5h发育为D形幼虫;中国蛤蜊的卵径、D形幼虫、足面盘幼虫的大小分别为（54．4±1．64）、（70．91±3．75）、（216．5±12．48）μm,变态规格、出现单水管、双水管的稚贝大小分别为（240．42±6．56）、（248．22±14．14）、（1175±72．31） μm。浮游期间（0～10日龄）,水温为22．7～23．4℃,幼虫生长速度为（11．16±0．45）μm／d,存活率为（92．80±2．34）％;变态期间（10～1513龄）,水温为22．4—24．2℃,幼虫生长速度为（10．91±0．54）μm／d,变态率为（73．16±8．32）％,变态过程持续5～6d。稚贝期间（15—40日龄）,水温为24．2～27．0℃,双水管稚贝的生长速度明显快于单水管稚贝,但存活率明显下降。单水管稚贝的生长速度为（73．98±9．05）μm／d,存活率为（73．6±6．58）％;双水管稚贝的生长速度为（87．95．±8．34）μm／d,由于水温过高（〉30．0℃）,存活率仅为（13．78±3．65）％。幼贝期间（40—100日龄）,其生长速度为（111．24±13．08）μm／d,存活率为（62．75±5．35）％。     

林木种子介电分选机理的探讨

该文分析了林木种子的介电分选机理,提出了种子理想介质模型,讨论了种子在电场中的极化过程和运动状态,并建立了种子介电分选的数学模型．分析了极化力的形成机制并进行了计算,讨论了影响极化力大小的主要因素．在所建数学模型的基础上,对分选参数作了细致讨论,最终指明这些参数在种子介电分选中的影响     

Long-term sensitization of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia

When a weak tactile stimulus is applied to the siphon of Aplysia californica, the animal withdraws the siphon between the parapodia. This defensive withdrawal reflex can be facilitated (sensitized) if the animal is previously given 4 days of training, consisting of four brief noxious stimuli each day. The sensitization of this reflex can last for up to 3 weeks after training and is mediated by the abdominal ganglion which also mediates long-term habituation. This preparation may provide a system for analyzing the neural mechanism of long-term behavioral modifications of complexity which is intermediate between habituation and associative learning.     

Long-term habituation of a defensive withdrawal reflex in aplysia

A tactile stimulus to the siphon of Aplysia produces a defensive withdrawal reflex consisting of contraction of the siphon, the gill, and the mantle shelf. We studied long-term habituation of this reflex using two types of preparations, one focusing on the siphon component and the other on the gill component of the reflex. Siphon withdrawal, studied in unrestrained animals, showed marked habituation within a single ten-trial training session. Five daily training sessions produced habituaton that built up across days and lasted for at least 3 weeks. Furthermore, spaced training produced significantly longer lasting habituation than massed training. Gill withdrawal, studied in a restrained animal, also showed long-term retention of habituation. Since the neural circuitry of gill withdrawal is relatively well understood, it may be possible to study the cellular mechanisms underlying a long-term behavioral modification.     

Ultrafast optical kerr effect in liquids and solids

In the optical Kerr effect, the electric field of light incident on a transparent sample induces an anisotropic refractive index, which is measured by its effect on the passage of a second light beam. The advent of lasers powerful enough to generate a measurable effect, and which can be pulsed on femtosecond time scales, has made the optical Kerr effect into a practical technology for investigating the molecular structure and interactions of condensed systems such as pure liquids, liquid solutions, and plastic crystals.     

Forces between surfaces in liquids

Recent developments in the direct measurements of forces between surfaces in liquids at the ?ngstrom resolution level are reviewed. The results reveal a rich variety of interactions and interaction potentials that depend on the nature of the surfaces and intervening liquids. These results also shed new insights into liquid structure adjacent to surfaces and the interactions occurrig in complex systems, with implications in many different areas of chemical physics, biology, and technology. The origin of some important fundamental interactions, such as repulsive "hydration" forces and attractive "hydrophobic" forces, are still not understood and offer a challenge for experimental and theoretical work in this area.     

Molecular layering of fluorinated ionic liquids at a charged sapphire (0001) surface

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are promising candidates for a broad range of "green" applications, for which their interaction with solid surfaces plays a crucial role. In this high-energy x-ray reflectivity study, the temperature-dependent structures of three ionic liquids with the tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate anion in contact with a charged sapphire substrate were investigated with submolecular resolution. All three RTILs show strong interfacial layering, starting with a cation layer at the substrate and decaying exponentially into the bulk liquid. The observed decay length and layering period point to an interfacial ordering mechanism, akin to the charge inversion effect, which is suggested to originate from strong correlations between the unscreened ions. The observed layering is expected to be a generic feature of RTILs at charged interfaces.     

Density maxima in high-pressure supercooled water and liquid silicon dioxide

With glass capillary pressure vessels it has been possible to study the effect of pressure on the temperature of maximum density (TMD) and on the "sharpness" of the density maximum in liquid H(2)O and D(2)O in the important but little-studied supercooled regime. A pressure of 1200 bars produces a 33 degrees C depression of the TMD in these liquids and a considerable reduction in sharpness. Comparison with the rather flat density maximum for liquid SiO(2) supports the notion that the presence or absence of density anomalies in "tetrahèdral" liquids depends on the average bridge-bond angle, which is evidently unusually large in water at normal pressure.