抗动物寄生虫药的特殊剂型介绍

动物寄生虫对畜牧业危害很大，不仅使动物大批死亡，而且降低畜产品的数量和质量。其危害具体说来，有如下几个方面：影响肉品质量，影响皮革质量，影响毛的质量，影响产奶量，影响产蛋量，影响动物生长发育，诱发其他疾病，危害人类健康。目前生产上主要应用抗寄生虫药物来解决。     

关于鸡疫苗免疫的几点再认识

鸡有先天性免疫、后天性免疫（即获得性免疫），生产中的环境因素和饲养管理既影响鸡的先天免疫，也影响后天免疫，尤其是免疫抑制对后天免疫的影响比较大。氯气含量超标是很重要的影响因素。氨气影响比较厉害，它会损害鸡只气管粘膜的纤毛摆动，而纤毛摆动可帮助气管排除异物，纤毛摆动功能减弱或消失，无疑会影响到鸡的呼吸系统的健康。因此，应注意通风与保温这对矛盾的解决。     

冷热应激对畜禽的影响

随着养殖业的快速发展，越来越多的人意识到环境条件对养殖业的重要影响。尤其是冷热环境，直接影响了家畜、家禽的健康和生产能力。环境温度通过影响动物的采食量和饮水量，进而影响动物的生理状况和营养代谢，这种影响会体现在动物的生产性能，最终对养殖效益产生影响。     

氨基酸与免疫系统的相互作用

疾病和免疫机能抑制会影响动物的生长速度和饲料转化率，消除这种不利影响通常可以改善动物的生产性能。国内外新近的科学研究表明，氨基酸营养对提高动物的免疫机能具有积极作用，特定的氨基酸可以抵抗或消除疾病和免疫机能抑制的产生。但总的说来，在猪和禽的研究方面，关于氨基酸营养和免疫系统的相互作用的资料较少（ Williams等， 1997a； Stahly， 1996）。 1氨基酸对免疫系统的影响 　　氨基酸对免疫系统功能有一定的影响，它们或者通过影响免疫球蛋白的形成或者通过影响免疫球蛋白的活性而使机体免疫力下降，以下是影响免疫系统功…     

我国兽药质量安全现状

兽药是特殊商品，它不仅影响动物防病治病的效果，而且通过食物链间接影响人类的健康和生命。兽药质量问题和滥用兽药也使动物疾病控制受到影响，养殖动物药物残留超标，不仅造成了经济损失，影响人类健康，同时也影响我国产品在国内外声誉。     

重庆市三峡库区气候变化对粮食产量的影响分析

用积分回归方法，分析了气候波动对三峡库区主要粮食作物小麦，玉米、中稻产量的影响，指出在三峡库区的气候波动中，对小麦产量影响最显著的因子是降水，其次是日照和温度，对玉米而言，温度是最显著的影响因子，其次为降水和日照；温度因子也对中稻产量影响最大，而降水波动影响基本可忽略，最后相应地提出了减轻气候波动对产量影响的对策。     

生态养鸡关键点及效益概算

石油危机，粮食短缺；气候异常，环境恶化；货币贬值，人心浮躁。动荡的世界经济影响了中国，影响了你我，也影响了养鸡行业。行业陷入亏损，从业者感到迷茫：路在何方？     

影响β-胡萝卜素-15,15''-加双氧酶活性的因素

类胡萝卜素具有抗氧化、提高动物繁殖机能、提高免疫应答、防癌、抗肿瘤、沉积于畜禽体内改善畜产品品质等作用。影响类胡萝卜素在体内转化的因素有很多，它们或者影响类胡萝卜素的吸收，进而影响类胡萝卜素的转化，或者直接影响β-胡萝卜素-15，15’-加双氧酶(β-Carotene dioxygenase βCDIOX)的活性。关于对类胡萝卜素吸收的影响，前人已做过很多研究，而对影响类胡萝卜素转化的研究较少，所以作者主要对影响β-胡萝卜素的转化的因素进行综述。     

影响鱼类饲料系数的因素

了解影响饲料系数的各种因素，对科学合理养殖，降低饲料系数是十分重要的。影响鱼类饲料系数的因素很多，除了饲养管理水平的高低、水质状况以外，饲料质量是重要的影响因素。l饲料品质的影响饲料品质差，严重影响鱼类的摄食和消化，使饲料系数大大提高。而品质好的饲料可降低饲料系数。动物性饲料比植物性饲料系数低。2饲料营养的影响饲料营养物质是否平衡，对饲料系数影响很大。如：用营养平衡的全价颗料饲料喂鱼，能获得好的养殖效果，饲料系数也低。而用非全价配合饲料或单一的某种饲料养鱼，因这些饲料缺乏某些营养物质或营养成份单一…     

环境因素对养鸡生产的影响

在养鸡生产中，许多养鸡专业户都知道环境因素对鸡生产性能的影响，所以在避免不良环境因素对鸡的生产性能影响方面采取了各种措施，避免了许多损失。但是笔者在社会生产服务中仍然发现许多问题，例如在正常饲养情况下，产蛋鸡产蛋率不能升到高峰或开产推迟，肉用鸡料肉比较高、出栏推迟等现象时有发生。分析其原因，都是在饲养管理中只考虑了单一环境条件的影响，而没有考虑环境因素的综合影响。 一、环境因素对生产性能的影响 1．温度的影响 温度是对鸡生产性能影响最大的因素。在育雏期，雏鸡的抵抗力较差，必须人工供温才能保证机体新陈…     

Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review

Birds have evolved alternate physiologic strategies to contend with dehydration, starvation, malnutrition, and reproduction. Basic anatomic and functional differences between birds and mammals impact clinical chemistry values and their evaluation. Interpretation of the results of standard biochemical analyses, including BUN, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, gamma glutamyltransferase, bilirubin, ammonia, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, bile acids, glucose, albumin, globulins, calcium, phosphorus, prealbumin (transthyretin), fibrinogen, iron, and ferritin, is reviewed and discussed in relation to these physiological differences. The use and interpretation of alternative analytes appropriate for avian species, such as uric acid, biliverdin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and galactose clearance, also are reviewed. Normal avian urine and appropriate use of urinalysis, an integral part of laboratory diagnosis in mammalian species that frequently is omitted from avian diagnostic protocols, is discussed.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

药物对眼的毒性作用

临床用药是预防和治疗动物疾病的有效措施,如果局部或全身不合理的使用某种或多种药物往往会对眼睛的某个或多个部位产生毒性作用,引起眼疾,如角膜沉积、角膜穿孔、角膜基质炎、角膜浸润、角膜炎、结膜炎、青光眼、白内障、黄斑部水肿、视力模糊、失明、视野缺损、视网膜水肿、视盘水肿、视网膜出血、视神经乳头水肿、视神经炎、视神经萎缩、中毒性弱视等.药物对眼的毒性作用具有多样性和复杂性.论文将国内报道的能对眼睛产生毒性作用的药物的种类、作用及其机理进行综述,以期对动物临床用药提供理论依据.     

Some Pharmacokinetic Parameters of R-(–)- and S-(+)-Ketoprofen: The Influence of Age and Differing Physiological Status in Dairy Cattle

The pharmacokinetic parameters of ketoprofen have previously been studied in cattle, but no studies have been performed on differing ages and metabolic situations in these animals. The aim of this work was to study the possible modifictions of the pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen enantiomers that may result from age, lactation or gestation in dairy cattle. Three groups of Holando Argentino cattle contained, respectively, 8 cows in early lactation, 8 pregnant cows and 8 newborn calves. Four animals from each group received the enantiomer R-(-)-ketoprofen, the other four animals received the S-(+) enantiomer, all by intravenous injection at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. Significant differences between the three categories of animals were obtained in elimination half-life (t1/2) (1.52, 0.87 and 0.31 and 1.71, 0.69 and 0.26 in newborn calves, cows in early lactation and cows in gestation, respectively), mean residence time (MRT) (0.45, 1.25, 2.20 and 0.38, 0.99, 2.47 h, in cows in gestation, cows in early lactation and newborn calves, respectively) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) (0.87, 2.93, 3.24, and 0.67, 2.78, 5.13 (microg/h)/ml in cows in gestation, cows in early lactation and newborn calves, respectively, for the R-(-) and S-(+) enantiomer, respectively. In calves, there was a significant difference in AUC (3.24 vs 5.13 (microg/h)/ml between R-(-)- and S-(+)-ketoprofen. In view of the differences between calves and adult cattle in the pharmacokinetic results for ketoprofen, the effects of age and physiological status (lactation, gestation) should be taken into account for therapeutic regimens.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Study on Improving Active Ingredients of Astragalus Root,Stem and Leaf by Probiotic Fermentation

The utilization of Astragalus resource was often limited to the root, while the stem and leaf had always been discarded, causing serious waste of traditional Chinese medicine resources. This experiment was aimed to study the changes of the content of active ingredients such as Astragalus polysaccharides, flavonoids and saponins in Astragalus root, stem and leaf by probiotic fermentation. A strain of FGM probiotic isolated from chicken intestines was used in this experiment for the fermentation of Astragalus root, stem and leaf. The results showed that, after fermentation, the crude polysaccharide contents of Astragalus root, annual stem, two years stem, annual leaf, two years leaf increased by 177.46%, 227.27%, 207.11%, 170.61% and 182.28%, respectively, the total flavonoids contents increased by 55.67%, 33.68%, 30.04%, -8.17% and -6.57%, respectively, and the total saponins contents increased by 68.50%, 55.91%, 55.71%, 40.93% and 46.13%, respectively. FGM probiotic fermentation made the main component contents of Astragalus increased, which would help for the further utilization of different parts of Astragalus, and efficient utilization of traditional Chinese medicine resources.     

鸡贫血病毒感染新城疫免疫雏鸡vNDV攻击后免疫病理学变化

本文对鸡贫血病毒感染新城疫免疫雏鸡新城疫强毒攻击后,其血清,泪液,气管液,肠液,胆汁的ＩｇＧ,ＩｇＭ,ＩｇＡ含量和ＨＩ抗本滴度;胸腺,法氏囊,脾脏,哈德尔腺,盲肠扁桃体的Ｔ细胞,ＩｇＧ,ＩｇＭ,ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞数量以及免疫保护情况进行了检测。     

哺乳期犊牛健康管理

哺乳期犊牛是奶牛生命周期的开始,也是奶牛整个生命周期中最为脆弱的阶段,其健康状况可直接影响牧场的可持续发展和经营效率。在哺乳期,犊牛可面临多种疾病的挑战,但消化道疾病和呼吸道疾病是全球奶牛养殖业面临的共性问题。本文对哺乳期犊牛健康状况、初乳管理、犊牛腹泻和呼吸道疾病的管理进行了梳理,并对其防控提出了建议。初乳管理方面分析了影响初乳质量的因素、初乳储存与处理和饲喂管理;犊牛健康管理部分叙述了产圈管理、饲养环境和饲喂方式、营养及饲喂管理、疫苗免疫、通风、疾病早期诊断、应激管理和患犊管理。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Comparison of effects of leptin and ghrelin on porcine ovarian granulosa cells

The aim of our studies was to compare the roles of leptin and ghrelin in the direct control of proliferation, apoptosis, and secretory activity by porcine ovarian cells. In our in vitro experiments, we analyzed the effects of leptin and ghrelin treatments (at 0, 1, 10, or 100 ng/mL medium) on the accumulation of proliferation-related peptides (PCNA, cyclin B1, MAP kinase [MAPK]) and apoptosis-associated peptides (Bax, caspase 3, p53), and on progesterone secretion by cultured porcine granulosa cells, using immunocytochemistry, SDS PAGE-Western immunoblotting, and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Leptin stimulated proliferation (PCNA, cyclin B1, MAPK), apoptosis (Bax, p53), and progesterone secretion. Ghrelin promoted proliferation (PCNA, cyclin B1, MAPK) and progesterone secretion but suppressed apoptosis (Bax, caspase 3, p53). These observations suggest that both leptin and ghrelin directly control proliferation, apoptosis, and secretory activity by porcine ovarian cells. At the level of the ovary, in contrast to the hypothalamo-hypophysial system, leptin and ghrelin may have similar action in promoting granulosa cell proliferation and progesterone secretion, but they may be antagonistic to one another (leptin, stimulator; ghrelin, inhibitor) in controlling apoptosis.