烟草SnRK2基因家族的克隆及表达分析

农作物生产过程中会面临多种非生物胁迫的影响,会极大地影响作物的产量以及品质。非生物胁迫形式多种多样,干旱胁迫是其中一种主要形式。烟草是重要的经济作物,主要在中国西南地区种植,但经常会遭受极端干旱胁迫。Sn RK2基因家族参与植物抗旱过程,能够受逆境胁迫诱导表达,这种表达是SnRK2基因家族功能的重要体现。为了进一步研究烟草SnRK2家族基因的功能,本研究克隆了烟草SnRK2基因家族GroupⅠ的基因,并检测了烟草SnRK2基因家族的组织表达特异性及诱导表达特异性。结果表明,烟草SnRK2基因中Ntab0922420基因的表达量最高,同时烟草SnRK2基因家族成员更容易在茎与叶中表达。烟草经过低温、盐、干旱胁迫以及ABA处理后,部分SnRK2基因成员表现出受胁迫诱导,其中ID为Ntab0894060的基因受干旱显著诱导。这些工作将为研究烟草SnRK2基因家族功能鉴定基础,并为培育抗逆烟草品种提供遗传资源。     

马铃薯StNAC72基因克隆及表达分析

NAC转录因子在应答非生物胁迫中具有重要的调节作用。本研究以宁薯4号叶为材料,应用RT-PCR技术从已建立的转录组测序数据库中获得了马铃薯StNAC72基因全长序列,对其序列特征进行生物信息学分析;并应用real-time PCR技术分析了干旱和干旱后复水处理下根、匍匐茎和叶中该基因的时空表达特征。结果表明,StNAC72基因开放阅读框长1 074 bp,编码357个氨基酸,含有典型的NAM结构域。进化树聚类分析显示,该基因与拟南芥AtNAC072/RD26亲缘关系最近,属于NAC蛋白的SNAC(stressassociated NAC)组成员。转录水平表达分析显示,StNAC72基因表达量存在组织表达差异;干旱处理致使匍匐茎和叶中StNAC72均表现出上调表达模式,干旱处理后匍匐茎中StNAC72表达量较无处理的匍匐茎中上调近10倍;根中该基因对胁迫应答变化不明显,但表达量相较对照根中上调近1倍。干旱后复水处理促使StNAC72表达量下调,且以匍匐茎中该基因对胁迫应答最为显著,说明该基因可能参与干旱及水分刺激信号传导过程。研究结果为应用StNAC72改良马铃薯抗逆能力提供了基础理论数据。     

马铃薯StSnRK2.4基因的序列分析及其在非生物胁迫下的表达分析

SnRK2是植物特有的一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸类蛋白激酶,在ABA信号转导和植物抵御逆境中起着重要作用.为探究马铃薯SnRK2在非生物胁迫下的调控作用,本研究以'青薯9号'为试验材料,克隆得到一个SnRK2家族基因StSnRK2.4,利用PlantCARE、ExPASy、 Cell-PLoc 2.0等软件对其进行序列分析,并通过RT-qPCR技术分析该基因在低温胁迫(4℃)、干旱胁迫(10％ PEG-8000)以及NaC1胁迫(NaC1浓度为300 mmol/L)下的表达模式.结果 表明:StSnRK2.4基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为1083 bp,编码360个氨基酸.StSnRK2.4蛋白的相对分子质量为41.49103 kD,理论等电点(pI)为5.52,脂肪系数为80.69,为不稳定亲水蛋白;亚细胞主要定位于细胞核;与AMP活化蛋白激酶-γ调节亚基、非特异性蛋白-BZIP转录因子、蛋白酪氨酸及PP2C ABI2同源物等互作,可能参与植物MAPK信号通路和植物激素信号转导;与野生番茄、番茄亲缘关系最近.RT-qPCR分析表明,StSnRK2.4基因的相对表达量在低温胁迫(4℃)、干旱胁迫(10％ PEG-8000)以及NaC1胁迫(NaC1浓度为300 mmol/L)下均极显著上调,说明该基因受低温、干旱和盐胁迫诱导.StSnRK2.4基因的相对表达量在低温胁迫、干旱胁迫和NaCl胁迫0、3、6h以及在干旱胁迫和NaC1胁迫0、1、2d均呈上调-下调模式;StSnRK2.4基因的相对表达量在低温胁迫0、1、2d呈上调-上调模式,研究认为StSnRK2.4基因可能参与非生物胁迫及相关信号分子应答.     

大豆sbp基因表达方式分析及其启动子调控活性研究

研究大豆蔗糖结合蛋白基因(sbp)的表达方式及其启动子的调控活性,为揭示sbp基因表达本质及其启动子功能研究、利用提供理论依据。利用qRT-PCR方法,检测sbp基因在不同逆境胁迫条件下及不同组织中的表达方式;利用PCR方法,克隆sbp基因5'端上游序列并对其进行预测分析;在转基因烟草中,研究sbp基因启动子在干旱胁迫条件下及不同组织中的调控活性。sbp基因受干旱诱导上调,而在盐、低温、ABA诱导下表达下降。sbp基因在大豆根、茎、叶、花中的相对表达量低,而在种子中的相对表达量高。克隆获得sbp基因5'端上游942 bp序列,命名为SP,预测分析表明,SP序列中含有多种典型的种子特异表达元件及与激素、逆境诱导相关的元件。组织化学分析表明,在转基因烟草中,SP启动子驱动gus基因在干旱胁迫下及种子中高表达。推测SP启动子兼具干旱诱导表达活性和种子特异表达特性。     

玉米ZmCIPK20基因克隆及表达分析

CIPK蛋白激酶是植物非生物胁迫信号传导途径中的重要元件。为克隆玉米CIPK蛋白激酶基因ZmCIPK20全长c DNA序列,并分析其在盐胁迫下的表达模式,采用RT-PCR技术克隆基因,用生物信息学方法对获得的序列进行分析,采用荧光定量PCR方法研究ZmCIPK20在盐胁迫下的表达。本研究从玉米中克隆了一个编码CIPK蛋白激酶基因ZmCIPK20,该基因c DNA全长1 800 bp,5'-非编码区长203 bp,3'-非编码区长202 bp,编码区长1 395 bp,编码464个氨基酸,预测分子量为50.993 kD,等电点为8.55。推测的氨基酸序列中含有1个丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶催化结构域S_TKc和1个NAF结构域。进化树分析发现,ZmCIPK20和SbCIPK分为一个分支。荧光定量PCR检测表明,ZmCIPK20基因受盐胁迫诱导表达,在根中下调表达,在叶中上调表达,说明玉米ZmCIPK20基因可能参与玉米对盐胁迫的应答,为揭示该基因的生物学功能提供依据。     

番茄SlUDP基因的克隆及其在镉、干旱和盐胁迫中的响应分析

非生物胁迫环境严重制约了番茄的生产,因此挖掘番茄耐非生物胁迫相关基因尤为重要。前期通过高通量测序筛选获得的UDP-糖基转移酶基因能够参与番茄镉胁迫应答反应,以番茄为试材,进一步研究该基因参与番茄抗逆的功能。首先,利用同源克隆法获得UDP全长的cDNA序列,对该序列进行生物信息学分析,再利用系统进化树分析该蛋白与其他植物的亲缘关系。其次,采用实时荧光定量PCR分析该基因的组织表达特性及其在3种不同非生物胁迫条件下(Cd、PEG-6000、NaCl)的表达模式。进一步利用转基因酵母分析胁迫表型。测序结果显示,该基因的cDNA全长为1 486 bp,包含一个1 452 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码483个氨基酸,将其命名为SlUDP。系统进化树分析结果显示该蛋白与马铃薯的亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,该基因在番茄不同组织中存在表达差异,在叶中表达量最高,各部位的表达量为叶片果实根部侧茎主茎花。转SlUDP基因酵母胁迫表型分析结果显示,该基因提高了酵母对Cd及干旱的耐受性。根据以上结果推测SlUDP可能在番茄响应重金属镉和干旱胁迫中起到了一定的作用。     

甘蔗ABA信号转导关键酶SoSnRK2.1基因的克隆与表达分析

蔗糖非酵解型蛋白激酶(SnRK)是植物体内ABA信号转导途径的关键调控酶, 在植物的抗逆境生长过程中发挥着重要的作用。本研究通过RT-PCR和RACE-PCR技术克隆出编码甘蔗SnRK2蛋白的基因SoSnRK2.1。该基因cDNA序列全长为1385 bp, 包含一个1002 bp的开放阅读框(ORF)。根据氨基酸序列预测SoSnRK2.1基因编码333个氨基酸残基, 与其他高等植物中相关蛋白的氨基酸具有高度的相似性, 尤其是与禾本科的玉米和水稻。构建该基因的原核表达载体pET-SoSnRK2.1, 在IPTG诱导下可得到38 kD 左右的蛋白, 与理论值一致。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明, SoSnRK2.1基因在ABA、干旱(PEG)+ABA、干旱(PEG)、NaCl、低温(4℃)和H₂O₂外源胁迫下均呈诱导表达的趋势。推测该基因参与调控干旱、高盐和低温等胁迫过程, 在甘蔗抗逆境胁迫中起重要作用。     

高粱中SbDREB2基因的克隆与表达分析

干旱应答元件结合蛋白(DREB)在植物非生物逆境胁迫中调节下游一系列抗逆基因的表达。本研究利用电子克隆和RT-PCR方法从高粱中克隆到1个DREB类基因SbDREB2,该基因ORF 789 bp,推测编码蛋白含262个氨基酸残基,相对分子质量28.6 kD,理论等电点为5.52,在DNA序列内包含1个740 bp的内含子,符合GT-AG剪接规则。氨基酸序列分析表明,该蛋白在82~145区含有DREB类转录因子家族特有的AP2保守结构域,与玉米DREB2A及水稻DREB1蛋白相似度分别为84%和69%。成功构建了原核表达载体pET28a-SbDREB2,经IPTG诱导获得32.5 kD左右蛋白,与理论值一致。Real-time PCR表达特性分析显示,该基因为组成型表达,在根、茎、叶中均表达,根中表达量约是茎中的2.5倍;受干旱、高盐和外源ABA的强烈诱导,但对低温几乎没有响应。     

梭梭HaNAC2基因克隆、表达分析及亚细胞定位

本研究从梭梭中克隆得到1个NAC转录因子,命名为HaNAC2。同源性比对分析结果显示该基因含有典型的NAC蛋白结构域。系统发育分析结果推测该蛋白属于NAC家族第Ⅰ组的SENU5亚家族,组织特异性分析结果表明该基因在梭梭同化枝中表达量最高,荧光定量PCR结果显示该基因的表达量随干旱胁迫时间的增加而升高,推测其表达受干旱胁迫诱导。本研究克隆了该基因的启动子并进行分析,结果发现HaNAC2基因的启动子含有启动子固有元件,如TATA-box,CAAT-box等,还含有一些调控元件如MYB结合位点、组织特异性表达响应元件、光响应元件和一些其他的调控序列。通过PEG介导的原生质体转化法进行亚细胞定位分析,结果显示该蛋白定位于细胞核。本研究初步探索了HaNAC2基因的表达及定位,为进一步研究该基因在梭梭抗旱中的功能打下基础。     

中间锦鸡儿CiATAF1基因的亚细胞定位及表达分析

为研究NAC转录因子在非生物胁迫条件下的表达,以中间锦鸡儿为材料,克隆并分析了NAC转录因子家族CiATAF1基因。该基因ORF全长为873 bp,编码291个氨基酸,由2个内含子和3个外显子构成,具有典型NAC结构域。染色体步移法获得CiATAF1基因启动子826 bp,该启动子含有光、激素、厌氧诱导等多种响应元件。经拟南芥叶片原生质体瞬时表达分析亚细胞定位,CiATAF1基因主要定位于细胞核中。荧光定量分析表明:CiATAF1基因表达具有组织特异性,相比于中间锦鸡儿根和茎,在叶部表达量最高;在干旱、盐、冷、ABA处理下,CiATAF1基因表达量增加,推测该基因可能与非生物胁迫应答相关。CiATAF1同模式植物拟南芥及豆科其他植物的同源基因做多重序列分析,序列一致性为81.14%,表明ATAF1基因序列结构相对保守。生物信息学分析CiATAF1蛋白质属于不稳定的亲水蛋白,二级结构主要由α-螺旋、β折叠、无规则卷曲构成。研究结果对挖掘中间锦鸡儿抗非生物胁迫的基因和深入分析逆境胁迫机理具有重要意义。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.