湖北省石首市麋鹿血吸虫病流行现况的调查

目的了解石首市糜鹿血吸虫病流行情况。方法选择湖北省石首市天鹅洲的3个地区的麋鹿为研究对象,用直接毛蚴孵化法、顶管毛蚴孵化法、饱和食盐水虫卵漂浮法检测验麋鹿的感染情况,并对石首天鹅洲故道旁钉螺进行调查。结果直接毛蚴孵化法检查阳性率为16.0%,顶管毛蚴孵化法检查阳性率为12.0%,饱和食盐水虫卵漂浮法阳性率为12.0%,石首天鹅洲钉螺阳性率平均为4.8%。结论结果显示,该市天鹅洲麋鹿血吸虫感染为主。     

湖北省江陵县猫日本血吸虫感染情况调查

以饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法、顶管毛蚴孵化法检测猫日本血吸虫的感染情况。结果显示,饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法检测阳性率为7.82%;粪便毛蚴孵化法检测阳性率为6.80%;含5-9个毛蚴杯子数占总杯数的17.35%。结果提示,血吸虫病的老疫区江陵县猫轻度感染日本血吸虫。     

湖北荆州部分地区羊血吸虫病流行病学调查

用血清学诊断法、顶管毛蚴孵化法、饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法等检测湖北荆州部分地区羊血吸虫感染情况。结果显示,血清学检查阳性率为16.88%,饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法检查阳性率为17.46%,粪便毛蚴孵化法检查阳性率为13.57%。提示在血吸虫病的老疫区,羊血吸虫病以中、轻度感染居多。     

湖北荆州地区牛血吸虫病流行病学调查

用血清学诊断法,顶管毛蚴孵化法,饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法等检测湖北荆州地区牛血吸虫感染情况。结果显示,血清学检查阳性率为17.92%,饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法检查阳性率为19.46%,粪便毛蚴孵化法检查阳性率为16.04%。提示,阳性牛以重、轻度感染居多,该地区是血吸虫病的老疫区,牛血吸虫病比较严重。     

湖北省江陵县水禽包氏毛毕吸虫感染情况的调查

以饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法、顶管毛蚴孵化法检测鸭、鹅包氏毛毕吸虫的感染情况。结果显示,饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法检查阳性率为7.82%;粪便毛蚴孵化法检查阳性率为6.80%;含5~9个毛蚴杯子数占总杯数的17.35%。结果提示:湖北省江陵县水禽中轻度感染包氏毛毕吸虫。     

湖北荆州部分地区家鸭毛毕吸虫病调查

为了解湖北荆州太湖港水域家鸭毛毕吸虫病流行现状,用血清学诊断法、顶管毛蚴孵化法、饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法等检测了家鸭毛毕吸虫感染情况。结果显示,血清学检查阳性率为5.26%,饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法检查阳性率为5.48%,粪便毛蚴孵化法检查阳性率为6.84%。结果提示,该地区存在家鸭毛毕吸虫病。     

湖北荆州部分地区家鸭毛毕吸虫病的调查

为了解湖北荆州太湖港水域家鸭毛毕吸虫病流行现状,用血清学诊断法、顶管毛蚴孵化法和饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法等检测了家鸭毛毕吸虫感染情况。结果显示,血清学检查阳性率为5.26%,饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法检查阳性率为5.48%,粪便毛蚴孵化法检查阳性率为6.84%。研究结果表明,该地区存在家鸭毛毕吸虫病。     

河池市散养牛寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解河池市散养牛的寄生虫感染情况,利用饱和盐水漂浮法、水洗沉淀法、毛蚴孵化法对采自河池市6个县(市、区)1 200头牛的粪便进行寄生虫检查。结果显示,粪便寄生虫总阳性率为76.5%,分别检出了前后盘吸虫卵、片形吸虫卵、线虫卵、螨虫卵和球虫卵囊,其阳性率分别为47.58%、7.25%、32.67%、9%和18.91%,未检出日本血吸虫毛蚴。结果表明,预示我市目前散养牛群中寄生虫的感染情况比较严重。     

湖北省荆州市太湖港鸭血吸虫病流行现状研究

为明确了解鸭血吸虫病在湖北省荆州市太湖港地区的流行状况,对鸭血吸虫感染率和螺类毛蚴感染率进行统计,用粪便顶管毛蚴孵化法孵化病原以便鉴定.研究显示,本地区鸭血吸虫感染率分别为湖滩4.52%,湖泊河流2.25%,湖滩椎实螺类毛蚴感染率为5.88%.本地区鸭血吸虫病原为包氏毛毕吸虫,鸭和人均能被感染,应对鸭血吸虫病实施更好的控制.     

湖北省荆州太湖港鸭血吸虫病流行现况

目的了解鸭血吸虫病在湖北省荆州太湖港地区的流行状况。方法用病原学检查方法调查鸭血吸虫感染率和螺类毛蚴感染率,用询诊法了解人群尾蚴性皮炎的患病情况。结果该地区鸭血吸虫感染率分别为湖滩放养鸭为4.52%,湖泊河流放养鸭为2.25%,螺类毛蚴感染率:湖滩椎实螺类为5.30%;湖区和坝区人群尾蚴性皮炎阳性率分别为8.89%和6.02%。结论该地区鸭血吸虫病流行仍较为严重,且对下水作业人员造成一定危害,是一个重要的公共卫生问题。     

The sensitivity of direct faecal examination, direct faecal flotation, modified centrifugal faecal flotation and centrifugal sedimentation/flotation in the diagnosis of canine spirocercosis

Several faecal examination techniques have shown variable sensitivity in demonstrating Spirocerca lupi (S. lupi) eggs. The objective of this study was to determine which faecal examination technique, including a novel modified centrifugal flotation technique, was most sensitive to diagnose spirocercosis. Ten coproscopic examinations were performed on faeces collected from 33 dogs confirmed endoscopically to have spirocercosis. The tests included a direct faecal examination, a faecal sedimentation/flotation test, 4 direct faecal flotations and 4 modified faecal centrifugal flotations. These latter 2 flotation tests utilised 4 different faecal flotation solutions: NaNO3 (SG 1.22), MgSO4 (SG 1.29), ZnSO4 (SG 1.30) and sugar (SG 1.27). The sensitivity of the tests ranged between 42% and 67%, with the NaNO3 solution showing the highest sensitivity in both the direct and modified-centrifugal flotations. The modified NaNO3 centrifugal method ranked 1st with the highest mean egg count (45.24 +/- 83), and was superior (i.e. higher egg count) and significantly different (P < 0.05) compared with the routine saturated sugar, ZnSO4 and MgSO4 flotation methods. The routine NaNO3 flotation method was also superior and significantly different (P < 0.05) compared with the routine ZnSO4 and MgSO4 flotation methods. Fifteen per cent (n = 5) of dogs had neoplastic oesophageal nodules and a further 18% (n = 6) had both neoplastic and non-neoplastic nodules. S. lupi eggs were demonstrated in 40% of dogs with neoplastic nodules only and 72.9% of the dogs with non-neoplastic nodules. The mean egg count in the non-neoplastic group (61) was statistically greater (P = 0.02) than that of the neoplastic group (1). The results show that faecal examination using a NaNO3 solution is the most sensitive in the diagnosis of spirocercosis. The modified centrifugal flotation faecal method using this solution has the highest egg count. The study also found that dogs with neoplastic nodules shed significantly fewer eggs than dogs with non-neoplastic nodules.     

湖北省湖区牛日本血吸虫感染与再感染及其危险因素的研究

为研究湖滩型日本血吸虫病中重度流行区化疗后牛群血吸虫感染、再感染及其危险因素,采用在观察试区,以34例感染牛经吡喹酮治疗后虫卵转为阴性的30头牛为"再感染"研究对象,98例粪检阴性牛群作为"感染"研究对象,追踪观察2组牛群在一个感染季节后的再感染情况,并调查其接触疫水情况以及当地螺情和疫水变化情况等因素,再对其进行单因素分析和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果显示,基线感染率为20.26%,经过一个感染季节后,标准化感染率为10.01%,标准化再感染率高达20.62%,再感染率已恢复到化疗前牛群感染水平,其中黄牛再感染率(26.66%)高于水牛感染率(13.33%)。接触疫水处水体尾蚴密度、年龄、6～9月疫水接触指数、牧地距阳性螺点距离是再感染发生的主要危险因素。接触疫水处水体尾蚴密度、牛采食和6～9月疫水接触指数是血吸虫病感染的主要危险因素。本研究表明,在日本血吸虫病重度流行区存在较快感染和再感染趋势,初步揭示了感染和再感染的主要危险因素。     

Calibration and diagnostic accuracy of simple flotation, McMaster and FLOTAC for parasite egg counts in sheep

The present study was aimed at carrying out a calibration and a comparison of diagnostic accuracy of three faecal egg counts (FEC) techniques, simple flotation, McMaster and FLOTAC, in order to find the best flotation solution (FS) for Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Moniezia expansa and gastrointestinal (GI) strongyle eggs, and to evaluate the influence of faecal preservation methods combined with FS on egg counts. Simple flotation failed to give satisfactory results with any samples. Overall, FLOTAC resulted in similar or higher eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and lower coefficient of variation (CV) than McMaster. The "gold standard" for D. dendriticum was obtained with FLOTAC when using FS7 (EPG=219, CV=3.9%) and FS8 (EPG=226, CV=5.2%) on fresh faeces. The "gold standard" for M. expansa was obtained with FLOTAC, using FS3 (EPG=122, CV=4.1%) on fresh faeces. The "gold standard" for GI strongyles was obtained with FLOTAC when using FS5 (EPG=320, CV=4%) and FS2 (EPG=298, CV=5%). As regard to faecal preservation methods, formalin 5% and 10% or freezing showed performance similar to fresh faeces for eggs of D. dendriticum and M. expansa. However, these methods of preservation were not as successful with GI strongyle eggs. Vacuum packing with storage at +4°C permitted storage of GI strongyle eggs for up to 21 days prior to counting. Where accurate egg counts are required in ovine samples the optimum method of counting is the use of FLOTAC. In addition, we suggest the use of two solutions that are easy and cheap to purchase and prepare, saturated sodium chloride (FS2) for nematoda and cestoda eggs and saturated zinc sulphate (FS7) for trematoda eggs and nematoda larvae.     

IgM-ELISA法用于日本血吸虫病早期诊断初探

目的 验证血清特异性IgM抗体检测对急性日本血吸虫病的早期诊断价值。方法 采用IgM-ELISA方法检测感染血吸虫的小鼠和急性血吸虫病人血清中的特异性IgM抗体水平，与IgG—ELISA相比较，并与急性血吸虫病人的流行病学调查资料相比对。结果 感染4周时小鼠血清中特异性IgM抗体水平显著升高，5周时阳性检出率达100％，比IgG-ELISA提早2-3周。检测急性血吸虫病人血清阳性率达100％，IgG—ELISA为91．4％。急血病人接触疫水后5周，特异性IgM抗体水平明显高于IgG。7周时两者水平相近，8周时IgG抗体水平超过IgM。结论 IgM—ELISA具有早期诊断急性血吸虫病的价值.     

Coprological methods for the diagnosis of Anoplocephala perfoliata infection of the horse

Objective To compare the sensitivities of three coprological techniques for the diagnosis of Anoplocephala perfoliata infection in horses and to assess the value of the methods for diagnosis of horses at risk of clinical cestodiasis.
Design Faecal samples were collected from necropsied horses with or without A perfoliata infection and examined using one sedimentation and two different flotation methods. The coprological results were compared with worm counts performed at necropsy of the horses and the degree of mucosal damage. In addition, the efficiency of recovery of A perfoliata eggs from faeces was tested.
Results The overall sensitivities of the methods ranged from 22.5 to 37.5%, and the capacity of the methods to diagnose infection increased with the intensity of infection. A simple flotation method achieved a better sensitivity (37.5%) at all intensities of infection compared with the other two methods (22.5 to 25%). That method was also more sensitive in detecting eggs in 'negative' faecal samples spiked with known numbers of A perfoliata eggs.
Conclusion The results indicated that, despite the low sensitivities of present methods, faecal flotation is likely to be of value in detecting horses at risk of clinical disease.     

Copromicroscopic and molecular assays for the detection of cancer-causing parasitic nematode Spirocerca lupi

Spirocerca lupi (Nematoda, Spirurida) is a life-threatening parasitic nematode of dogs that is presently emerging in several countries. Nonetheless, canine spirocercosis is neglected and underestimated, mainly due to diagnostic limitations inherent to clinico-pathologic, diagnostic imaging and laboratory methodologies. Given the significant benefit of improved diagnosis, the present work evaluated the reliability of a recently described copromicroscopic approach, the FLOTAC technique, as well as a PCR-based assay with that of traditional coproscopic techniques to diagnose S. lupi infection. Ninety-four faecal field samples were collected from two endemic areas (i.e. 29 and 65 from Kenya and Israel, respectively) and processed using different coproscopic examination techniques. In particular, set I (Kenyan samples) comprised the modified flotation with Sheather's sugar solution and merthiolate-iodine-formalin technique, while set II (Israeli samples) comprised a flotation technique with zinc sulphate solution, a modified sugar flotation procedure and the FLOTAC method. All samples were also subjected to a semi-nested PCR protocol specific for a region internal to the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene of S. lupi. The coproscopic examinations showed low sensitivity and high variability, demonstrating the unreliability of the conventional methods for detecting S. lupi eggs. Nonetheless, the FLOTAC technique scored the highest number of positives and significantly higher number of S. lupi eggs per microscopic field compared to the other coproscopic methods. Additionally, of the coproscopically negative samples, 9 (45%) Kenyan and 21 (38.2%) Israeli samples scored molecularly positive using the PCR-based approach. The potential implications and perspectives for canine spirocercosis of these coproscopic and molecular diagnostic methodologies evaluated herein are discussed.     

Infection by Eucoleus aerophilus in dogs and cats: Is another extra-intestinal parasitic nematode of pets emerging in Italy?

The occurrence of the infection by the lungworm Eucoleus aerophilus (syn. Capillaria aerophila) in dogs and cats from Italy has been evaluated with conventional diagnostic procedures. Individual faecal samples from 569 dogs and 200 cats were undertaken to faecal flotation with sugar and zinc sulphate solution. Sixteen dogs (2.8%) and 11 cats (5.5%) scored positive for eggs of E. aerophilus when samples were processed with either of the two flotation solutions. Overall 14 of 16 dogs and eight of 11 cats infected by E. aerophilus showed respiratory symptoms and the most common were general respiratory distress, dry cough, wheezing and sneezing. These results indicate that E. aerophilus is not uncommon and that canine and feline capillariosis is of clinical importance. Given the impact that E. aerophilus infections may have upon animal health and its zoonotic potential, it is strongly advisable to routinely include this disease in the differential diagnosis of (cardio)-respiratory diseases of dogs and cats.