美国私有林地的户外游憩

文中首先对户外游憩的兴起和发展做了简要的论述, 然后主要针对私有林地提供户外游憩资源及林地的主要游憩项目进行了分析。美国的私有林主要在南方, 地处亚热带, 不仅是美国最重要的木材生产基地, 对提供户外游憩也起重要作用。最后, 对中国户外游憩资源的开发提出了建议。     

京津冀森林游憩资源空间分布特征及其影响因素

【目的】京津冀协同发展背景下,区域社会经济快速发展,人民对于森林游憩的需求与日俱增,森林游憩的发展需与时俱进。森林游憩资源是森林游憩的重要载体,探究其空间分布特征及影响因素,有利于为京津冀森林游憩规划提供科学依据和理论指导。【方法】选取京津冀区域内森林公园、自然保护区、森林相关的自然风景区三类共计293处森林游憩资源为研究对象,利用GIS空间分析,采用平均最邻近指数、Voronoi多边形变异系数、基尼系数、核密度分析方法对京津冀森林游憩空间分布特征进行探究。【结果】1)京津冀森林游憩资源在整体空间尺度上为聚集分布,最邻近指数(R)为0.5332,多边形变异系数(CV)为262.1%;2)在市域尺度上,资源分布均衡度低,差距悬殊,基尼系数为0.7957。其中,北京拥有资源数量最多,占总数的39.1%;北京、承德和石家庄三座城市累计比重超过60%。3)资源分布密度上总体呈现出以北京为强聚集中心,向东北倾斜的“十字型”的大聚集,小分散格局;4)分布格局与太行山、燕山山脉走势相契合,与社会经济发展水平呈显著相关,并且受到重点林业工程和交通网络的外在推动。     

国外生态系统服务概念在森林旅游中的应用分析

通过人类需求反映自然资源的价值、连接自然环境和人类社会的生态系统服务理论与方法已成为自然资源管理研究的一个重要方向。分析国际上生态系统服务概念和方法在森林旅游规划、森林旅游管理和森林旅游的影响评估中的研究和应用可以发现,将生态系统服务概念纳入森林旅游能够更直观地体现森林旅游使用者和管理者与森林旅游区域环境之间的关系,也更有利于森林旅游可持续发展目标的实现。文中预测,随着基于生态系统服务的评估和预测方法的成熟,生态系统服务概念在森林旅游中具有广阔的应用前景。     

陆良县林业发展初议

根据2007年完成的陆良县森林资源二类调查数据,从该县实际出发,分析陆良县林业建设的现状与不足,对今后一段时期内林业发展提出初步建议。认为陆良县人多地少,必须发展高效林业;调整经济林树种结构,突出发展以核桃为主的名特优经济林;坚持以资源培育为依托,以龙头企业为先导,加快桉树和特色经济林种植,带动相关林产业发展。     

中国台湾地区社区林业计划执行过程及内容

社区林业是一种社区总体营造理念与操作方式,鼓励社区主动提出计划与林务单位共同合作,在整个计划执行过程中充分与公众沟通并达成共识,与社区公众及组织形成伙伴关系,共同维护生物多样性及发挥环境资源的生态系统服务价值,达到森林永续经营的目标,并能有效改善所在社区的经济与环境状况,特别是与原住民部落的关系。文中以中国台湾"林务局"编定的8个"林区管理处"2011-2020年森林经营计划书为基础,分析台湾地区社区林业计划的内容,包括"推动社区林业及伙伴关系的建立""雇用原住民及与原住民社区合作共同巡护措施""原住民传统领域森林产物采取"及"森林游乐区公共参与及伙伴关系"等4个议题,以期总结台湾社区林业经营规划的过程、内容及进展,供专家学者进行社区林业相关计划编制或研究时参考。     

镇沅县现代林业产业发展规划初步研究

介绍镇沅县林业产业发展现状;对镇沅县林业产业发展存在的产业整体发展水平仍较低、商品林培育有待加强、林副产品开发不足、林业产业结构不合理等问题进行阐述;对镇沅县林业产业发展具备的林地资源丰富、光热水资源丰富、森林资源丰富等优势及存在的交通基础设施发展滞后、资金投入不足、发展模式单一等劣势进行分析;提出确立产业发展规划的近、中、远期目标,调整产业结构、突出优势产业发展,加强商品林培育和林副产品开发,大力发展林下经济和森林旅游,加大林业建设投入、提升林业科技创新能力,扶植龙头企业、加强企业品牌建设等规划对策。     

城市森林游憩需求特征分析——以武汉市居民为例

通过对729位武汉市居民的问卷调查,发现城市居民的森林游憩需求十分旺盛,在不同距离、不同类型的旅游地中,更倾向于到城郊尤其是城区边缘区生态环境好、森林集中分布的区域进行森林游憩活动;居民希望城市森林进行适度游憩开发,提供良好的旅游服务设施和体现森林生态特色的活动项目。调查结果对于城市生态建设、城市森林游憩地的规划与开发具有现实意义。     

The Great Lakes Forest Alliance

Summary

The Great Lakes Forest Alliance, created by charter in 1987 at the direction of the governors of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, is a mutual aid, public/private partnership that integrates global, national and local interests by bridging the gap at a regional level. It expanded in 1997 to include Ontario. Trustees include key leaders of government and industry and citizens from a broad range of forest interests. It was designed to be as learning environment to address the resurgence of forest growth and the increasing demand for conservation, wood products and recreation. The need for the Alliance resulted in part from a perceived underrepresentation of regional forest-related issues in the national arena. The Alliance attempts to consider leading-edge strategies over the long-term in a pro-active manner, and trustees recognize the need to build respect, trust, information exchange, cooperation, coordination and collaboration among diverse interests. Among the projects that demonstrate the bridge role played by the Alliance: a regional forest resources assessment, public and private funding that supports research toward a more frequent forest inventory process, training for communities to use the collaborative learning process to address economic prosperity and environmental protection strategies and the development of sustainable forest management criteria and indicators for the region. A continual challenge is relationships among diverse forest interests across jurisdictional and institutional boundaries in a manner that promotes exchanges that build collective wisdom.     

Service logics and strategies of Swedish forestry in the structural shifts of forest ownership: challenging the “old” and shaping the “new”

ABSTRACT

Sweden is one of the most forested countries in Europe, and it has one of the highest shares of productive forest. Production in forestry is largely reliant on the private non-industrial forest owners, who own half of the forest land. As in many countries, however, forest ownership is changing towards a higher extent of urban, female or non-forestry-background owners. This poses a challenge for the forestry services sector, mainly forest owners’ associations and companies, but also broadly the sector at large. By exploring the sales and marketing processes, this paper analyses the service logics and strategies of Swedish forestry under changing forest ownership, drawing on an interview study covering all the large actors in the Swedish forestry sector. The study illustrates an increased focus of forestry organizations on services from a strategic and managerial perspective, in customer-oriented relationship development and in value creation and sales processes, specifically in order to manage “new” forest owners and the demand of forest industries. The results highlight the domination of service logics associated with timber production and the challenges for the service market and the provision of diversified services to forest owners.     

森林游憩的几个重要概念辨析

对旅游和游憩、森林旅游和森林游憩、风景和景观、风景林和游憩林及风景游憩林等概念进行了较为全面的剖析,并对部分概念作出了新的解释。     

石门国家森林公园总体规划修编分析

石门国家森林公园以其典型的南亚热带常绿阔叶林顶级森林群落著称于世,公园内森林风景资源数量丰富,种类齐全,景观优美、生态质量优良,具有极高的观赏、游憩和科学价值。公园规划以生态优先和保护性开发为理念,重点打造"国际生态名片、国际性森林浴场以及多彩石门"三大主打品牌,把石门国家森林公园建设成为集人文休闲于一体的具有国际水准的南亚热带常绿阔叶林典型性国家森林公园和特色专业化的户外游憩基地。       

国外私有林现状及发展趋势

国外私有林历史悠久，私有林在提供林产品、林副产品、森林游憩等方面发挥了重要的作用，时至今日，私有林仍是国外林业建设与发展中的一支重要力量，各国政府对私有林十分重视，文中系统地概述了国外私有林的现状、组织形式、经营模式，分析了当前私有林存在的主要问题，预测了私有林的发展趋势。     

瑞士森林生产、防灾、游憩之间的关系

瑞士不是一个自然资源富饶的国家，因此从来就十分重视森林的利用；１９世纪森林立法就不单纯突出保护森林，同样地也强调恢复森林，保证木材、烧柴的供给；１９９３年新实施的森林法明确承认，防止灾害、提供游憩和生产木材是森林３个同等重点的机能；不少仁颗人士批评旅游业对林业的寄生性，要求发展共生互荣关系。     

A four-stage approach to evaluate management alternatives in multiple-use forestry

A multiple-use forest management method is developed to support decisions on insect control in state forests of a case area in Central Poland, aiming at optimisation in a socio-economic context. The model is closely linked to the specific planning situation, but its structure is adaptable to other cases of optimal decision-making on multiple-use forestry. It is a four-stage consecutive model incorporating: (i) financial value of timber production; (ii) stage (i) plus the dual value of non-market outputs; (iii) stage (ii) plus the social value of carbon storage; and (iv) stage (iii) plus the social value of recreational benefits. That is to say, the complete model covers four important multiple-use outputs of the case area. The geographical distribution of high-priority protection forest resources is very sensitive to the stage-wise application of the model, especially with respect to recreation, providing innovative decision support related to multiple-use in a socio-economic context.     

国有林场森林旅游在促进减贫中的作用与途径

在我国全面停止天然林商业性采伐、国有林场深化改革、推进林业产业结构转型等背景下,森林旅游正在成为国有林场发展的支柱产业之一。将国有林场森林旅游发展与产业减贫及乡村振兴紧密结合,有利于实现国有林场多重效益和乡村振兴。文中分析国有林场森林旅游在减贫中的作用和机制,并总结国有林场森林旅游在促进减贫过程中存在的问题,包括国有林场森林旅游自身发展薄弱、可能抑制社区发展、农户管理参与度低、森林资源产权纠纷严重等。在此基础上,提出了应树立保护重于开发的意识、重视解决国有林场改革遗留问题、注重森林旅游与乡村产业振兴相融合、培养森林旅游专业经营管理人才、拓宽森林旅游金融支持渠道、积极处理林地纠纷等建议,以期推动国有林场森林旅游发展获得新动能,促进周边区域乡村振兴取得新进展。     

Tropical Forestry

An overview of the forestry sector in Costa Rica was undertaken to determine whether the existing management practices of timber resources hold the potential to meet the country's demands for timber in the immediate decades to come, and to identify changes that might be needed in the management of forested lands. To meet these goals, we examined the present status and potential future contribution of the two newest forest sectors: the management of natural forest and plantation forestry. Rcsults indicate that the present management of Costa Rica's timber resources does not hold the potential to meet the country's demands for timber for more than the next ten years without severe loss of its forests. Substantial progress is occurring, but at an insufficient rate. Moreover, despite the considerable headway made in conservation in recent years, the rate of deforestation remains high. A number of factors limit advancement in natural forest management and plantation forestry, both of which have the potential to deaccelerate deforestation. In natural forest management, constraints are the rate at which forests are being brought under management, lack of budgetary provisions for fiscal incentives to private owners who alone cannot be expected to bear the cost of benefits of natural forest management that are national or even global in their distribution, and the weak infrastructure, extension services and research support to meet management goals. In the case of plantation forestry, the capability of this sector to produce commercial timber is not known. Moreover, inadequate management and extension services together with the misuse of the incentive system by private owners is likely to limit the potential of plantations. Institutional constraints include outdated legal and bureaucratic framework, market interventions, absence of clear policy toward natural forest management and plantation forestry, poor investment in infrastructure, extension and research support, and inadequate interaction among various agencies responsible for the development of the forestry sector. Such institutional constraints have allowed the proliferation of disincentives against the development of a sustainable timber sector. If the Costa Rican government's objective is to encourage sustainable forestry, it must first clearly articulate the policy and then create the appropriate legal, economic and institutional framework for implementation of the policy. Costa Rica, with its enlightened public administration system, vast technical and scientific knowledge about its forest ecosystem and extensive assistance from international organizations, must succeed, otherwise prospects for sustainable forestry in thc less fortunate tropical countries would be bleak.     

早期涉林项目留给减少森林砍伐和退化机制的经验与教训

减少毁林和森林退化导致的排放, 增加森林碳储量(REDD+)将成为2012年后最具成本效益的一个缓解气候变化的机制。为了避免REDD+项目的设计和实施重蹈早期涉林项目的覆辙, 有必要回顾REDD+之前的涉林政策和涉林项目的问题。早期涉林倡议案、森林认证、环境服务报偿(PES)、综合保护与发展项目(ICDPs)中的经验教训, 对于REDD+特别有参考价值。REDD+的实施需要依赖各国已经同意的倡议, 促进主权国家履行现有承诺, 利用公共权力与私人权力的协同增效作用来产生环保效应。在早期碳项目中, 普遍缺乏可信的反事实构建, 碳计量可靠性上也存在问题。在综合保护与发展项目的实施中, 如何处理好保护与发展的关系, 如何为生态系统服务寻找买家和争取长期的金融支持, 是项目实施成功的主要影响因素。REDD+在设计上就应该考虑到这些问题, 建立在各种经验教训之上的REDD+项目设计和实施应该更加有效和公平。     

林地资源保护管理与生态林业建设的探究

森林资源的过度开发以及对林地资源的保护不够重视,采取的措施不到位等,都将导致林地资源被破坏,而这无疑将对人们赖以生存的自然环境造成破坏。基于此,主要针对林地资源保护以及生态林业的建设进行研究,旨在促进林业的可持续发展,以为其他提供借鉴参考。     

Cross-Sectoral Policy Linkages and Environmental Accounting in Forestry

Abstract

It is important to analyze cross-sectoral policy linkages and to quantify their effects by using the system of integrated environmental and economic accounting in order to ensure effective integration of forestry into national development. This paper reviews relevant policy linkages in the forestry sector, policy applications of forestry accounts, and challenges to their implementation. It argues for the need to develop regional or local accounting methods providing social, environmental, and economic data to allow assessment of the combined impacts of different public policies. It emphasizes the urgency of strengthening the management capacity of public agencies in dealing with complex policy networks addressing sustainable and multifunctional forest management.