保水剂在林果业中的推广及应用

保水剂在林果业中的应用方式主要有拌土、拌种或包衣、蘸根等 ,最适宜使用保水剂的是年降水量超过 40 0mm且季节性干旱明显的地区。在北方半干旱区进行的系统试验表明 :保水剂的保水效果十分显著 ,施入后 0～ 6 0cm土层土壤含水率比对照提高 9 10 %～ 80 95 % ,土壤物理性质显著改善 ,可提高出苗率和移栽成活率 ,使林木生长加快 ,果树提前 1年挂果 ,果实生长量明显增加 ,生长速率加快     

施用保水剂对旱地赤红壤持水能力及氮肥淋失的影响

为探明保水剂在旱地赤红壤对水分和氮素养分的保持效果,用土柱开展旱地赤红壤施用保水剂试验。结果表明,保水剂具有明显的保水保肥效果。添加土重1‰的保水剂,土壤吸持的水量增加18%～50%。保水剂的吸水能力在土壤水分处于饱和状态时为64～71g/g,在田间持水量状态时为112～115g/g,当土壤水分处于较低的供给水平时,保水剂的保水效果更明显。相比保水剂在不受土壤颗粒约束(无空间限制)的条件下,对0.01%～0.1%NaCl溶液及去离子水235～539g/g吸水能力的表现,表明土壤固相的限制和土壤盐分或电解质的影响,妨碍了保水剂吸水能力的发挥。保水剂的保肥效果也值得关注,在10mm/d的灌水强度下经过35d淋溶,施用保水剂的处理0-30cm土层的氮肥淋失率从26.2%降至17.1%,氮肥淋失减少了34.7%。     

凝胶状保水剂使用效果研究

保水剂凝胶是一种保证有效使用保水剂的重要措施。在黄土高原半干旱地区最干旱的春季,通过对比试验分析了在沙棘、杏树、梨树等幼树林中不同保水剂凝胶使用方法与使用量对土壤水分及杏树、梨树前期坐果率的影响,表明使用方法与使用量对土壤水分的维持和对果树生长有显著的影响。在试验的保水剂用量范围内(4 5～15 75kg)使用保水剂凝胶后土壤水分明显提高,提高幅度为5 %～4 8%。棒状保水剂凝胶在埋入土壤2 0天后,贮存的水分可在2 5 30cm半径范围内使得土壤水分比对照提高5 %～4 6 % ,在2 0天到30天内可维持在10 %左右。提高了果树的前期座果率,其中杏树提高2 0 %左右,梨树提高10 %左右。施用棒状保水剂凝胶比直接使用保水剂凝胶和土壤混匀施用维持土壤水分的效果显著,而且可以根据旱情反复吸水使用,是保水剂的一种简便使用方法     

保水剂在改良土壤和作物抗旱节水中的效应

保水剂应用是一种化学节水技术。实验表明,土壤中保水剂含量在0.1%以下时,土壤团聚体增加,土面蒸发明显降低;模拟降雨实验证明,0.1%保水剂的土壤在15%坡度下,其水分入渗增加43%,土壤流失率减少54%。田间试验发现,土壤穴施保水剂使马铃薯增产52%;盆栽实验证明,土壤加入保水剂后的玉米和烤烟抗旱存活率增加,保苗效果好。     

保水剂对土壤水分垂直入渗特征的影响

为了探明保水剂对土壤水分入渗性能及变化过程的影响,该文通过室内积水入渗试验,比较分析了保水剂作用下土壤水分的入渗率、累积入渗量及湿润锋等的动态变化。结果表明：保水剂对入渗率的影响具有稳定性和一致性。上层混施（0～10 cm）和层施（5 cm）保水剂会限制土壤水分向下运移,30 min后累积入渗量分别比对照显著减少了17.3%～36.6%和5.5%～46.6%;而且随着保水剂用量增加,抑制效应增大。相比较而言,这种减缓入渗的程度在保水剂层施,且用量为0.1%时更为明显。下层（10～20 cm）混施和层施（10 cm和15 cm）保水剂对土壤水分入渗的抑制是有限的,约比对照降低了4.9%～11.9%;但当保水剂层施量为0.1%时,土壤水分入渗反而会随着入渗进程而增加,累积入渗量可达到对照的1.1倍。层施保水剂后,保水剂层及保水剂下层土壤含水率会普遍增加1.1～1.9倍。     

保水剂施用对丹参物质形成与养分利用的影响

阐明保水剂在道地丹参种植中的应用效果有助于保水剂在丹参节水抗旱种植中的合理应用.利用盆栽试验,比较不同保水剂用量下丹参物质形成、氮磷钾养分的吸收与利用效率的差异.结果表明,施用保水剂能促进干物质的积累与分配,增加根/冠比和丹参产量;保水剂施用降低了土壤容重,适度的土壤容重减小有助于丹参高产;不同保水剂用量下氯磷钾养分在丹参根系与地上部中的吸收分配与积累、农艺利用效率存在明显差异,过高的剂量不利于丹参的生长与养分的吸收利用,适宜剂量能显著提高丹参产量和氮磷钾肥农艺利用效率.1.2～1.8 g/kg干土的保水剂用量可作为田间丹参节水抗旱种植的参考用量.     

模拟降雨条件下保水剂对沙质土壤水分的影响

为了探究保水剂对沙质土壤水分的影响,采用室内重建土柱,在人工模拟降雨条件下研究不同用量保水剂对沙质土壤(0~30 cm)含水率的影响。结果表明:土壤含水率随着保水剂用量的增加而增加,保水剂用量为0.2%时不但省时省力,而且0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm 3个土层土壤含水率分别为45.42%、48.48%、46.16%,既能满足植物的生长需要,又能节省经济成本,可为干旱、半干旱区节水造林及保水剂的合理使用提供理论依据。     

抗旱节水剂对果树生长及灌溉制度的研究

通过对保水剂和旱地龙这两种抗旱节水剂在苹果生长上的试验研究,分析了抗旱节水剂集成应用对土壤含水率、苹果产量、苹果品质(主要指可溶性固形物)的影响。结果表明,施用抗旱节水剂可增加土壤含水率和果实品质,增产达13365 06～19036 58kg/hm2,增加纯经济效益20570～34750元/hm2;水分利用效率提高,每1hm2节水892m3,同时对抗旱节水剂应用条件下的果树灌溉制度进行了研究,提出了不同降雨年型的灌溉制度。     

保水剂对风沙土水分垂直入渗和含水量的影响

使用保水剂是有效利用和改良风沙土的重要途径。通过研究垂直入渗率、累积入渗量、渗吸持续时间、渗透系数4项入渗特征量以说明在5-7cm深度处层施保水剂对于风沙土水分垂直入渗的影响,测定入渗结束后土壤各层含水量以研究受试体系的水分垂直分布。结果表明,试验处理可使垂直入渗率在各时间点有不同程度减小,有3种保水剂处理累积入渗量均增加了42%左右(1%处理),渗吸持续时间增长了134%~390%,渗透系数减小了65%~85%,且4种变化趋势均随保水剂用量的增加而加剧。入渗结束后土壤水分垂直分布也发生明显变化：保水剂-土壤混合层含水量上升52%~178%,上层土壤含水量明显增加但下层土壤略微降低。研究表明,保水剂对风沙土水分垂直入渗和含水量影响十分明显。     

不同覆沙厚度下保水剂对沙质土壤水分垂直分布的影响

基于保水剂施入土壤后氧化、见光易分解的特性,探究不同覆沙厚度下保水剂对沙质土壤垂直水分的影响。采用室内重建土柱的方法,在人工模拟降雨条件下设置4组保水剂用量(0,0.1%,0.2%和0.4%)的均质供试土体的基础上,再与4个覆沙厚度(0cm,5cm,10cm和15cm)风沙土按照随机区组设计16个处理,研究不同覆沙厚度下保水剂对沙质土壤(0—30cm)水分垂直分布的影响。结果表明:(1)保水剂用量对混合层水分含量影响最为直接,效果最显著;(2)土壤各层含水率随着保水剂用量的增加而增加,且不同保水剂用量处理下0—30cm土层含水率分别为(18.78±0.52)%,(22.77±1.89)%,(37.01±10.55)%和(46.47±14.27)%;(3)4个覆沙厚度下含水率均达到显著性差异,各层含水率随着土层深度的增加而增加;(4)保水剂用量0.2%和覆沙5cm时,0—10cm,10—20cm和20—30cm 3个土层土壤含水率分别为25.90%,37.19%和41.68%,不但省时省力,而且满足植物的生长需要。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.