3个草地早熟禾品种分蘖期的生理特性变化

以草地早熟禾午夜2号、巴润和肯塔基为材料,测定其分蘖期生理指标的变化。结果表明：午夜2号、肯塔基和巴润叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势一致,呈单峰曲线,在较高水平上峰值分别为叶绿素含量2.215,2.000和2.013mg/g;可溶性蛋白0.85,0.64和0.77mg/g。当维持一段时间后开始下降;而3个草地早熟品种可溶性糖含量与过氧化氢酶活性随着生长时间的延长而升高;在分蘖过程中,3个草地早熟禾品种平均分蘖数随着生长时间的延长呈单峰曲线,在发芽后第35d午夜2号2.45,巴润和肯塔基1.98分蘖枝/株达到最大值。草地早熟禾分蘖期间,叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量与平均分蘖数呈正相关,而可溶性糖与过氧化氢酶与平均分蘖数相关性不明显。同一生长期内,午夜2号叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、过氧化氢酶含量以及平均分蘖数均大于巴润和肯塔基,肯塔基含量最低。     

Growth and tiller production of Themeda triandra as affected by NPK fertilisation

Themeda triandra Forssk. is a common perennial grass in southern African grasslands that tolerates low nutrient soils. Establishment of the species into degraded or transformed areas is difficult, but there have been some advances with clonal propagation using tillers. To generate propagules (tillers), tiller production of plants must be maximised. This research focused on the growth response of T. triandra to fertilisation with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) each at three levels in a fully factorial pot experiment. Fertilisation increased growth. The number of tillers and aerial shoot mass were controlled by an N × P interaction, and total mass and root mass were controlled by N and by P, with N having a larger effect. Mass per tiller was not related to treatment. Shoot:root ratio and root mass per tiller were controlled by N. Potassium had no effect on any response. For maximum tiller production of T. triandra, plants should be fertilised with high levels of N and P.     

Influence of grazing frequency and intensity on aerial and reproductive tillering in Lolium perenne L. under subtropical conditions

Abstract

Reproductive and aerial tillering dynamics in Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) was monitored for two years under grazing. Reproductive tillers were observed from winter (June) to midsummer (February) with the main period of initiation occurring in spring to early summer (August to October). For infrequent lenient grazing, reproductive tiller densities ranged from 102 (July 1993) to 1 900 (September 1993) tillers m^?2, and from 29 (June 1994) to 980 (September 1994) tillers m^?2. By contrast, simulated continuous grazing (CG) resulted in reproductive tiller densities ranging from 13 (August 1993) to 100 (October 1993) tillers m^?2, and from 25 (July 1994) to 46 (September 1994) tillers m^?2. Aerial tillers were initiated mainly during spring, and to a lesser extent autumn and winter, with no appreciable number being recorded during summer. For infrequent lenient grazing, aerial tiller densities ranged from 25 (February 1993) to 1 620 (September 1993) tillers m^?2, and from 362 (August 1994) to 1 524 (September 1994) tillers m^?2. By contrast, CG resulted in aerial tiller densities ranging from 123 (May 1993) to 14 (June 1993) tillers m^?2, and from 5 (July 1994) to 29 (May 1994) tillers m^?2. There was no indication that reproductive or aerial tillers contribute to the persistence of perennial ryegrass under the grazing frequencies and intensities tested.     

亚热带中山人工草地鸭茅种群及其分蘖丛数量性状的相关分析

根据单位面积和独立分蘖丛的调查与测定,分析了亚热带中山人工草地鸭茅种群及其分蘖丛的数量特征。结果表明,在开花至乳熟期,种子田鸭茅种群的分蘖丛密度已经超过了环境容纳量,但分蘖密度尚未达到环境容纳量。引种栽培试验地的鸭茅种群丛蘖数、丛生殖蘖数、丛营养蘖数与丛径之间,及其生产量与丛径和丛蘖数之间均呈极显著正相关。随着丛蘖数的增加,死亡蘖数呈Logistic曲线增长,死亡率呈直线增长。抽穗率随着丛径和丛蘖数的增加均呈直线下降。     

Ontogeny of Themeda triandra tillers in the false thornveld of the eastern cape

Abstract

Marked populations of Themeda triandra tillers were sequentially sampled at fortnightly intervals under normal conditions and without moisture stress respectively, covering a period from tiller initiation through to senescence after flowering. Parameters recorded were height of shoot apex, tiller mass, leaf area, leaf number, secondary tiller development and premature tiller mortality. Tillers of irrigated plants had a significantly higher mass, more elevated shoot apices, and produced a greater total number of leaves than those of non‐irrigated plants. Fewer unstressed tillers senesced prematurely than those experiencing moisture stress.     

松嫩平原光稃茅香实验无性系的营养繁殖力及生长规律

光稃茅香是长根茎型禾草, 是典型的无性系植物.在松嫩平原, 实验光稃茅香无性系的芽库在整个生长季有25.9%～32.0%输出成分蘖株, 芽库储备与输出具有相对的稳定性.在具有充分生长空间而又没有种间竞争的风沙土生境, 实验光稃茅香无性系在一个生长季内所占据的空间面积平均为1.238 m2.在生长季末期, 光稃茅香无性系根茎的干物质贮量比分蘖株的生物量平均高9.7%.不同无性系在分蘖株和根茎的生长、生产及物质贮藏上具有相对的一致性.实验光稃茅香无性系的营养繁殖力具有较大的生态可塑性, 每条根茎的长度及节间长度的生态可塑性则相对较小.在一个生长季内, 实验光稃茅香无性系的分蘖株数量呈指数生长.     

松嫩平原硬拂子茅无性系种群营养繁殖的数量特征

硬拂子茅是典型的无性系禾草,分蘖节存活时间最多为４年。割草场和放牧场硬拂子茅无性系种群分蘖株均属于增长型年龄结构。家畜采食能促进２、３龄分蘖株的形成与存活。１龄级分蘖株的生产力明显高于２龄级。根茎的存活时间最多为３年。根茎的物质贮存能力以１龄级最大,随着龄级的增加不断减小。放牧扰动对硬拂子茅无性系种群各龄根茎的养分贮藏均有不利影响。割草场和放牧场硬拂子茅潜在无性系种群均属于增长型的年龄结构。     

2个香根草品种苗期生长与光合特性的研究

对Sunshine和Wild 2个香根草Vetiveria zizanioides品种苗期的生长速度、分蘖动态及光合作用对光和CO2的响应进行了研究.结果表明:品种间株高及日增长速度存在极显著差异,Sunshine生长慢、Wild生长快;品种间不同时间段的分蘖数及总分蘖数存在极显著差异,Wild分蘖高峰期在6月下旬,Sunshine在7月中旬.通过对不同密度小区香根草分蘖数量相关性分析,发现总分蘖数量与密度呈指数函数形式相关,相关性达到了极显著水平(P＜0.01).2个品种光饱和点比较接近,Wild略高于Sunshine,光补偿点Wild明显低于Sunshine,光饱和时的最大净光合速率和表观量子效率Sunshine均低于Wild,因此Sunshine利用光能的效率低于Wild,CO2饱和点Sunshine高于Wild,CO2补偿点Wild高于Sunshine.     

松嫩平原碱化草甸野大麦无性系构件的定量分析

野大麦无性系构件的数量决定于丛径的大小,无性系中营养蘖构件组分的数量占较大比重,为69.15%,是生殖蘖的2.24倍,但生殖蘖和营养蘖的生长与物质生产相差悬殊,平均生殖蘖重是平均营养蘖重的2.17倍,致使无性系对营养生长和生殖生长的能量分配大体相等。无性系构件的生物量,以及营养蘖和生殖蘖构件组分的生物量与丛径和总蘖数间均存在着极显著的正相关关系;平均单蘖重、平均的生殖蘖重均随着无性系构件数量的增加呈幂函数形式下降;无性系的芽数随着丛径和总蘖数的增大而有规律地增加;抽穗率在大小不等的无性系间具有相对稳定性。     

新疆霍城假苇拂子茅种群构件的年龄结构

通过生长季末期单位面积取样的方法,对新疆霍城县沟谷中不同生境的假苇拂子茅(Calamagrostis pseudophragmits)种群构件的组成及其年龄结构进行了研究。结果表明,3个生境的假苇拂子茅分蘖节的存活年限最长为6 a,分蘖株在数量上均由5个龄级组成,属稳定型年龄结构。就单株生产力的整体水平而言,3个生境的生产力水平表现为生境H2>生境H3>生境H1,且各生境间存在显著差异(P<0.05),反映了单株生产力在不同生境间具有一定的差异。根茎的存活年限最长为5 a,根茎的生产力则以1 a或2 a龄级最高,各生境根茎长与根茎生物量均以1 a或2 a龄级所占比例最高,且随龄级的增加而递减,反映出潮湿、疏松的沙质土壤有利于假苇拂子茅根茎的生长和物质储存。     

Interactions between rodents and weeds in a lowland rice agro‐ecosystem: the need for an integrated approach to management

Rodents and weeds are important pests to rice crops in Southeast Asia. The interaction between these 2 major pests is poorly documented. In temperate cereal systems, seeds of grass weeds can be an important food source for rodents and weed cover along crop margins provides important refuge for rodents. In 2012 and 2013, a replicated study (n = 4) in Bago, Myanmar compared 4 treatments (rodents and weeds; no rodents and weeds; rodents and no weeds; no rodents and no weeds) each of 0.25 ha in transplanted rice. Weeds were managed with hand weeding in the wet season, and hand weeding and herbicides in the dry season. Plastic fences were installed to exclude rodents. We examined the weed cover and relative abundance of weed species, rodent damage, rodent population dynamics and rice yield loss caused by rodents and weeds. The dominant rodent species was Bandicota bengalensis. In the dry season, Cyperus difformis was dominant at the tillering stage and Echinochloa crus‐galli was the dominant weed species at the booting stage. In the wet season E. crus‐galli was a dominant weed throughout the season. Damage by rodents was higher in the dry season. There were larger economic benefits for best weed management and effective rodent control in the dry season (258 US$/ha) than in the wet season (30 US$/ha). Concurrent control of weeds in and around rice fields combined with coordinated community trapping of rodents during the early tillering stage and ripening stage of rice are recommended management options.     

The dynamics of Themeda Triandra tillers in relation to burning in the natal Drakensberg

Abstract

Marked tillers of Themeda triandra were sampled regularly over a two year period in Highland Sourveld burnt annually in winter, biennially in spring and after a single summer and early winter burning treatment. Parameters recorded were height of shoot apex, tiller mass, number of new lateral tillers and time of flowering. Monitoring of marked tillers before and after each burn enabled the life history of populations of tillers to be followed.

There were no significant differences in survivorship between tillers in the annual winter and biennial spring burn treatments but winter burning stimulated the development of a greater number of daughters per parent. Both populations exhibited a constant death rate over the two year period. Only 8% of the marked T. triandra tillers survived the single summer burning treatment.     

Ontogeny of sporobolus fimbriatus tillers in the false thornveld of the Eastern Cape

Abstract

Marked populations of Sporobolus fimbriatus tillers were sequentially sampled at fortnightly intervals under normal rainfall conditions and under irrigation respectively, covering a period from tiller initiation through to senescence after flowering. Parameters recorded included shoot apex elevation, tiller mass and leaf development.

Surviving tillers consisted of two sub‐populations, those that flowered in autumn and those that remained vegetative. Flowering of individual apices was rapid, but was spread over a number of months for the whole population. Moisture played an important role in determining tiller size, and at least some forage was lost through leaf drop on tillers rested for a whole season.     

刈割对羊茅黑麦草和无芒雀麦蘖转化的影响

根据种群生命统计分析原理，进行了刈割对羊茅轩麦草和无芒雀麦蘖转化的影响的研究。结果表明，羊茅黑草经元芒雀麦有较低的蘖死亡率和较高的蘖出现率，在营养期对刈 茅黑麦草优于繁殖期，应避免频繁强度利用元芒雀麦，羊茅黑草则适合频敏地强度与轻度结合刈牧。     

Effects of selective defoliation and height of defoliation on tiller dynamics and herbage yield of Themeda triandra in a semi-arid rangeland in Zimbabwe

Understanding the impacts of intensity and selection of grazing on the performance of grasses is important in the management of grazing areas. It is especially important in semi-arid environments where, apart from moisture, the levels at which grasses are utilized has a major influence on their persistence in the environment. The effects of selective defoliation and height of defoliation (5 cm and 10 cm stubble heights) on the performance of the grass, Themeda triandra, were investigated in a field experiment for two growing seasons. Performance was measured as tiller production, rate of production, tiller mortality, herbage yield and quality. Tiller production was greater (81 tillers per plant) under non-selective defoliation than under selective defoliation (49 tillers per plant) in the 1995/1996 season. Tiller mortality was higher (66.45%) under heavy selective defoliation than under nonselective defoliation (21.98%). Herbage yield, apart from the control treatment, was high (13.6 g per plant) under light non-selective defoliation. Heavy selective defoliation reduced the nutrient levels (e.g. levels of soluble carbohydrates under heavy selective defoliation were 6 g kg^?1 glucose compared to 20 g kg^?1 glucose under light non-selective defoliation).     

The influence of tiller age and time of year on the growth of Themeda tri andra and Sporobolus fimbriatus in semi‐arid grassveld

Abstract

Sequential growth measurements were made on successive populations of Themeda triandra and Sporobolus fimbriatus tillers initiated at different times of the year. The independent influences of tiller age and time of year on tiller growth were isolated by deriving growth indices for tillers of the same age at different times of the year and for tillers of all ages at each time of the year respectively.

Isolating the effect of plant age on growth showed that T. triandra is most productive under a regime of long periods of undisturbed growth, while S. fimbriatus is better suited to frequent interruptions in growth. Isolating the effect of time of year shows that both species are particularly sensitive to perturbations in spring. However, the photosynthetic efficiency of T. triandra is strongly influenced by time of year while S. fimbriatus seems to be a more opportunistic assimilator of sunlight.     

辽东半岛不同生境结缕草种群有性生殖株的数量特征

通过对结缕草种子成熟期有性生殖株的测定,分析了辽东半岛不同生境结缕草种群有性生殖株的种子数量(每花序种子数)和质量(千粒质量)以及生长量(株高)和生殖生长量(花序长,生殖生长比率)的数量特征及其差异。结果表明,生态条件较差生境的结缕草种群,其有性生殖株的株高、花序长、每花序种子数及千粒质量均最低,而生殖生长比率最高,说明不同生境结缕草种群有性生殖株的生殖生长、生育力、其种子生存与竞争力主要受到环境的限制,但有性生殖株个体自身具有生殖生长调节策略,生态条件较差的生境结缕草种群有性生殖株将更多的生长量用于生殖生长。     

松嫩平原假苇拂子茅无性系种群的年龄结构

假苇拂子茅是典型的无性系禾草,分蘖节存活时间最多为４年,根茎存活的时间最多为３年;１龄级分蘖株生产力最高,１龄级 物质贮存能力最大,放牧场和割草场假苇拂子茅无性系种群的分蘖株均为增长型的年龄级蘖的物质生产;放牧扰动对假苇拂子茅无性系种群各龄级要茎的养分贮藏均有不利影响。割草场和放牧场假苇拂子茅潜在无性系种群均属于增长型的年龄结构。     

新疆伊犁两种生境无芒雀麦种群的年龄结构

2010年8月,通过单位面积取样的方法,对新疆伊犁草甸和干旱两种生境无芒雀麦（Bromus inermis）自然种群分蘖株、根茎、冬性苗和芽的年龄结构进行了分析,旨在揭示无芒雀麦种群在不同生境条件下的繁殖潜力。结果表明,无芒雀麦种群分蘖株、根茎、冬性苗和芽在两种生境中均以最低的两个龄级占优势。种群生殖分蘖株有3个龄级,营养分蘖株、根茎、冬性苗和芽均有4个龄级;根茎分蘖节最多繁殖4个世代,最多可存活5个生长季。种群的分蘖株数量、芽数量和根茎长度为草甸生境＞干旱生境,冬性苗数量为草甸生境＜干旱生境。营养分蘖株和冬性苗数量为1龄＞2龄＞3龄＞4龄,芽数量为0龄＞1龄＞2龄＞3龄。两种生境下,无芒雀麦种群分蘖株、根茎、冬性苗和芽等构件均呈增长型年龄结构。     

Breeding dynamics of rodent species inhabiting farm–fallow mosaic fields in Central Tanzania

The breeding dynamics of three species of rodents, Mastomys natalensis, Aethomys chrysophilus and Gerbilliscus vicina were investigated in a seasonal environment (wet versus dry) in Berega in the eastern parts of central Tanzania. Berega has a distinct unimodal rainfall pattern, with most rainfall from November to April/May. We hypothesized that breeding of rodents in central Tanzania would be confined to the wet season, when unlimited resources would be available for reproduction. We provide evidence of breeding discontinuity in the three species, showing that breeding was seasonally restricted to the wet season and early in the dry season. The observed discontinuity could largely be ascribed to variation in primary productivity between the wet and dry seasons. Reproductively active females were found in the population as early as November, a month into the rainy season, but when early rains occurred, some individuals were already breeding in October. Breeding was more intensive in the latter part of the wet season (March–May) and completely ceased during the dry season. For M. natalensis, survival was highest in the wet period and low in the dry season. The study provides knowledge on the breeding dynamics of rodents in central Tanzania, which can help farmers to take proactive rodent management decisions to prevent high rodent densities and reduce crop damage in the fields. Application of control measures by the community early in the season when populations of reproductive females is lowest will be most rewarding.