两种分辨率DEM在不同空间尺度下的差异—以黄土高原丘陵区为例

以黄土高原丘陵区的局部山区为研究区域,利用空间分辨率为5m和30m的数字高程模型(DEM)数据,通过ArcGIS软件提取其海拔、坡度、地表粗糙度和太阳辐射4个地形因子,结合SPSS中的Mann-whitney检验分析不同空间尺度下(缓冲半径R为100～5 000m)5m和30m分辨率的DEM之间的差异。结果表明,随着空间尺度变化,5m和30m分辨率DEM中提取的地形因子的变化趋势是相同的;当R≥500m,30m分辨率的DEM的海拔显著大于5m分辨率的海拔;当R≥1 500m,30m分辨率DEM的坡度显著大于5m的坡度;当R≥2 500m,30m分辨率DEM的地表粗糙度显著大于5m的地表粗糙度;但R≥1 000m时,30m分辨率DEM的太阳辐射显著小于5m分辨率的太阳辐射。其中坡度与太阳辐射呈显著负相关关系。对于地形比较复杂的山地丘陵区,选择高分辨率的DEM更能清楚地反映地形特征。     

闽东高海拔山地地形因子对杉木人工林生长的影响

应用地形5个因子在2个水平下的正交试验设计方法,系统分析了闽东高海拔山地14年生杉木人工林生长的变化规律,结果表明:影响杉木人工林胸径、树高的各地形因子的重要程度依次为:坡形>坡位>坡向>海拔>坡度,影响杉木人工林冠幅的各地形因子的重要程度依次为:坡形>坡位>坡向>坡度>海拔,影响杉木人工林枝下高的各地形因子的重要程度依次为:坡形>坡位>海拔>坡向>坡度。坡形对杉木人工林胸径、树高和枝下高影响显著,坡位对杉木人工林树高影响显著。影响杉木人工林生长的最重要地形因子是坡形,其次是坡位,坡向、海拔和坡度(在45°以内)对杉木人工林生长影响不显著。     

DEM在低山丘陵区综合治理中的应用

随着低山丘陵区水土流失日益严重,基于多角度、新方法的综合治理迫在眉睫。DEM模型能准确快速地反映区域的地形地貌特征,在低丘的治理中有着多层次的应用。笔者提出了应用DEM模型进行低山丘陵区气温和降水的空间模拟方法,划分区域作物优生区、适宜区的操作流程以及土地利用分区的确定,并把理论应用到小流域的具体实践中,数字化地形图建立样区的DEM模型,根据DEM数据监测样区内各种土地利用类型的坡度等级分布,提取坡度>25°的耕地,为小流域进一步的退耕还林做数据支持。实验结果表明:应用DEM模型能形象地表达区域的地形因子及流域特征,在低山丘陵区的综合治理中有广泛的应用前景。     

松花坝流域不同坡度及坡向土壤侵蚀的特征研究

以卫星遥感数据为基础提取了松花坝流域土壤侵蚀程度分级信息,以DEM地形数据为基础提取了研究区内的坡度、坡向等地形信息,从区域的角度定量分析了土壤侵蚀与地形因子之间的相互关系。研究表明,土壤侵蚀与地形因子存在非线性关系,松花坝流域土壤侵蚀主要集中在坡度5°～25°的坡地,且侵蚀面积随着坡度的增加呈递增趋势;当坡度超过25°时,侵蚀面积随坡度的上升而下降。在坡向因子变化条件下,土壤侵蚀指数平地土壤最大,阳坡半阳坡大于阴坡及半阴坡,其中在平地区域开发建设项目会对土壤侵蚀指数产生一定影响。     

基于地形因子的帽儿山林场森林资源分布研究

利用帽儿山林场的等高线矢量数据,生成DEM并得到坡度图、坡向图,对各种地形因子进行分类,进一步研究帽儿山林场的森林资源在不同地形因子上的空间分布情况,为生产经营提供依据和指导。     

基于DEM的坡面地形因子值自动获取方法研究

为实现快速、精确获取小班高程等坡面地形因子值,在ArcGIS10.2下,将等高线矢量数据采用"地形转栅格"插值法生成DEM,基于DEM提取坡向、坡度栅格后分别转换成矢量离散点数据,将点数据与目标要素类数据采用"空间连接工具"叠加分析自动获取相应的坡面地形因子值。以获取森林资源规划设计调查小班最大高程值为例,介绍坡面地形因子值自动获取的完整流程方法,精度分析结果表明,此方法快速精确。     

基于GIS的土地利用与地形因子关系研究——以北京市怀柔区为例

在3S技术的支持下,通过遥感解译获取北京市怀柔区的土地利用类型数据,并在地理空间云数据中下载了该区域数字高程模型(DEM),通过ArcGIS10.2提取了北京市怀柔区的土地利用信息以及相关地形因子(高程、坡度和坡向)数据,并将土地利用信息与各地形因子的数据相叠加,得到了北京市怀柔区的高程、坡度及坡向等级图,分析了其不同等级的面积大小,研究了该区地形特征在各土地类型上的分布状况。     

森林资源二类调查小班坡度自动求算方法的探讨

在森林资源规划设计调查（以下简称二类调查）中小班坡度调查是地形调查的一项十分重要内容。用传统的坡度计算采用手工操作完成,计算小班坡度存在主观随意性强,误差大,工作量大、时间周期长、效率低等缺点,难以满足二类调查的要求。文章探讨了基于ArcGIS软件的空间分析功能由矢量等高线内插生成数字高程模型（DEM）,再以DEM为基础获取坡度栅格数据,最后将坡度自动写入小班属性库的方法和步骤。     

复杂地形约束下西昌市土地利用空间分布格局

以西昌市为研究区,基于DEM及遥感解译获取的土地利用数据,在GIS软件的支持下采用空间技术对提取的地形因子(高程、坡度、坡向、地形位)与土地利用现状图进行叠加处理,得到了4种地形因子影响下不同土地利用的分布特征,进一步分析土地利用空间分布与地形因子的耦合关系。结果表明:(1)西昌市土地利用类型以林地为主,占总面积的50.51%,草地、耕地、水田、建设用地面积接近,水体和其他用地类型所占比例较小;(2)各土地利用类型在不同高程、坡度、地形位分级上呈现出阶梯变化规律;阳坡、半阳坡土地利用程度高于阴坡、半阴坡,水体不受坡向影响;(3)西昌市土地利用类型受地形因素较严格限制,当前没有出现因强烈的人为扰动及地质灾害等导致的极端大规模分布情况。     

基于DEM及矢量界线小班地形因子的自动提取

基于小班矢量数据、数字高程模型（DEM），利用地理信息软件实现坡向、坡度、海拔等地形因子科学、高效采集。     

Digital Terrain Analysis Based on DEM

The digital elevation model (DEM), an important source of information, is usually used to express a topographic surface in three dimensions and to imitate essential natural geography. DEM has been applied to physical geography, hydrology, ecology, and biology. This study analyzed digital elevation data sources and their structure, the arithmetic of terrain attribute extraction from DEM and its applications, and DEM’s error and uncertainty algorithm. The Hayachinesan mountain area (in northeastern Japan) was chosen as research site, and the focus was on terrain analysis and the impacts of DEM resolution on topographic attributes, analyzed using TNTmips GIS software (MicroImage, Inc., USA) and “Digital Map 25,000” (published by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan in 1998). The results show that: (1) DEM is a very effective tool for terrain analysis: many terrain attributes (such as slope, aspect, slope type, watershed, and standard flow path) can be derived, and these attributes can be displayed with both image and attribute databases, with the help of GIS; (2) DEM resolution has a great influence on terrain attributes. The following details are shown: (a) DEM resolution has a significant effect on slope estimation: the average slope becomes smaller and the standard deviation becomes larger when DEM resolution changes from fine to coarse, and the different impacts of DEM resolution on different slope ranges can be classified into three gradient classes: 0–10° (underestimated slope), 10–35° (overestimated slope), and >35° (little impact on slope estimation); (b) DEM resolution has little effect on aspect estimation, but flat areas become larger when DEM resolution changes from fine to coarse; and (c) the quantity of hydrologic topography information declines as DEM resolution decreases. Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2005, 27(2) (in Chinese)     

Influence of edge and topography on the vegetation in an Atlantic Forest remnant in northeastern Brazil

Like edge effects, variations in topography can influence the physiognomy and structural patterns of the vegetation due to the high dynamics encountered in inclined areas. We evaluated the effect of edges on the structure and physiognomy of the arboreal and woody understory communities in patches of an Atlantic Forest remnant in two distinct topographic positions. Four study situations were laid out (slope edge, top edge, slope interior, and top interior), with ten 10 × 10 m plots each to sample the arboreal components (circumference at breast height ≥15 cm), and ten 5 × 5 m plots (in the corner of each arboreal component plot) to sample the woody understory (circumference at ground level ≥3 cm and with circumference at breast height <15 cm). We investigated physiognomic and structural variables of edge and interior environments in similar topographic positions on both slope and top (level) areas of the same remnant forest. Physiognomic and structural differences between edge and interior vegetation were noted, and these were found to be still more evident when different topographic positions were considered. Physiognomic and structural variations between the edge and interior vegetation were more notable on slopes than on hill tops, indicating greater dynamics in areas with greater topographic inclinations.     

Spatial pattern of Siberian silkmoth outbreak and taiga mortality

Abstract

The latest catastrophic Siberian silkmoth (Dendrolimus superans sibiricus Tschetw.) outbreak occurred in central Siberia during 1994–1996. The relationship between forest stand mortality from insects and topographic features (azimuth, elevation, slope steepness) was analyzed based on a high-resolution digital elevation model, a pest damage map and Terra/MODIS data. It was found that pest-induced forest mortality patterns depend on topographic features. Before the outbreak the major part of host forest species was found within the elevation zone of 150–500 m. After the outbreak, surviving dark-needle stands were found mainly at elevations higher than 400 m. The greatest damage was observed at elevations between 210 and 320 m, whereas maximum mortality was observed at elevations of about 200 m and minimal mortality at elevations of 300 m. With respect to slope steepness, maximum damage for all categories was observed for slopes of 5–20°. Slightly damaged stands were most common at low slope angle (about 5° or less), whereas the highest proportion of stands with high tree mortality was found on steeper slopes. With respect to azimuth, insect damage is mostly uniform, with a small increase in damage on the south-west-facing slopes. The spatial pattern of the silkmoth outbreak can provide a basis for prioritizing Siberian silkmoth outbreak monitoring.     

基于数字高程模型的区域地形因子提取方法

基于数字高程模型(DEM),分别论述提取小班的海拔域值、平均海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位等地形因子的方法及算法设计,并举例计算,对所得结果进行误差分析后认为结果可靠、准确,能替代传统方法用于小班地形因子的提取.     

Effects of topography and planted trees on the distribution of naturally regenerated broad-leaved trees in a 140-year-old <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> plantation in northern Kyushu,Japan

We investigated factors affecting the distribution of naturally regenerated broad-leaved trees in a 140-year-old Cryptomeria japonica plantation. We used path analysis to examine the relationship among microtopography, the biomass of planted trees, and the biomasses of canopy and subcanopy trees of broad-leaved species. The study plot was divided into three topographic types (ridge, slope, and valley), and we discuss how the different topographic types are affected. For all topographic types, the biomass of canopy trees of broad-leaved species decreased with convexity. For slope and valley topographies, the biomass of subcanopy trees of broad-leaved species also decreased with convexity. For ridge topography, the biomass of subcanopy trees of broad-leaved species increased with the biomass of planted trees, and decreased with the biomass of canopy trees of broad-leaved species. These results suggest the effects of microtopography on the biomass of subcanopy trees were much larger than the effects of canopy trees for slope and valley topographies, while the effects of microtopography were smaller for ridge topography.     

Long-term vegetation development on a wildfire slope in Innerzwain （Styria,Austria）

Forest fires in mountainous areas can cause severe deforestation which can potentially trigger secondary natural hazards like debris falls and avalanches.We documented an extreme case study for the range of possible post-fire land cover(LC)dynamics.We investigated a 15-ha,steep(10°-65°)burnt slope in Styria(Austria)at elevation of 760-1130m,which burned in 1946 and has not fully recovered to date.Seven8-class legend LC maps were produced(1954,1966,1973,1982,1998,2004,2009)and integrated in a vector-based GIS,mainly by on-screen interpretation of aerial photos.Our aim was to clarify how post-wildfire LC dynamics take place on a severely damaged,steep slope and to give a basic projection of the future vegetation recovery process.The pre-fire Pinus sylvestris stands have been mainly replaced by Picea abies and Larix decidua.Regeneration proceeded mainly from the base of the slope upwards.All tree species together still cover no more than 40%of the slope after more than 60 years of recovery,while grassland communities and rock/debris areas have expanded.Multitemporal analysis showed a slow but steady increase in woodland cover.Degraded rock/debris areas,however,expanded as well because soil erosion and related debris flows remained active.Slope angle(with a threshold value of approx.35-40°)seemed to control whether erosion or regeneration prevailed.According to a simple extrapolation,the slope will not reach its former condition before 2070.This extreme disturbance window of more than 120 years is owed to the steepness of the slope and to the shallow soils on dolomitic bedrock that were severely damaged by the fire.The neglect of any game fencing is a further factor slowing regeneration.     

地形对陕北黄土区衰退沙棘人工林天然更新的影响

[目的]为揭示陕北黄土区衰退沙棘人工林天然更新的地形适生范围。[方法]通过调查陕西省吴起县沙棘人工林大面积衰退及死亡后的天然更新状况,以68个样方的更新率、成林率及每木数据(株高、地径等)作为更新恢复能力的衡量指标,运用方差分析、回归拟合及系统聚类分析等方法,分析了沙棘更新恢复能力与各地形因子的关系。[结果](1)各坡向沙棘更新率差异显著(P=0.018),沙棘更新率均值阴坡半阴坡半阳坡阳坡,阴坡更新生长状况最好,半阴坡更新幼株数量大,存活率较高;(2)坡度对更新率无显著影响,但更新率在阴坡缓坡、极陡坡范围内出现峰值,在阳坡条件下随坡度上升而减小;(3)总体上衰退沙棘人工林天然更新的地形条件是阴坡、半阴坡;(4)坡面微地形对衰退沙棘人工林更新具有显著影响(P=0.038),缓台较好,陡坎较差。[结论]半干旱黄土区部分衰退沙棘人工林可自行完成天然更新,部分恢复困难,需人工辅助或重新栽植适合的树种。阴坡、半阴坡的衰退沙棘幼株种群生长状况较好且基本能更新成林,阳坡、半阳坡的生长状况较差且难以更新成林;阴坡坡向条件下,坡度对沙棘更新率的影响程度随着坡度上升而变小,阳坡坡向条件下坡度对更新率的影响较小。衰退沙棘人工林更新率因所处微地形不同而存在差异。处于缓台的衰退沙棘幼株种群基本能更新成林,浅沟的沙棘幼株种群与所处的原状坡面上的更新状况相似,部分能更新成林,处于陡坎的沙棘幼株种群基本不能更新成林。     

Distribution of Landscape Elements Along Environmental Gradients in Over-Cut Forests

The method of trend surface analysis was used to analyze the distribution of landscape elements along environmental gradients in Jingouling forest farm, northeast China’s Jilin Province. Results showed that topographic characteristics and disturbance pattern have much more impacts on the distribution of landscape elements than do horizontal geographical position in the study area. The elevation, slope aspect, and slope degree were found to be dominant features controlling landscape pattern. At different altitudinal ranges, the effects of slope aspect and slope degree on the distribution of landscape elements vary markedly in orientation and intensity. These differences were analyzed and discussed, and some basic rules of spatial distribution of landscape elements were proposed. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2004, 41(1) (in Chinese)     

伊犁吐尔根农场沟不同地形对新疆野杏分布特征的影响

采用2019年WorldView-3卫星遥感影像与SRTM数字高程模型（DEM）数据,通过遥感面向对象提取、地理信息系统数字地形分析等,研究新疆伊犁吐尔根农场沟流域新疆野杏（Prunus armeniaca）的生长分布特征。结果表明,新疆野杏主要分布于吐尔根农场沟流域上游海拔1 000~1 900 m的山地坡面,分布面积2.57 km²,覆盖率为2.58%;新疆野杏垂直地带性空间分布特征明显,其分布面积、覆盖率均随海拔升高呈先增大后减小趋势,在海拔1 300~1 400 m出现最大值;新疆野杏分布面积西风迎风阳坡大于背风阴坡、15°~35°坡大于其他更缓和更陡坡,覆盖率西风迎风阴坡高于背风阳坡、陡坡高于缓坡;随海拔升高,同一海拔内不同坡向、坡度上新疆野杏覆盖率的差异均呈先减小后增大趋势,海拔1 300 m附近各坡向、各坡度间新疆野杏分布差异最小,相对最适宜其生存。