黄土高原设施农业中的土壤连作障碍

在黄土高原的延安日光温室条件下,通过田间试验研究了黄瓜不同连作年限土壤的肥力特性、土壤微生物特性以及对黄瓜生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,随着黄瓜连作年限的延长,土壤主要肥力指标明显上升,但N、P肥增加的幅度与K的比例失调;土壤中细菌和真菌数量明显增加,而放线菌无明显增加,甚至降低;黄瓜主要病害发生程度加重;不同连作年限土壤对黄瓜生长特性和产量均有极为显著的影响。     

黄瓜连作土壤高温处理对根结线虫和枯萎病的影响

[目的]设施黄瓜连作导致根结线虫和枯萎病发生普遍且严重,利用夏季温室休闲期高温闷棚是解决上述土传病害安全而有效的途径之一。本试验模拟高温闷棚,研究不同温度处理连作土壤根结线虫和枯萎病的变化,旨在为利用太阳光进行温室高温消毒提供理论支撑。[方法]本试验以连作1~19茬‘津优30’黄瓜品种的土壤为试材,首先探明不同连作茬次黄瓜的根结线虫和枯萎病发生程度以及土壤中二者病原物种群数量的动态变化,然后对发病较重的第17茬连作土壤分别进行45℃、50℃、55℃和60℃的高温处理,最后测定比较不同温度处理后的土壤中病原物数量变化,并对高温处理后的土壤进行栽培试验,测量和比较两种病害的发生程度及植株各项生长指标。[结果]随着黄瓜连作茬次的增加,土壤中根结线虫和枯萎病菌的种群数量均增加,两种病害也逐茬加重,至第17茬两种病害的发病程度及其对应病原物的数量均达最高(或次高)水平;对第17茬黄瓜连作土壤进行45℃~60℃的高温处理,随着温度的升高,土壤中的根结线虫和枯萎病菌的数量均减少,当处理温度达55℃时可完全杀灭土壤中根结线虫,达60℃时可同时杀灭枯萎病菌;用高温处理的连作土壤栽培黄瓜秧苗,其根结线虫病和枯萎病的发生程度均随着处理温度的升高而减轻,当处理土壤的温度达到50℃和60℃以上时,根结线虫病和枯萎病分别被完全控制;另外,用60℃处理的连作土壤定植黄瓜,其后期植株生长指标和壮苗指数也显著优于对照。[结论]土传病害随连作茬次增加而加重主要是缘于土壤中病原物积累,定植前对土壤55℃以上的高温处理,可有效减少乃至完全杀灭土壤中根结线虫和枯萎病菌,从而减轻或杜绝两种病害的发生。     

黄瓜连作对土壤理化性状及生物活性的影响研究

盆栽与田间试验研究黄瓜连作对土壤理化性状及生物活性的影响结果表明,黄瓜连作后土壤次生盐渍化加重,P过剩,K则消耗过多,造成养分不平衡;土壤微生物区系改变,微生物由“细菌型”土壤向“真菌型”土壤转化,土传病虫害加重,线虫密度高达4.38条/g土。     

黄瓜嫁接栽培技术

保护地黄瓜栽培由于连作、施肥等原因。导致枯萎病日趋严重,难以控制。枯萎病是一种土传病害,病菌从根部侵染在导管中危害,一般化学药剂很难防治,已成为黄瓜栽培的主要障碍。但这种病害在南瓜上很少发生,应利用南瓜抗枯萎病这一特点,以南瓜作砧木,黄瓜作接穗进行苗期嫁接,不但可以控制枯萎病的危害,且能增强根系吸收力,促进植株生长旺盛,抗逆性增强,产量提高。     

连作障碍发生机理研究进展

随着集约化种植程度的不断提高,作物连作导致产量和品质下降,土传病害严重发生,严重制约了现代农业的可持续发展,连作障碍发生机理一直是国内外学者研究的热点之一。近年来,国内外学者从多方面、多角度对连作障碍进行了研究,但这些研究多集中于单一因素分析,缺乏对不同因子内在相互关系和本质的了解,未能深入揭示连作障碍发生的真正原因。深入认识连作障碍的成因及各要素间的互作关系是防控作物土传病原微生物生长、缓解连作障碍、实现农药使用量零增长的基础。本文从土壤理化性状及生物学性状恶化、植物生理抗性下降和连作自毒作用等方面系统综述了连作障碍发生机理,分析了连作障碍因素间的相互关系并对该领域未来的研究方向进行了展望,以期为寻找安全、环保和有效的缓解措施提供理论依据。     

温室黄瓜连作土壤真菌多样性变化分析

以温室黄瓜连作1、3、5和7年的根际土壤为研究对象,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析土壤真菌ITS1区域土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的变化,利用FUNGuild对菌群功能进行预测,同时测定不同连作年限土壤的理化性质和相关酶活性变化.结果表明:不同连作年限土壤真菌在门水平上的群落组成变化明显,子囊菌门在连...     

平衡施肥对连作日光温室黄瓜产量、品质及土壤理化性状的影响

以农户习惯施肥为对照,采用多点试验,研究目标产量法和数学模型法平衡施肥对连作日光温室黄瓜产量、品质及土壤性质的影响。结果表明,平衡施肥对黄瓜有明显增产、节本增效、改善品质、缓解土壤养分和盐分积累的作用。数学模型法平衡施肥在温室连作年限较长或土壤养分较高的条件下适用,目标产量法平衡施肥在温室连作年限短且土壤养分含量较低条件下适用。目标产量法较农户习惯施肥黄瓜增产5.4%～30.8%,减少化肥投入734～59 253元·hm-2,黄瓜硝酸盐含量降低20.8～145.3 mg·kg-1,VC和总糖含量分别提高0.2～2.5 mg·(100g)-1和0.11%～0.47%;数学模型法较农户习惯施肥黄瓜增产7.6%～34.7%,减少化肥投入944～59 463元·hm-2,黄瓜硝酸盐含量降低14.0～147.0 mg·kg-1,VC和总糖含量分别提高0.4～3.5 mg·(100g)-1和0.14%～1.11%。黄瓜拉秧期平衡施肥与对照相比,土壤养分和电导率明显降低。河北省日光温室黄瓜土壤全盐量与电导率呈极显著直线正相关(R=0.949 5),可以用电导率代替全盐作为反映土壤盐渍化程度的主要指标之一。     

黄瓜连作对土壤微生物多样性和酶活性的影响

在相同管理措施下对日光温室黄瓜不同连作年限土壤微生物种类和数量以及酶活性的变化进行了分析。结果表明,随着连作年限的增加,土壤细菌数量和放线菌数量均呈先增加后降低的趋势,连作10 a时达到最高,随着连作年限的进一步延长又逐渐降低;真菌数量持续增加。土脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶活性均呈先增加后降低的趋势,在连作8～10 a时达到最大,土壤过氧化氢酶活性呈连续降低的趋势。在黄瓜生长季节,随着生育期的推移,3种土壤微生物的数量和5种土壤酶的活性均呈先上升后降低的趋势,3 — 4月份达到最大。     

陕西温室黄瓜根腐病及流行因素研究

为明确陕西省温室黄瓜根腐病的病原及流行影响因素, 采用病原物组织分离的常规方法及田间系统调查, 对陕西温室黄瓜棚室出现的两种类型根腐病进行了系统研究.结果表明, 陕西省不同生态区温室黄瓜根腐病病原菌不同, 陕北地区黄瓜根腐病病原菌为甜瓜疫霉(Phytophthora melonis), 关中地区为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum).菌落均在10～30 ℃条件下正常生长发育, 以20～25 ℃条件下发育最快, 当温度超过 30 ℃菌落生长速度减慢.设施栽培面积的增加、土壤连作年限的延长、不合理的轮作种植及大水漫灌等与温室黄瓜根腐病的发生密切相关.黄瓜栽培环境的变化是影响黄瓜根腐病流行的主要因素.     

连作条件下不同施肥处理对设施黄瓜产量和品质的影响

研究了连作条件下不同施肥处理对设施黄瓜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:在连作条件下,农民传统施肥和不施肥均会造成黄瓜产量下降、品质变劣。合理施肥能够相对减小产量的降幅,提高黄瓜的品质。随着设施黄瓜连作年限的延长,农民传统施肥黄瓜产量、Vc、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、有机酸含量均降低,黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量不断增加。减施氮磷肥、增施钾肥有机肥及优化施肥黄瓜产量降低,Vc、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、有机酸含量均升高,黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量降低。综合产量和品质两个因素,优化施肥效果最佳,与农民传统施肥相比,产量降幅减小74.7%,Vc、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、有机酸含量分别提高39.6%、17.7%、29.3%、53.0%、20.7%,黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量降低20.6%。     

黄瓜与西芹间作对黄瓜土壤真菌ITS多样性分析

为探索黄瓜与西芹间作后对黄瓜土壤真菌多样性变化规律的影响,本试验以黄瓜与西芹间作种植模式为处理,黄瓜单作和西芹单作种植模式为对照,进行不同处理土壤ITS真菌群落多样性高通量测序分析。结果表明：黄瓜与西芹间作土壤真菌Alpha多样性指数降低,Observed species指数、Shannon指数、Chao1指数和Simpson指数与对照相比均达到最低值,但差异均不显著（P>0.05）。在门分类水平上,共检测到5个菌门,其中,子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）为3个主要菌门;黄瓜与西芹间作处理前3个菌门所占比例最高,达95.50%。在属分类水上,共检测到329属,相对丰度比例为前12的菌属占所有检测出菌属的49.4%;黄瓜与西芹间作处理检测的菌属所占比例最高,达50.72%,其次为黄瓜单作和西芹单作,分别为50.47%和47.17%。因此,黄瓜与西芹间作处理改变了黄瓜土壤真菌群落的结构和组成,丰富了黄瓜土壤真菌的群落多样性,为以后设施黄瓜连作土壤微生态环境改善和修复提供科学依据。     

Status of applied biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens

During the last 15 years a great amount of information has been accumulated on the ecology and physiology of soil-borne plant pathogens around the world. Despite this, very few cases of applied biological or cultural control have been reported. Although soil-borne plant pathogens are widely spread and economically important, only a small fraction of plant pathologists and soil microbiologists has devoted full time in the applied phases of biological control. The number of publications on applied control during the last 10 years in two journals surveyed is exceptionally small. The status of applied biological control of root diseases is considerably less favorable than the situation in entomology where much progress has been made during the last 10 years. The status of biological control (narrowly or broadly defined) of soil-borne pathogens is described here and several examples of applied control are cited. Future prospects for research on the ecology and biological control are also discussed.     

Epidemiology of fungally-transmitted viruses

Abstract. The recent spread of sugar-beet rhizomania and barley yellow mosaic virus in Europe has stimulated fresh interest in plant viruses with soil-borne fungal vectors. Although there are at least 20 such viruses, most of which cause diseases of important field crops, there are many gaps in our knowledge of their epidemiology because much research has concentrated exclusively on the viruses. The vectors are lower fungi that are obligate parasites of plant roots and are therefore difficult to study experimentally. Resting spores containing virus can survive indefinitely in soils but effects of rotation have not been greatly studied. There is no quantitative information relating inoculum levels of fungus and virus to disease development. Only limited information is available about inoculum distribution in soil and factors affecting its potency. The diseases are mostly dispersed by soil movement during agricultural operations but some features of disease distribution in infested fields await adequate explanation. Little is known about interactions with other micro-organisms.     

连作根系分泌物加剧土传病害的机制和缓解措施研究进展

基于植物-土壤反馈理论,连作体系中的根系分泌物必然在加剧土传病害发生中起重要作用,但相关研究证据尚缺少系统总结。本文梳理了连作导致土传病害加剧的现象以及连作对典型根系分泌物组分的累积。从有利于土传病原菌由土体向根际迁移、增殖和致病（“利病”）、破坏根际有益微生物群落防线（“压益”）和毒害根系免疫系统（“自毒”）等三个方面,揭示连作根系分泌物中某些物质促进土传病原菌入侵的机制。从根系分泌物角度阐述轮作、间作、套作、伴生和嫁接等多样性种植方式缓解连作土传病害的机制。提出鉴定“利病”、“压益”和“自毒”物质以及构建对应的消减技术途径,可为土传病害绿色高效综合防控提供理论和技术支撑。     

黄瓜和西芹间作对黄瓜生长及枯萎病发生的影响

为研究黄瓜与西芹间作对黄瓜生长、黄瓜枯萎病菌化感作用及田间黄瓜枯萎病发生的影响,本试验采用室内不同土壤浸提液培养黄瓜枯萎病菌和田间测定黄瓜生长与枯萎病病情指数的方法,探讨与西芹间作土壤浸提液对黄瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用和田间防病效果。结果表明:与西芹间作促进了黄瓜营养生长,降低了第1雌花节位,增加了1~30节内雌花数;与西芹间作土壤浸提液培养的黄瓜枯萎病菌菌落直径最小,分别与西芹单作和黄瓜单作达显著性差异(P0.05);黄瓜与西芹间作土壤的乙醇、丙酮和蒸馏水浸提液均对黄瓜枯萎病菌具有一定化感作用,且表现为抑制作用,化感效果可达38.11%~75.90%;且乙醇浸提液培养的枯萎病菌菌落直径最小,与丙酮和蒸馏水浸提液达极显著差异(P0.01)。采用上述3种土壤田间种植黄瓜,在黄瓜第1片真叶期接种黄瓜枯萎病菌,降低了黄瓜枯萎病的病情指数,对比黄瓜单作和西芹单作的抑病效果可达57.03%~72.15%。因此,黄瓜与西芹间作对黄瓜枯萎病菌具有一定化感抑制效果,能够有效降低田间黄瓜枯萎病的发生,为黄瓜土传病害的化感防控提供科学依据。     

作物土传真菌病害发生的根际微生物机制研究进展

土传病害是制约我国农业生产可持续发展的重要瓶颈。根际是作物养分高效利用的窗口,是植物-土壤-微生物相互作用的关键微域,也是土传病害发生发展的主要场所。在宏基因组学快速发展的今天,了解根际微生物与土传病害互作关系,有利于从微生物种群、功能代谢和抑病物质等研究找出防控土传病害的有效方法。本文综述了根际微生物与土传真菌病害的发生机制关系,探讨了土传病原真菌致害机理,并提出目前研究的不足和未来研究的重点。目前,我国农业生产中土传真菌病害发生严重,很多是由不同病原菌复合侵染的结果,其致害机理较为复杂。定向优化根际微生物群落结构提升植物根际微生态抗性,是防控土传病害途径之一,应加以重视。现有研究多偏向根际促生微生物,而忽视了根际有害细菌与病害发生和作物生长的关系。今后的研究应系统评估土传真菌病害的发生及危害程度、归类土传真菌病原菌类型、深入研究土传真菌病害发生的根际微生态机理以及研发土传真菌病害综合防控技术。     

长期定位施肥对红壤地区连作花生生物学性状和土传病害发生率的影响

基于中国科学院红壤生态实验站花生连作障碍长期试验点(1996年～2008年),研究了长期不同施肥对连作花生土传病害、生物学性状和产量的影响。结果表明:长期不同施肥,各处理花生土传病害均有发生,其中施用有机肥(M)、有机肥+有效菌剂(BM)和有机肥+有效菌剂+微量元素(BMT)发病率显著低于施用化肥(F)和化肥+微量元素(TF)。连作条件下长期不同施肥,花生株高、植株干重和荚果产量总体上呈下降趋势,连作时间越长,下降越严重,但施用有机肥(M)、有机肥+菌剂(BM)和有机肥+菌剂+微量元素(BMT)无论花生生物学性状还是产量均显著高于施用化肥(F)和化肥+微量元素(TF)的处理,有机肥以及有机肥配施有效菌剂对减轻花生土传病害、延缓产量降低和生物性状变劣表现出一定的效果。施用微量元素对减轻花生病害发生没有作用。通过花生荚果产量与土传病害发病率相关性分析表明,两者之间呈极显著负相关,连作花生土传病害是花生连作障碍的主要因子。     

Suppressing soil-borne diseases with residue management and organic amendments

Changes in agricultural practices with time have led to a decline in soil structure and with it, an increase in soil-borne plant diseases. Agricultural practices such as incorporating organic amendments and managing the type and quantity of crop residue, have a direct impact on plant health and crop productivity. Soil management practices involving tillage, rotation, and burning will impact the amount and quality of organic matter that is returned to the soil. These practices influence pathogen viability and distribution, nutrient availability, and the release of biologically active substances from both crop residues and soil microorganisms as illustrated by the model system of Cochliobolus sativus on the development of common root rot in cereals. The application of organic amendments, manures and composts that are rich in nitrogen, may reduce soil-borne diseases by releasing allelochemicals generated during product storage or by subsequent microbial decomposition. The modes of action for disease suppression are elucidated for a number of diseases including verticillium wilt and common scab of potato. Developing disease suppressive soils by introducing organic amendments and crop residue management takes time, but the benefits accumulate across successive years improving soil health and structure.     

Soil-borne strain IC14 of Serratia plymuthica with multiple mechanisms of antifungal activity provides biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum diseases

Plant-associated strain IC14 of the Gram-negative bacterium Serratia plymuthica isolated from soil around melon roots was shown to suppress a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. Foliar application of strain IC14 protected cucumber against Botrytis cinerea gray mold and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum white mold diseases of leaves under greenhouse conditions, reducing disease incidence by 76 and 84%, respectively. The strain possessed chitinolytic and proteolytic activities, produced the antibiotic pyrrolnitrin [3-chloro-4-(2′-nitro-3′-chlorophenyl)pyrrole] and siderophores, and secreted the plant growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid. An endochitinase with an apparent molecular mass of 58 kDa, was estimated to be the main secreted chitinolytic enzyme. Two mutants, one with increased chitinolytic activity and the second deficient in chitinolytic activity, were obtained by miniTn5-insertion mutagenesis. Neither mutant differed appreciably from the parental strain in the production of other antifungal compounds or in suppression of B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum on plates or in the greenhouse, suggesting that chitinolytic activity is less essential for biocontrol of these pathogens by strain IC14. The obtained results present novel information concerning the potential of the soil-borne S. plymuthica strains as biocontrol agents of foliar diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi.     

Optimal control of foliar disease dynamics for multiple maize varieties

Maize is a very important food crop world-wide and is vulnerable to diseases. Maize varieties that have high disease resistance are highly recommended for economic and health reasons. We consider a maize field with multiply varieties and develop a mathematical model to investigate the impact of foliar disease on the population dynamics. The possible benefit of considering control measures in reducing the spread of foliar diseases are evaluated. Results show that farmers must be aware of the disease dynamics of each variety as the dynamics vary. Also, in controlling diseases some methods are more effective than others. For the example given here controlling susceptibility of seeds to disease was the most effective method. As controlling diseases can be costly, optimal methods are important. Our results show that the most effective controls are those introduced at the outset of an outbreak and this can reduce the spread of diseases with the least cost.