外源激素对大花型红花蝴蝶兰组培增殖、促壮及生根的影响

研究6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)以及萘乙酸(NAA)对大花型红花蝴蝶兰组培的影响,以‘大辣椒’(Phalaenopsis‘Big Chili’)、‘0436’(Phalaenopsis‘Red Swan’)以及‘阿里山姑娘’(Phalaenopsis‘Alishan Guniang’)三种典型的大花型红花蝴蝶兰为试材,筛选出最适宜蝴蝶兰组培外源激素种类和比例。主要结论如下:(1)增殖试验中,3个品种最适培养基均为MS+4.0 mg/L 6-BA;(2)促壮试验中,三个品种最适培养基均为1/2 MS+1.0 mg/L NAA;(3)生根试验中,‘大辣椒’和‘阿里山姑娘’的最适培养基是1/2 MS+4.0 mg/L6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA,1/2 MS+5.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L NAA最适合"0436"生根。本研究为不同品种的大花型红花蝴蝶兰组培建立了完整的快繁生产体系。     

‘卓锦’万代兰花梗诱导植株再生的研究

为建立‘卓锦’万代兰的组培快繁体系,研究植物外源激素和基本培养基对‘卓锦’万代兰花梗腋芽诱导、丛生芽增殖和生根的影响。结果表明：以花梗为外植体,在1/2MS+ NAA 0.5 mg/L+ BA 2.0 mg/L培养基上,腋芽诱导率可达65%,以花梗基部向上第3节花梗腋芽诱导率最高,可达80%;在6-BA 3.0 mg/L + NAA 0.2 mg/L的激素组合下,芽的繁殖系数最高可达5.3,低无机盐浓度且含全量元素的1/2MS基本培养基较利于‘卓锦’万代兰芽的诱导增殖;丛生芽高度为2 cm左右时,壮苗生根后移栽成活率可达99%。     

蝴蝶兰‘大辣椒’和‘0436’杂交后代花部性状分离研究

为研究红色蝴蝶兰花性状遗传规律,解决国内蝴蝶兰主流品种‘大辣椒’易患煤污病的问题,以‘大辣椒’(Phalaenopsis‘Big chili’)和‘0436’(P.‘Red swan’)为亲本,进行正反交。研究结果表明:(1)蝴蝶兰‘大辣椒’和‘0436’正反交后代花色性状出现了显著的分离,花底色玫红色的深度出现了梯度变化,正反交后代的分离规律基本一致。花底色应是由多对基因控制的复杂遗传,且红色由显性基因控制,显性基因越多,花色越深。(2)蝴蝶兰花心颜色、花纹颜色和叶片性状可能为显性遗传。‘大辣椒’和‘0436’正反交后代的花心颜色、花瓣纹路、花期和叶片性状表现均倾向于‘0436’,可有效解决‘大辣椒’叶片易患煤污病的问题,杂交后代因分泌蜜露造成的煤污病发病率降低至25%以下。(3)‘大辣椒’和‘0436’正反交后代的花径、花朵数和花序长度平均值均低于双亲,中亲或超亲优势不明显。     

蝴蝶兰‘大辣椒’(Phalaenopsis ‘Big chili’)和‘0436’(P. ‘Red swan’)杂交后代花部性状分离研究

为研究红色蝴蝶兰花性状遗传规律，解决国内蝴蝶兰主流品种‘大辣椒’易患煤污病的问题，以‘大辣椒’(Phalaenopsis‘Big chili’)和‘0436’(P.‘Red swan’)为亲本，进行正反交。研究结果表明：（1）蝴蝶兰‘大辣椒’和‘0436’正反交后代花色性状出现了显著的分离，花底色玫红色的深度出现了梯度变化，正反交后代的分离规律基本一致。花底色应是由多对基因控制的复杂遗传，且红色由显性基因控制，显性基因越多，花色越深。（2）蝴蝶兰花心颜色、花纹颜色和叶片性状可能为显性遗传。‘大辣椒’和‘0436’正反交后代的花心颜色、花瓣纹路、花期和叶片性状表现均倾向于‘0436’，可有效解决‘大辣椒’叶片易患煤污病的问题，杂交后代因分泌蜜露造成的煤污病发病率降低至25%以下。（3）‘大辣椒’和‘0436’正反交后代的花径、花朵数和花序长度平均值均低于双亲，中亲或超亲优势不明显。     

‘中黄1号’茶树带腋芽茎段组培快繁体系建立

本研究以‘中黄1号’茶树带腋芽茎段为外植体,探索外植体的取样时间和消毒条件、最佳萌发和增殖培养基、生根和壮苗培养基配方以及炼苗移栽条件。结果表明:最佳外植体取样时间为4月份,茎段经75%酒精浸泡60 s,0.1%升汞浸泡12 min,外植体存活率为91.3%,污染率为2.7%,以MS+2 mg/L 6-BA+1 mg/L GA_3作为腋芽萌发培养基,培养40 d出芽率为91.7%,以MS+4 mg/L 6-BA+1 mg/L IBA作为增殖培养基,培养45 d增值系数可达3.8。以MS+1 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L IBA作为壮苗培养基进行壮苗,经45 d可培养至约4～5 cm后诱导生根,在50 mg/L IBA无菌溶液中浸泡5 min后,转至1/2MS+1.5 mg/L IBA生根培养基中,生根率可达82.5%。自然光条件下开瓶室温炼苗5 d,移栽到以营养土和蛭石2∶1比例基质中,成活率最高,移栽成活率为66.7%。本研究建立‘中黄1号’带腋芽茎段组培快繁体系,为‘中黄1号’茶树工厂化育苗提供技术支持。     

外源激素对蝴蝶兰双梗率及花梗发育的影响

为了研究6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)以及赤霉素(GA3)不同浓度配比对不同品种蝴蝶兰双梗率以及花梗发育的影响,以‘金桔’(Phalaenopsis‘SurfSong’)、‘富乐夕阳’(Phalaenopsis ‘Fullers sunset’)及‘双霞'Phalaenopsis ‘ShuangXia’)3种不同花色的蝴蝶兰品种为试材,筛选出蝴蝶兰双梗率最高的激素种类和浓度。主要结论如下:(1)不同浓度的6-BA均明显提高了3个品种蝴蝶兰的双梗率,其中‘金桔’和‘双霞’的最适浓度为100mg/L,而‘富乐夕阳’的最适浓度为200mg/L,较对照组双梗率分别提高1.68%、114.3%、154.7%;(2)GA3对蝴蝶兰双梗率无明显影响或有一定的抑制作用,但可有效的加快植株花梗的生长发育,3个品种蝴蝶兰的花梗平均长度均在GA3浓度为100mg/L的条件下达到最高。但在GA3条件下会出现畸变的现象,且畸形率随着GA3浓度的增加而提高。本研究为提高不同品种的蝴蝶兰双梗率提供一定的理论依据。     

丰花月季YJ‘2004-2’组培快繁技术研究

以丰花月季YJ‘2004-2’带腋芽茎段为外植体,MS为基本培养基,通过不同浓度的激素研究丰花月季YJ‘2004-2’组培快繁技术,建立了丰花月季YJ‘2004-2’的快繁体系。结果表明:(1)芽的最佳诱导培养基是MS+6-BA2.0 mg/L+NAA0.01 mg/L;(2)芽的最佳增殖培养基是MS+6-BA2.0mg/L+NAA0.1mg/L;(3)生根的最佳培养基是1/2MS+NAA0.1mg/L;(4)组培苗移栽到蛭石基质时,成活率高达83.3%。     

八角茎段灭菌及腋芽萌发技术研究

以八角带腋芽茎段作为外植体、MS为基本培养基,研究适宜茎段外植体的灭菌方法及腋芽萌发培养基配方。结果表明,八角茎段的灭菌以75%的酒精浸泡40 s配合0.15%HgCl₂灭菌12 min效果最佳,芽萌动率为86.11%,污染率为5.26%;腋芽萌发培养基以添加1.5 mg/L 6-BA配合0.1 mg/L NAA的MS培养基效果最佳。     

‘黑珍珠’番茄植株再生体系的研究

为了研究‘黑珍珠’番茄植株再生,以‘黑珍珠’番茄幼嫩叶片为外植体诱导愈伤组织,通过愈伤组织诱导培养、愈伤组织分化培养、不定芽增殖培养、生根培养和试管苗移栽,建立高效快速的‘黑珍珠’番茄再生体系。结果表明：最适宜的诱导叶片愈伤组织的培养基为MS+ 1.0 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.1 mg/L NAA,叶片外植体愈伤组织诱导率最高可达98.2%;诱导出的愈伤组织在MS+ 1.5 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.2 mg/L IBA培养基上能很好的分化出不定芽;MS+4.0 mg/L KT+ 0.01 mg/L IBA 培养基可实现不定芽芽增殖;最适宜的生根培养基为1/2MS+ (0.05~0.08) mg/L NAA,试管苗移栽成活率达92%。     

铁线莲‘水晶喷泉’茎段组培再生体系的建立

本研究以铁线莲品种‘水晶喷泉’(Clematis Crystal Fountain’Fairy Blue’)的带芽茎段为初始外植体,通过研究灭菌时间、激素浓度配比、基础培养基类型等因素对茎段腋芽的诱导、增殖、再生苗生根的影响,从而建立该品种从外植体—腋芽诱导—不定芽增殖—生根得到完整的植株再生体系。结果表明：最佳灭菌条件为5%次氯酸钠溶液灭菌10 min,污染率为22.2%,成活萌芽率为44.5%;带芽茎段诱导腋芽最适培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L pH值为6.0～6.2,6-BA/NAA比值为20,诱导率为100%,此时苗生长良好且株高较高;腋芽增殖最适培养基为DKW+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L pH值为6.0～6.2,6-BA/NAA比值为40,增殖系数为5.6;最佳生根培养基为DKW+IBA 1.0 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L pH值为5.7,生根率可达94.4%,本研究可为铁线莲品种‘水晶喷泉’的组织培养、规模化种植提供相关资料和遗传转化体系建立提供了科学依据。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...