青藏春冬麦区93份小麦地方种质条锈病抗性评价及抗病基因分子鉴定

为应对当前条锈菌强毒性小种对中国小麦生产带来的威胁,本研究通过鉴定来自青藏春冬麦区的93份小麦地方种质对中国当前条锈菌流行小种或致病类群在苗期和成株期的抗性水平,检测其可能携带的条锈病抗性基因,为培育小麦抗条锈病新品种提供抗源。利用条锈菌流行小种条中32号(CYR32)和条中34号(CYR34)对93份来源于青藏春冬麦区小麦地方品种进行温室苗期抗性鉴定,并于2015—2016、2017—2018和2018—2019年度在四川崇州和绵阳共4个田间环境下,利用由条锈菌流行小种(CYR32、CYR33、CYR34)、水源致病类型(Su11-4、Su11-5)、贵农22致病类型(G22-14)组成的混合菌进行成株期抗性鉴定。同时利用Yr5、Yr10、Yr18、Yr24 (=Yr26)、Yr48、Yr65和Yr67共7个已知抗条锈病基因紧密连锁的侧翼分子标记或功能标记进行检测。抗性鉴定结果表明, 4份(占4.30%)种质对CYR32表现苗期抗性; 3份(占3.26%)对CYR34表现苗期抗性;其中1份种质(白颖无芒小麦)对CYR32和CYR34均表现苗期抗性。10份种质(占10.75%)在4个田间环境中均表现成株期抗性。分子检测结果表明,可能携带Yr18、Yr48和Yr65的种质分别有11份、40份和1份。其中, 7份可能同时携带Yr18+Yr48基因; 3份未检测出供试已知Yr基因,推测其可能携带其他已知或未知条锈病抗性基因。上述研究结果表明,青藏春冬麦区小麦地方种质对中国当前条锈菌流行小种或致病类群的抗性整体水平较低,其携带抗性基因的多样性也较低;建议对表现良好抗性且可能携带未知抗性基因的地方种质进行发掘并利用其加快育种。     

利用BSR-Seq定位小麦品种郑麦103抗条锈病基因YrZM103

郑麦103是一个高抗条锈病的小麦新品种,为明确其携带的抗病基因,用郑麦103与感条锈病品种农大399杂交构建分离群体,用条锈菌CYR32、CYR33和CRY34(V26)混合菌系进行田间接种和成株期抗性鉴定,对214个F2:3家系的条锈病抗性进行遗传分析,初步确定郑麦103的抗条锈性由单个主效基因控制,定名为Yr ZM103。通过BSR-Seq技术开发了6个与Yr ZM103紧密连锁的分子标记,将Yr ZM103定位于染色体臂7BL分子标记ZM215和ZM221之间,遗传距离分别为11.8 c M和6.9 c M。利用7BL染色体上与其他已知抗条锈病基因紧密连锁的分子标记进行比较作图,发现Yr ZM103是不同于7BL末端其他抗条锈病基因的新基因。     

青海省春小麦品种抗条锈病的鉴定及分子检测

本研究利用当前流行小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对青海省春小麦品种进行抗病性鉴定,利用稳定的分子标记对相应的抗病基因进行分子检测。苗期抗病性结果显示,除‘阿勃’外,其余9个小麦品种对CYR32和CYR33有较高的抗性,仅‘青海春2’、‘青海春3’、‘兰22’三个品种对流行小种CYR34免疫。小麦成株期抗病性结果表明,多数品种对流行小种CYR34感病。分子检测结果显示‘:青海春1’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr26基因;‘青海春2’含有Yr5+Yr9+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘青海春3’含有Yr5+Yr9+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘兰22号’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘兰24号’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘高原437’含有Yr5+Yr9+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘高原448’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr18+Yr26基因;‘青春41’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr26基因;‘青春38’含有Yr5+Yr15+Yr26基因。分子检测结果表明:基因Yr5、Yr15和Yr26在青海小麦种植中过于频繁使用,特别是Yr26被过度依赖。本研究结果为挖掘小麦抗条锈病基因及后续小麦抗条锈病分子育种工作研究提供了参考。     

小偃麦新种质CH7102抗条锈病特性的遗传分析

对衍生于普通小麦与八倍体小偃麦‘小偃7430’杂种后代的抗条锈病新种质CH7102进行抗性鉴定和遗传分析,明确其抗性来源及其遗传方式。采用条锈菌流行小种CYR31、CYR32对CH7102及其亲本进行苗期抗性评价;对CH7102分别与感病品种和已知抗性基因载体品系的杂交后代接种CYR32进行成株期抗条锈性遗传分析和等位性测验。CH7102具有与其抗病亲本‘小偃7430’和彭提卡偃麦草相似的侵染型,而所有的小麦亲本均感病,表明CH7102的抗性来自彭提卡偃麦草;CH7102与感病品种‘台长29’和‘绵阳11’杂交、回交,其F2、BC1、F2:3代的抗、感分离比分别符合3:1、1:1和1:2:1的单显性基因分离模式。而CH7102与已知抗性基因载体品系杂交F2代的抗感分离比为15:1。CH7102对条锈病的抗性来自彭提卡偃麦草,其抗性受1对显性核基因控制,而且与已知的抗CYR31、CYR32的抗性基因Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr24/Yr26、Yr41不存在等位关系,属新的抗条锈病基因。     

抗条锈病基因YrCH5026的遗传分析及分子定位

CH5026是携带中间偃麦草抗病基因的渗入系。为了更好地利用CH5026,拓宽小麦抗性育种资源,对其抗条锈性来源和遗传模式进行了分析,对抗性基因进行了染色体定位并构建了遗传连锁图谱。在苗期和成株期对CH5026及其亲本分别接种条锈菌流行小种CYR31、CYR32和CYR33。结果表明,CH5026在苗期和成株期对这3个条锈菌小种均表现出免疫或近免疫,且与其抗性供体TAI7045及其野生亲本中间偃麦草抗病侵染型相似。对其与感病品种(系)的杂交后代F1、F2、F2:3和BC1群体接种CYR32进行成株期抗性遗传机制分析,证实CH5026对CYR32的抗性由1对显性核基因控制。基因组原位杂交未检测到外源DNA杂交信号。用569对SSR引物对CH5026/台长29的192个F2群体进行分析,发现3个与抗性基因连锁的SSR标记:Xgwm210、Xwmc382和Xgpw7101,抗性基因位点与两翼邻近连锁标记Xwmc382和Xgpw7101的遗传距离分别为6.0,4.7 c M。利用中国春缺四体、双端体材料将该基因及其连锁标记定位在染色体2AS上。通过基因来源及连锁分子标记多态性比较,这个抗条锈病基因与已知定位于染色体2AS上的抗性基因不同,很可能是一个新的抗条锈病新基因,暂将其命名为Yr CH5026。     

安农1687抗条锈病候选基因TraesCS2A01G070700鉴定与分析

为了探索安农1687对于条锈病抗性的遗传机理,加快安农1687小麦品种的推广,为小麦新品种的遗传改良提供参考,减少小麦条锈病对于我国小麦生产安全的危害。以安农1687(安农1687是由安农1106和西农822杂交选育的,对生理小种CYR32具有抗性的半冬性小麦品种)及其姊妹系和亲本为材料,利用小麦55K SNP芯片对安农1687及其双亲和姊妹系进行全基因组扫描,同时利用生理小种CYR32对安农1687及其姊妹系进行接种和鉴定,并在成株期统计其抗条锈病等级,综合接种及田间表型对小麦品系抗条锈病进行评价。鉴定结果显示,安农1687和5个姊妹系(系24、系26、系28、系30、系140)为中抗条锈病,2个姊妹系(系89和系105)为中感条锈病。利用安农1687及其姊妹系间的基因组差异信息,发现差异SNP位点富集在2A染色体短臂的31～37 Mb区间上,说明2A染色体可能存在某个或某些基因导致了这样的结果。为了排除其他抗条锈病基因的干扰,对亲本及2A染色体上携带的已知抗条锈病基因进行验证,结果表明,安农1687的2A染色体短臂的31～37 Mb区间可能存在一个新抗条锈病基因。通过试验和生物信息...     

小麦品种贵农21,贵农22抗病性研究

采用温室苗期测定和成株期人工诱发接种鉴定方法研究了簇毛麦——硬粒小麦杂种后代贵农21、22的抗病性。苗期抗性测定表明,贵农21、22对国外15个小麦条锈菌生理小种表现为免疫至近免疫反应,仅对具有毒性基因Yr10的菌系82E16表现出中度感病,对供试的国内14个主要条锈菌菌系呈观免疫至近免疫反应。田间成株期抗性试验结果显示,贵农21、22对小麦条锈病、白粉病免疫,高抗秆锈病,中抗叶锈病。小麦品种贵农21、22可作为抗病资源和生产品种加以推广应用。     

人工合成小麦CI191抗条锈病基因的鉴定及分子标记定位

抗病性鉴定结果表明,硬粒小麦-粗山羊草人工合成小麦CI191(CPI/GEDIZ/3/GOO//JO69/CRA/4/AE.SQ629),对我国曾经或现在流行的小麦条锈菌生理小种CY28、CY29、CY30、CY31、CY32和水源11致病类型4表现免疫或近免疫。基因推导结果显示,CI191对条锈菌的反应型不同于24份已知抗条锈病基因品种(系),对21个条锈菌生理小种表现抗性,对条锈病菌生理小种86107表现感病反应型(IT3)。对CI191/铭贤169杂交组合的正交、反交的F1材料以及F2代群体进行抗病鉴定与遗传分析,结果表明,CI191对条锈菌小种CY31的抗性受细胞核内的显性单基因控制。利用集群分离分析法(BSA)和简单重复序列(SSR)分子标记分析,发现7个SSR标记与YrC191连锁。构建了包含YrC191的SSR标记遗传图谱,其中Xbarc240与YrC191共分离,Xcfd65、Xbarc187、Xgwm18、Xgwm11位于Xbarc8与YrC191的同侧,与YrC191间遗传距离3.2cM,Xbarc8与YrC191间遗传距离为1.6cM,Xwmc419位于YrC191另一侧、遗传距离为3.1cM。根据SSR分子标记的遗传图谱和在中国春的缺体-四体和双端体的定位结果,将YrC191定位到小麦染色体1BS上。YrC191基因的4个SSR标记和Yr26的1个STS标记可以明显地区分YrC191与染色体1BS上的其他抗条锈病基因,如Yr24、Yr26/YrCH42、Yr10、Yr15和YrC142等。     

硬粒小麦-粗山羊草人工合成小麦CI108抗条锈病新基因的鉴定、基因推导与分子标记定位

利用我国流行的小麦条锈菌生理小种CY28、CY29、CY30、CY31、CY32和水源11致病型4对102份硬粒小麦-粗山羊草人工合成小麦材料进行抗病鉴定,其中CI108（组合为GAN/Aegilops squarrosa 201）对上述6个流行生理小种均表现免疫。利用CY31对杂交组合CI108/铭贤169正交、反交的F₁材料以及F₂代群体进行抗病鉴定,结果表明其抗性受细胞核显性单基因控制。基因推导表明,CI108对30个条锈菌生理小种均表现抗性,其抗谱与23份已知抗条锈病基因品种（系）不同,与K733（含有Yr24）和洛夫林13（含Yr9+未知基因）相似,但CI108与洛夫林13、K733对多个条锈菌生理小种的抗性程度不同,洛夫林13、K733与CI108系谱不同,且缺乏CI108特异的SSR标记Xgwm456的抗病特异带。所以,CI108中抗条锈基因应该是不同于其他基因的抗条锈病新基因,暂命名为YrC108。进一步利用CI108/铭贤169的F₂群体、抗感分离分析池（BSA）筛选YrC108的SSR分子标记,找到了3个紧密连锁的标记,其中Xgwm456和Wmc419位于YrC108的一侧,与YrC108间遗传距离分别为0.6 cM和1.8 cM,Wmc413位于YrC108的另一侧,遗传距离为0.6 cM。本研究为小麦抗条锈病育种提供了高抗、广谱的新抗源和进行高效检测的分子标记。     

小麦-八倍体小黑麦杂种衍生的抗条锈病品系HB 20121023选育与鉴定

小麦条锈病是我国重要的小麦病害.发掘和培育新的抗条锈病的小麦种质资源一直是我国小麦育种中重要的工作.本研究对八倍体小黑麦劲松5号与普通小麦品种京东8号远缘杂种的衍生后代进行了选育,并且对选育出的种质材料HB 20121023株系进行了形态学、细胞学和条锈病鉴定.结果表明,HB 20121023植株较矮,株型紧凑.细胞学鉴定表明,根尖体细胞染色体数目为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ、减数分裂后期Ⅰ染色体配对、分离正常.利用CYR29、CYR30、CYR31和水源46号条锈菌的混合小种田间接种鉴定表明,HB 20121023对条锈病表现为高抗.HB 20121023可作为小麦抗条锈病育种新的种质资源加以利用.     

Molecular mapping of a stripe rust resistance gene in wheat cultivar Wuhan 2

Stripe rust (or yellow rust), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is the best approach to control the disease. To identify and map genes for stripe rust resistance in wheat cultivar ‘Wuhan 2', an F₂ population was developed from a cross between the cultivar and susceptible cultivar Mingxian 169. The parents, 179 F₂ plants and their derived F_2:3 lines were evaluated for responses to Chinese races CYR30 and CYR31 of the pathogen in a greenhouse. A recessive gene for resistance was identified. DNA bulked segregant analysis was applied and resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to the resistance gene. A genetic map consisting of five RGAP and six SSR markers was constructed. The recessive gene, designated Yrwh2, was located on the short arm of chromosome 3B and flanked by SSR markers Xwmc540 and Xgwm566 at 5.9 and 10.0 cM, respectively. The chromosomal location of the resistance gene and its close marker suggest that the locus is different from previously reported stripe rust resistance genes Yr30, QYr.ucw-3BS, Yrns-B1, YrRub and QYrex.wgp-3BL previously mapped to chromosome 3B. Yrwh2 and its closely linked markers are potentially useful for developing stripe rust resistance wheat cultivars if used in combination with other genes.     

小麦新品种绵麦39成株期抗条锈性的遗传分析

绵麦39是绵阳市农业科学研究所育成的小麦新品种,2005年通过四川省品种审定后在大面积生产上推广应用,表现高抗条锈病且抗性稳定。为明确绵麦39抗条锈性遗传基础,本试验选用7个抗病品种（系）和3个感病品种（系）,分别与绵麦39组配成抗×抗、抗×感组合进行遗传分析。结果表明,绵麦39对条锈菌条中32的成株期抗性主要受一对显性基因的控制;绵麦39对条中32号的抗性来源于抗条锈病材料贵农21-1（含有条锈病抗性基因YrGn21）。抗性基因YrGn21与YrCH42、Yr26基因具有等位性关系,而与抗条锈病材料贵农19-4、辽春10号以及CIMMYT材料oxley、96EW39（SW2148）含有的条锈病抗性基因有差异。同时对各抗病品种（系）的抗条锈性进行了探讨。     

Postulation of resistance genes to yellow rust in wild emmer wheat derivatives and advanced wheat lines from Nepal

Summary Seedlings of 38 wild emmer derivatives, and a total of 53 advanced wheat varieties/lines introduced from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) or other sources, Nepalese breeding lines and local cultivars were inoculated with 18 different yellow rust isolates to postulate yellow rust resistance genes (Yr). Many wild emmer wheat derivatives used were resistant to all isolates indicating the presence of undescribed genes. Some derivatives carried Yr9, Yr6 and/or YrSU. Genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr15, YrSU and YrA+ are no longer effective in Nepal; Yr4, Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, YrSP and YrSD are still effective; the effectiveness of Yr3 remains unclear. This study shows that stripe rust resistance in seedling stage of most Nepalese cultivars and advanced materials is based on Yr9 with combinations of Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, and YrA+, of which only Yr9 is still effective in Nepal. In many countries Yr9 has lost its effectiveness. Therefore the introduction of new Yr-genes from wild emmer wheat in Nepalese cultivars is highly important.     

陕甘川重要小麦品种抗条锈基因分析

根据对16个国外和4个国内已知毒性基因的小麦条锈菌反应，结合系谱分析，研究了39个陕西、甘肃、四川省重要小麦品种所具有抗条锈基因。试验结果显示，已知抗病基因Yr1、2、3、7、9、10、SD、Su等分布在20个品种中，其中11个品种含有Yr9。3个品种对供试菌系均表现抗病反应，2个品种抵抗大多数供试菌系，表明它们具有主效的未     

小麦‘西农291’成株期抗条锈病遗传分析

为明确‘西农291’抗条锈性的遗传基础。对‘西农291’在温室和田间进行多个小麦条锈菌小种的抗条锈鉴定;采用常规杂交方法,将‘西农291’分别与感病品种‘铭贤169’与AvS杂交,构建其F1、F2遗传群体,用小麦条锈菌小种CYR32进行温室抗条锈性鉴定、混合小种（CYR32:CYR33≈1:1）进行田间抗条锈性鉴定。结果表明,在温室条件下,‘西农291’在苗期对条锈菌CYR32与CYR33表现高度感病、成株期对CYR32、CYR33、Su11-4及Su11-7表现高度抗条锈性;田间混合小种接种诱发发病（陕西杨凌）和自然发病（甘肃天水）抗条锈性鉴定均表明‘西农291’在成株期高度抗条锈病。群体抗条锈性鉴定结果表明‘西农291’与感病品种铭贤169和AvS杂交的F2群体的抗:感分离比例均符合3R:1S的理论比例。以上结果说明‘西农291’具有非小种专化性的、广谱抗性的成株期抗条锈性;对CYR32的成株抗条锈性受1对显性基因控制。     

Stripe rust resistance and genes in Chinese wheat cultivars and breeding lines

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most important diseases on wheat in China. To assess resistance in wheat cultivars and breeding lines in China, 330 leading cultivars and 164 advanced breeding lines were evaluated with stripe rust. In the greenhouse tests, seedlings of the entries were inoculated separately with several Pst pathotypes. In the field tests, the entries were evaluated for stripe rust resistance in Yangling, Shaanxi Province artificially inoculated and in Tianshui, Gansu Province under natural infection of Pst. The oversummering/wintering and spring epidemic zones of resistance genes were postulated using molecular markers for Yr5, Yr9, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17, Yr18, and Yr26, in combination with resistance spectra. Out of the 494 wheat entries, 16 (3.24 %) entries had all-stage resistance (ASR) in all race tests, 99 (20.04 %) had adult-plant resistance (APR), 28 (5.67 %) were considered to have slow-rusting (SR), and 351 (71.05 %) were susceptible to one or more races in both seedling and adult-plant stages. Advanced breeding lines had a higher percentage (37.2 %) of resistant entries (The sum of ASR, APR and SR) than leading cultivars (24.85 %). Among the epidemic regions, southern Gansu had a higher percentage of resistant entries than any other regions. Based on stripe rust reactions and molecular markers, two cultivars were found to possibly have Yr5 while no entries have Yr10 or Yr15. Resistance genes Yr9, Yr17, Yr18, and Yr26 were found in 134 (29.4 %), 45 (9.1 %), 10 (2 %), and 15 (3 %) entries, respectively.     

普通小麦‘Holdfast’条锈病成株抗性QTL定位

Holdfast是来自英国的小麦品种,多年来一直保持良好的条锈病持久抗性。本研究目的是发掘Holdfast的条锈病成株抗性基因及其紧密连锁的分子标记,为小麦持久抗性品种选育提供材料和方法。利用铭贤169和Holdfast杂交后代重组自交系(recombinant inbred lines, RIL)群体,于2014—2015和2015—2016年度在甘肃甘谷、甘肃中梁和四川成都进行条锈病成株抗性鉴定,并统计最大严重度(maximum disease severity, MDS)。基于小麦660K SNP芯片和BSA(bulkedsegregantanalysis)技术初步确定抗病基因所在的染色体后,将目标区域的SNP标记转化为KASP(KompetitiveallelespecificPCR)标记,检测整个RIL群体,进行基因型分析。最后进行RIL群体条锈病成株抗性的QTL分析,在5AL和7AL染色体上发现了2个成株抗性QTL。5A染色体长臂上1个条锈病成株抗性QTL QYr.gaas-5AL,在所有环境下均存在,可解释6.5%～9.3%的表型变异; QYr.gaas-5AL位于标记Ax-109948955和Ax-108798241之间,连锁距离分别为0.5 cM和1.1 cM。在7A染色体长臂上定位到1个条锈病成株抗性QTL QYr.gaas-7AL,在2015年和2016年甘谷环境中均稳定存在,分别解释6.2%和7.3%的表型变异;QYr.gaas-7AL位于标记Ax-110361069和Ax-108759561之间,连锁距离分别为0.5 cM和0.7 cM。携带QYr.gaas-5AL和QYr.gaas-7AL抗病等位基因家系的MDS显著低于感病等位基因家系的MDS,表明QYr.gaas-5AL和QYr.gaas-7AL可有效降低条锈病严重度,可应用于小麦抗条锈育种。     

后条中32时期我国小麦条锈抗源之现状

用条中(CY)29、 31、 32号生理小种对6类抗性材料进行了苗期分小种和成株期混小种鉴定. 结果表明, 除Yr5、 10、 15外, 还有一些Yr基因和许多抗病材料目前在我国仍表现抗病. 加强对这些抗源材料的研究与利用将能缓解当前条锈病抗源贫乏的危机.     

QTL mapping of adult‐plant resistance to stripe rust in a ‘Lumai 21 × Jingshuang 16’ wheat population

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a devastating fungal disease in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Chinese wheat cultivars ‘Lumai 21’ and ‘Jingshuang 16’ show moderate levels of adult‐plant resistance (APR) to stripe rust in the field, and they showed a mean maximum disease severity (MDS) ranging from 24 to 56.7% and 26 to 59%, respectively, across different environments. The aim of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to stripe rust in an F₃ population of 199 lines derived from ‘Lumai 21’ × ‘Jingshuang 16’. The F₃ lines were evaluated for MDS in Qingshui, Gansu province, and Chengdu, Sichuan province, in the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 cropping seasons. Five QTL for APR were detected on chromosomes 2B (2 QTL), 2DS, 4DL and 5DS based on mean MDS in each environment and averaged values from all three environments. These QTL were designated QYr.caas‐2BS.2, QYr.caas‐2BL.2, QYr.caas‐2DS.2, QYr.caas‐4DL.2 and QYr.caas‐5DS, respectively. QYr.caas‐2DS.2 and QYr.caas‐5DS were detected in all three environments, explaining 2.3–18.2% and 5.1–18.0% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. In addition, QYr.caas‐2BS.2 and QYr.caas‐2BL.2 colocated with QTL for powdery mildew resistance reported in a previous study. These APR genes and their linked molecular markers are potentially useful for improving stripe rust and powdery mildew resistances in wheat breeding.