岳阳市野生动物寄生虫感染情况调查

运用反复水洗沉淀法检测了114副野生动物内脏（野生蛇63副、野生兔32副和獾猪19副）的寄生虫感染情况,共发现线虫1950条,绦虫2条,线虫平均感染率为64.91%（74/114）,绦虫平均感染率为1.75%（1/114）;野生蛇、野生兔和獾猪的线虫感染率分别为：60.32%（38/63）、75.0%（24/32）和63.16%（12/19）。可见,岳阳市市场野生蛇、野生兔和獾猪的寄生虫感染情况较为严重,其中主要以线虫感染为主。本次对岳阳市野生动物寄生虫的种类、感染情况及其危害的调查,为岳阳市自然保护区野生动物保护和人类公共卫生健康提供理论依据。     

长沙市蛙棘头虫感染情况调查

为了解当地蛙类感染棘头虫的情况,作者从长沙市五个地方的菜市场购买685只蛙(黑斑蛙347只,虎纹蛙338只),利用寄生虫调查方法对长沙市蛙棘头虫感染情况进行调查,统计感染强度,计算感染率。结果显示,有255只蛙感染棘头虫,感染率为37.23%,其中有132只黑斑蛙感染棘头虫,虎纹蛙123只感染棘头虫,感染率分别为38.04%,36.39%。其中长沙市望城区黑斑蛙棘头虫的感染率最高,达到51.56%,感染强度为1~14条,长沙浏阳市虎纹蛙棘头虫的感染率最高,达到54.43%,感染强度为1~11条。     

祁连县默勒地区绵羊同盘吸虫感染情况调查研究

采用寄生虫学完全剖检法,对默勒镇老日根村、才仕土村和海浪村的共60只绵羊进行了同盘吸虫感染情况调查,其中老日根村和海浪村各25只绵羊、才仕土村10只绵羊。结果:老日根村绵羊同盘吸虫感染率68.0%(17/25),才仕土村感染率20.0%(2/10),海浪村感染率为0(0/25),平均感染率为31.67%,平均感染强度187.1条,感染范围0~577条。检出鹿同盘吸虫(Paramphistomum.cervi)、后藤同盘吸虫(P.gotoi),隶属于同盘科(Paramphistomatidae)同盘属(Paramphistomum);鹿同盘吸虫感染率26.7%,平均感染强度282.9条,感染范围61~405条;后藤同盘吸虫感染率8.3%,平均感染强度87.2条,感染范围32~172条。结果显示默勒地区因村间草场类型存在一定区别,绵羊同盘吸虫感染情况也有差异,以鹿同盘吸虫寄生数量为多,后藤同盘吸虫寄生数量较少。     

吡喹酮驱除鸡绦虫的试验报告

近两年家禽寄生蠕虫调查的结果显示,我省鸡、鸭、鹅绦虫的感染率都较高,感染强度也重。1982年在瑞安、江山、义乌、黄岩四县的调查统计,鸡的感染率为83％,感染强度平均为76条,最多的一只鸡感染787条;鸭感染率为67.69％,感染强度平均为30条,最多的一只寄生290条;鹅感染率为60     

患肠道疾病犬钩虫的感染情况及防治措施

采取粪便检查钩虫卵的方法,对洛阳市区90只来宠物门诊就诊的患肠道疾病的宠物犬进行钩虫感染情况调查,对不同年龄犬钩虫感染情况进行统计。结果表明,犬钩虫感染率18.89%,其中1～3月龄犬34.38%,4～6月龄犬12.00%,7～12月龄犬11.11%,1岁以上犬6.67%。     

湖南省2种鼠类线虫新记录

在湖南省长沙市东郊剖检59只褐家鼠、12只黑家鼠，从其肠道中检获2种线虫，经鉴定为巴西日圆线虫（Nip-postrongylus brasiliesis）和四翼无刺线虫（Aspiculuris tetrateres）。前者在褐家鼠的感染率为89.83%（53/57），感染强度为1-14条，在黑家鼠的感染率为58.33%（7/12），感染强度为1-10条；后者在褐家鼠的感染率为35.59％（21/59），感染强度为1-8条，在黑家鼠的感染率为41.67%（5/12），感染强度为1-5条。     

青海省大通种牛场牦牛皮蝇蛆感染情况调查

采用解剖法检查体内寄生的皮蝇1期幼虫和触摸法检查牦牛背部皮蝇幼虫寄生形成的皮下瘤疱及成熟3期幼虫脱落形成的皮肤虫孔的方法,进行牦牛皮蝇幼虫感染情况调查,对成熟3期幼虫进行形态学鉴定。结果显示:在当年未用药的牦牛群中,剖杀检查牦牛皮蝇幼虫感染率在24.62%～74.63%,平均感染率为40.40%,平均感染强度30.07条,感染范围7～63条。临床摸背检查皮蝇期幼虫感染率在26.54%～75.22%,平均感染率为44.07%,平均感染强度6.11个,感染范围1～17个。1～3岁的幼年牦牛感染严重。调查地区牦牛皮蝇蛆病的病原虫种有中华皮蝇蛆、纹皮蝇蛆和牛皮蝇蛆,其比例分别为82.35%、11.77%和5.88%。     

夏河县牦牛消化道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了更好地了解夏河县牦牛消化道寄生虫的寄生情况,在不同季节随机采集夏河县内9个乡(镇)的牦牛粪便,采用虫卵漂浮法和麦克马斯特氏法对所其进行显微镜检查、统计。统计结果显示夏河县牦牛消化道蠕虫感染比较严重,感染率达80.7%,消化道线虫感染率为64.4%,平均感染强度为531.52个;消化道吸虫感染率达22.5%,平均感染强度为193.01个;消化道绦虫感染率为3.5%,平均感染强度为137.93个;消化道球虫感染率为23.1%,平均感染强度为658.12个。     

达日地区牦牛皮蝇蛆病流行病学调查

采用剖检法在2008年9、10月份检查牦牛皮蝇1、2期幼虫;采用触摸法在2009年3、5月份临床检查未使用药物防治的牦牛皮蝇幼虫,采集成熟3期幼虫,进行牦牛皮蝇蛆病感染情况调查与病原形态学分类鉴定。结果显示:2008年剖检牦牛皮蝇第1期幼虫平均感染率为63.93%,平均感染强度30.6条;2009年3、5月份触摸检查牦牛背部皮下皮蝇幼虫寄生形成的瘤疱和成熟第3期幼虫脱落形成的皮肤虫孔,4个调查区平均感染率63.91%,平均感染强度5.45个;1岁、2～3岁、成年牛的感染率分别为81.65%、63.16%和31.88%,平均感染强度分别为7.8、4.9和3.5个,随着年龄的增加感染水平呈下降趋势。调查地区牦牛皮蝇蛆病的病原虫种有中华皮蝇蛆、纹皮蝇蛆和牛皮蝇蛆,其比例分别为82.35%、11.77%和5.88%。     

玛沁地区犬绦虫感染情况调查

本文对玛沁县4个乡镇的40条犬进行了绦虫感染情况调查。结果:感染犬23条,感染率为57.5%,犬感染的绦虫主要棘球绦虫,感染率为91%。     

上海地区活禽批发市场H9亚型禽流感病毒调查

为弄清上海地区活禽批发市场中H9禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）的流行情况及鸡群的免疫情况,2009年对上海三大活禽批发市场进行了采样监测。采用HI试验检测H9 AIV抗体、荧光RT-PCR试验和鸡胚接种分离鉴定病毒。共采集110批次1 646份血样和喉头泄殖腔棉拭样品,平均抗体合格率为60.27%,分离到H9病毒134株,其中4-6月和9-11月为全年中病毒分离的2个高峰期（样品带毒率均超过了10.00%）,明显比其它月份要高（其他月份均低于5.00%）,样品带毒率平均为8.14%。不同市场、不同地区采集的样品其抗体合格率和样品的带毒率也存在一定的差异。在30批分离到病毒的样品中,13批次已免疫H9N2油乳剂灭活苗且抗体合格率均大于70.00%的样品中分离到45株病毒（45/195）,其中6批次抗体合格率达到100%的样品中也分离到了病毒（8/90）,但带毒率明显比未经疫苗免疫的样品（79/255）低。调查结果表明养殖户对肉鸡群H9N2油乳剂灭活苗免疫重视程度不够,鸡群中带毒现象较普遍。疫苗免疫后能产生较高的免疫抗体,且抗体能减轻临床症状,降低带毒率,但不能完全阻止病毒复制,存在高抗体下带毒现象。     

PCR-based coprodiagnostic tools reveal dogs as reservoirs of zoonotic ancylostomiasis caused by Ancylostoma ceylanicum in temple communities in Bangkok

A survey of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs and humans from temple communities in Bangkok revealed that 58% of dogs and 3.4% of humans, among those sampled, were infected with hookworms utilising faecal flotation techniques and microscopy. A previously established polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-RFLP approach was utilised to determine the species of hookworms infecting dogs found positive for hookworm eggs. Single infections with Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma caninum were recorded in 77% and 9% of hookworm positive dogs, respectively and mixed infections with both species of Ancylostoma were recorded in 14% of dogs. A single-step PCR for the multiplex detection of Ancylostoma species and Necator americanus DNA in human faeces was developed and applied to characterise the species of hookworms in microscopy positive individuals. Single infection with N. americanus was recorded in five and A.ceylanicum infection in two, out of seven individuals positive for hookworm. This study demonstrates that humans are at risk of acquiring infection with A. ceylanicum in communities where this species of hookworm is endemic in dogs.     

The veterinary and public health significance of hookworm in dogs and cats in Australia and the status of A. ceylanicum

There is no current information regarding the prevalence of hookworm in Australian dogs and cats and based on the results of studies conducted over 20 years ago, where high prevalences of helminths were recorded, the prophylactic administration of broad spectrum anthelmintics has been advocated. During this study, faecal samples were collected from dogs (n=1391) and cats (n=1027) across Australia. Samples were examined by microscopy and information regarding the demographics of each animal, and the management practices they experienced were recorded. A highly sensitive and species-specific PCR-RFLP technique was utilized to differentiate the various hookworm species which can infect dogs and cats directly from eggs in faeces. The prevalence of hookworm in dogs and cats was found to be 6.9% and 1.4%, respectively. Ancylostoma ceylanicum was detected for the first time in Australia in 10.9% of the dogs found positive for hookworm. Significantly, A. ceylanicum is capable of causing a patent infection in humans. After adjusting for other factors with multiple logistic regression, dogs from refuges, dogs originating from a tropical climatic zone, dogs aged 1 year or less, and those dogs which had not received anthelmintics were significantly more likely to be parasitized. Only univariate analysis was conducted for the cats as there were too few samples positive for hookworm. Cats were more likely to be infected with hookworm if they were from refuges, originated from a tropical climatic zone, and had not received treatment with anthelmintics. The results of this study demonstrates the importance of having current information regarding the prevalence of parasites of dogs and cats and the risk factors associated with infection, as well as the need to reassess the veterinary and public health concerns regarding hookworm infection and its control, which are currently based on out-dated information.     

New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) epidemic 2002 (abstract)

The New Zealand sea lion is a threatened species and two unusual events contributed to a decrease in recruitment in 2002. The first was a marked reduction (20%) in the number of pups born at the principal Auckland Island rookeries. Secondly, the mortality rate for pups was significantly elevated and was 33% by the end of February, almost three times the mean for that time of the year. Counts of females at rookeries indicated that the lowered fecundity was possibly due to a scarcity of food resources, supported by the fact that male pups (n=50) in 2002 grew poorly with the lightest recorded liveweights for the previous 8 years. Lowered fecundity may also have resulted from infection leading to foetal death, seen in an adult by-catch female, or abortion. Necropsies were conducted on 126/133 pups that died at Sandy Bay and for many the cause of death was multifactorial and included stillbirth, trauma, malnutrition, and severe anaemia caused by hookworm (Uncinaria spp) infection. An unusual disease presentation seen for the first time in 2002 was characterised by systemic bacterial infection that caused suppurative polyarthritis, severe necrotising fasciitis, myositis and osteomyelitis, suppurative peritonitis, pleuritis, or meningitis. For 41 pups, this syndrome was the primary cause of death and for an additional 16 it was a contributing factor along with hookworm infection or trauma. A consistent isolate has been Klebsiella pneumoniae with frequent isolations of Salmonella spp.     

貉肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

为了解貉肠道寄生虫感染情况,采用卢戈氏碘液染色法、饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法和改良抗酸染色法对南阳地区某特种动物养殖场笼养貉的232份新鲜粪便进行检查,结果显示：75份样品呈阳性,总感染率为30.17%,其中贾第虫感染率为6.47%,隐孢子虫为0.86%,球虫为5.17%,圆线虫为15.95%,钩虫为3.88%。本次调查结果为预防和临床治疗貉肠道寄生虫病提供了参考和依据。     

Hepatozoon spp. (Apicomplexa: Hepatozoidae) infection and selected hematological values of the neotropical rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Viperidae), from Brazil

This study aims to establish the hematological values of Crotalus durissus collilineatus snakes captured in Brazil as well as to verify the effects of hematozoan infection on these snakes. Eighty-three blood samples were drawn from C. d. collilineatus specimens for analysis. The sample set was composed of 30 males and 30 females, recently caught from the wild, and 11 males and 12 females bred in captivity. Blood samples were used to determine red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, thrombocyte counts, hematocrit values, hemoglobin concentration, and total plasma protein. Blood smears were used to diagnose Hepatozoon spp. infection and to calculate the parasitic load in the sample as well as the percentage of immature red cells. Results obtained for the wild-caught animals, with and without parasites, were compared among themselves and with the values obtained for the captive-bred animals. Hematological values for C. durissus were established. Wild-caught snakes had an infection rate of 38.3%, while no Hepatozoon sp. infection was detected in the captive-bred animals. The snakes which were not infected by the Hepatozoon sp. exhibited average weight, length, and weight-length ratios higher than those of the infected animals. An increase in immature red cells was noted in the Hepatozoon-infected snakes.     

Western Equine Encephalitis in Saskatchewan Reptiles and Amphibians, 1961-1963

Western equine encephalitis (WEE) antibodies were found in blood samples from garter snakes and leopard frogs collected in Saskatchewan but WEE virus was not recovered from any of the specimens. Evidence of natural WEE infection in snakes was found in 8 different localities while in frogs in two only. Experimentally, garter snakes were readily infected and developed a high, relatively sustained viremia without signs of disease. After experimental exposure, viremia persisted regularly for 10 to 12 days, while the longest observed duration of viremia was 30 days. Anamnestic responses were elicited in snakes as a result of second inoculations of virus after the antibody levels from first exposures had fallen. Newborn snakes were observed to be more sensitive to infection than adults. The possibility of virus and antibody transmission from infected pregnant garter snakes to their offspring was investigated. Snakes and frogs were both susceptible to infection by the oral route. Two bull snakes collected at Steveville, Alberta, were found to have antibody for St. Louis Encephalitis virus.     

First report of ophidiomycosis in Asia caused by Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola in captive snakes in Japan

Ophidiomycosis is an emerging infectious disease caused by the fungus Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola, which has been affecting wild and captive snakes in North America, Europe, and Australia. We report 12 cases of suspected ophidiomycosis in captive colubrid snakes in Japan. Pathological and microbiological examinations were performed, and the results confirmed the diagnosis of ophidiomycosis in two snakes, which indicated that the remaining sympatrically raised snakes also had ophidiomycosis since they exhibited similar lesions. This is the first report of ophidiomycosis in Asia caused by O. ophiodiicola. To prevent the expansion of ophidiomycosis in the natural environment in Japan, there is a need to evaluate the ophidiomycosis carrier status of imported snakes, the pathogenicity of the infection in native snakes, and the prevalence and distribution of O. ophiodiicola in wild and captive snakes. Measures also must be taken to prevent endemicity globally.     

Estimated prevalence of nematode parasitism among pet cats in the United States

OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalences of roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infections in pet cats in the United States and identify risk factors for parasitism. DESIGN: Retrospective period prevalence survey. STUDY POPULATION: 356,086 cats examined at 359 private veterinary hospitals during 2003. PROCEDURE: Electronic medical records were searched to identify cats for which fecal flotation tests had been performed and to determine proportions of test results positive for roundworms, hookworms, and whipworms. Potential risk factors for roundworm and hookworm infection were identified by means of multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 80,278 tests were performed on fecal samples from 66,819 cats. Calculated prevalences of roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm infection were 2.92%, 0.63%, and 0.031%, respectively. Age, reproductive status, breed, and season were significant risk factors for roundworm infection, with cats < 4 years old; sexually intact cats; mixed-breed cats; and cats examined during the summer, fall, or winter more likely to be infected. Age, reproductive status, and season were significant risk factors for hookworm infection, with cats < 1 year old, sexually intact cats, and cats examined during the summer more likely to be infected. Regional differences in prevalences of roundworm and hookworm infection were found. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that prevalences of nematode infections among pet cats in the United States may be lower than previously suspected on the basis of prevalences reported among cats in humane shelters and those reported in more geographically focused studies.