四川杂交水稻机械化制种配套栽培技术

根据2019-2020年的试验示范结果,父本比母本播始历期长25～30 d及播始历期相近的组合制种,父母本均机插或父本机插母本直播,与传统手栽相比,具有作业速度快、劳动强度低、效益高等优势,总结了杂交水稻机械化制种的配套关键技术,以期为杂交水稻制种机械化发展提供技术支撑.     

杂交水稻制种母本机插的父本栽培技术

正杂交水稻制种产量的高低,与母本、父本相互协调的异交特性密切相关,研究制种大田父本栽培技术对提高制种产量有十分重要的意义。只有确保父母本花期相遇,父本花粉量足,分蘖成穗多,颖花数达300万~400万朵/667 m2,开花时间长,花时长,有良好的授粉态势,制种产量才能得到保障。我们现将近几年的杂交水稻制种母本机插田的父本大田栽培技术作出总结,为大面积母本机插制种生产提供技术指导。     

杂交水稻制种母本机插主要技术措施总结

根据4 a来杂交水稻制种母本机插的试验示范结果,对杂交水稻制种母本机插的育秧方式、机型选择、播种量与适宜秧龄、用种量与每穴插植苗数、育秧管理、大田耕整与基肥施用、播期差调整、父本行间距与插植方式、取秧量与插植深度调整等主要技术措施进行了总结。     

杂交水稻制种父本群体培养技术进展

杂交水稻制种父本群体培养目标是父本群体占地比小且有效花粉充足、父本群体花期较长且单位花粉密度大、异交态势理想且农艺性状优良。30多年来,杂交水稻制种父本群体在分期播种技术、育秧方法、栽插方式、施肥方式、花期调节技术等方面形成了一整套传统培养技术。针对杂交水稻制种机械化技术发展趋势,当前我国杂交水稻机械化制种父本群体培养技术取得了明显进展,未来有待进一步对父本群体机械化制种予以完善。     

杂交粳稻常优5号机插与人工移栽制种对比研究

以杂交粳稻组合常优5号为材料,采用10行水稻制种专用型插秧机,设置机插和人工移栽的对比试验,分析了机插和人工移栽在叶龄动态、生育期以及制种产量等方面的差异。结果表明:机插移栽和人工移栽的母本叶龄动态、生育期、基本苗、有效穗数、穗形和制种产量等无显著差异,但机插移栽的结实率显著高于人工移栽;机插移栽每公顷节省移栽费用2 257.5元,显著节省人工,提高制种效率。     

父本实行集中统一育寄秧好

父本实行集中统一育寄秧好Ｉｔｉｓｇｏｏｄｔｏｃｅｎｔｒａｌｉｚｅｔｈｅｓｅｅｄｌｉｎｇ－ｒａｉｓｉｎｇｏｆｍａｌｅｐａｒｅｎｔｉｎｈｙｂｒｉｄｒｉｃｅｓｅｅｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ长期以来，杂交水稻制种生产中的父本育寄秧一直采取以户为单位分户育秧、寄插...     

中国杂交水稻制种技术的进步与发展方向

从20世纪70年代中期起,为使杂交水稻制种获得成功,重点围绕父母本花期相遇的播差期安排、花期预测与调控、异交群体结构的培养、异交态势的改良、父母本花时动态与人工辅助授粉等关键技术环节进行了研究。利用"叶龄差、播始历期差、有效积温差"安排父母本播差期,"母本靠插、父本靠发"和"1期父本"定向培养父母本异交群体结构,利用父母本幼穗发育进度、叶龄余数、对应叶龄法预测花期,"氮控钾促、旱控水促"调控花期,"九二○"解除不育系抽穗包颈,协调父母本异交态势等,是杂交水稻制种技术的重要进步。对两系法杂交水稻制种重点研究了适宜制种的温光条件、制种区域及基地选择和"两个安全期"的协调安排。三系和两系杂交水稻制种均已形成配套的技术体系。目前杂交水稻制种存在基地规模小、机械化程度低、制种产量和种子质量不稳定等问题。杂交水稻制种应向基地规模化、操作机械化、技术标准化方向发展。     

杂交水稻亲本混播机械化制种研究进展

混播制种是指将杂交水稻的父母本种子混合播种,通过物理或化学方法将收获的种子区分杂交种和父本种的制种方式,是杂交水稻制种技术的发展方向之。综述了杂交水稻父母本混播制种的研究动态,提出选育大、小粒型亲本,实行父母本机械混播混收全程机械化制种,通过物理方法筛选分离杂交种子与父本种子的设想。     

母本直播与父本软盘抛寄两段育秧同步技术在杂交水稻制种上的应用

在杂交水稻制种生产中,与父本软盘抛寄两段育秧技术方式、父本两段育长龄壮秧父母本同栽配套技术方式相比,母本直播与父本软盘抛寄两段育秧同步栽培技术能缩短父本秧龄,避免父本早穗,促进父本多穗大穗,增加父本花粉量,避免母本秧苗因寄插而造成的伤害,促使母本早发、多发低位蘖,增加母本库容量,进而提高制种产量,同时还能减少母本秧苗移栽花费的工时,节本增效.适用于父母本播差期(30 d以上)且父本秧龄弹性小的杂交稻组合夏秋制种.介绍了其制种技术要点.     

一期父本制种技术初步探讨

杂交水稻改二、三期父本为一期父本制种,在苗期采取不同密度寄插,利用植株所处外界条件的差异,使个体生长发育产生叶差,蘖差和播始历期差,达到既可简化制种程序,适当拉开花期,确保花期相遇,又能克服多期父本制种花期拉得过长,花粉密度小,花粉利用率低的缺点,是提高制种结实率的一项重大技术改革,将有助于制种产量的大幅度增加。1987年,我市湘潭县推广一期父本制种5678亩,春制有威优49、威优64,秋制有威优35、威优 6号,平均亩产 225.5公斤,比多期父本制种亩产增产43.6公斤,增产24%。现将一期父本制种技术介绍如下: 一、作法 父本一次播种,当…     

Relationship of Parental Indica-Japonica Indexes with Yield and Grain Quality Traits of Japonica Hybrid Rice in Northern China

Taking the main parents (10 male sterile lines and 10 restorer lines) and their 100 combinations of japonica hybrid rice in northern China as materials, the relationships of parental indica-japonica indexes determined by the methods of the Cheng's index as well as simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with yield and grain quality traits of hybrid rice were studied. For the parents, the Cheng's index (Chi) ranged from 13.5 to 19.3 and the indica index in SSR markers (ADi) were from 0.12 to 0.38. The classification of parents by Chi was not completely consistent with that by ADi. The Chi of male parent was more closely related to hybrid traits than that of female parent, as contrasted to ADi. At the same time, the difference between parents (PD) in Chi was more closely related to hybrid traits than that in ADi. The indica-japonica indexes of parents and their difference between parents appeared quadratic relationship to hybrid traits with the critical extremum. The directions of the correlation of indica-japonica indexes of parents and their differences with hybrid yield traits were on the opposition to those with hybrid grain quality traits. Therefore, the female parent should match the male parent moderately in indica-japonica index to obtain the optimum of hybrid traits, high yield as well as good quality.     

有关三系籼粳杂交稻的广亲和测验种的探讨

有关三系籼粳杂交稻的广亲和测验种的探讨高勇，滕利生，申宗坦（浙江农业大学农学系，杭州３１００２９）关键词：籼粳杂交稻；测验种；广亲和性ＤｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎｏｆＴｅｓｔｅｒｏｆＷｉｄｅＣｏｍｐａｔｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎＴｈｒｅｅ－ｌｉｎｅｉｎｄｉｃａ－ｊａ...     

水稻籼粳核质核杂种研究初探

籼质粳核核质杂种配普通籼稻,粳质籼核核质杂种配普通粳稻,以及这两种核质杂种互交F1,称之为核质核杂种.研究表明,核质核杂种既保持了或基本保持了籼粳稻亚种间的杂种优势水平,又克服了籼粳稻亚种间不亲和的问题、植株超高问题和不能正常抽穗等问题.探索了一条亚种间杂种优势利用的新途径.     

籼粳杂交稻早熟性的研究

 1994年用粳稻广亲和品种02428、ZH157、ZH110 分别和珍汕97A杂交，从回交后代中选得同质广亲和恢复系02428R（珍汕97A/024283 F5），ZH157R（珍汕97A/ZH1572 F6）和ZH110R（珍汕97A/ZH1103 F3 ）3份，将上述同质广亲和恢复系分别与籼稻WA 胞质不育系珍汕97A 、珍育29A、早显A、矮败型胞质不育系协青早A 杂交，分析F1 的生育期。1995年用02428R等广亲和恢复系和明恢63 等籼型恢复系与早显A 、协青早A杂交，分析F1 的生育期等性状。通过具有早熟效应的早显A不育系与不同恢复系杂交，发现早显A可显著缩短杂交稻组合的生育期，但对产量影响不大，说明选育具早熟效应的不育系对于缩短杂交水稻的生育期具有一定的价值。     

Practices and Prospects of Super Hybrid Rice Breeding

The great progress in super rice breeding both in China and other countries has been made in recent years. However, there were three main problems in super rice breeding: 1) the super rice varieties were still rare; 2) most super rice varieties exhibited narrow adaptability; and 3) current breeding theories emphasized too much on the rice growth model, but they were unpractical in guidance for rice breeding. According to the authors’ experience on the rice breeding, the breeding strategies including three steps (super parent breeding, super hybrid rice breeding and super hybrid rice seed production) were proposed, and the objectives of each step and the key technologies to achieve the goals were elucidated in detail. The super parent of hybrid rice should exhibit excellent performance in all agronomic traits, with the yield or sink capacity reached the level of the hybrid rice control in regional trials. The super hybrid rice combination should meet the following criteria: good rice quality, wide adaptation, lodging resistance, resistance to main insects and diseases, and the yield exceeded above 8% over the control varieties in the national and provincial regional trials. To achieve the goal, the technical strategies, such as selecting optimal combination of the parents, increasing selection pressure, paying more attention to harmony of ideal plant type, excellent physiological traits and all the agronomic traits, should be emphasized. The yield of seed production should reach 3.75 t/ha and 5.25 t/ha for the super hybrid rice combinations derived from early-season and middle-season types of male sterile lines, respectively. The main technologies for raising seed production yield included selecting optimum seed production site, using the male sterile line with large sink capacity and good outcrossing characteristics, and improving the amount of the pollen by intensive cultivation of the male parent. According to the technologies of the three-step breeding on super hybrid rice, two super rice parents, including a male parent 996 and a thermo(photo)-genic male sterile [T(P)GMS] line C815S, were bred. Furthermore, a super early hybrid rice combination, Luliangyou 996, which could be used as a double-season early rice variety in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China, was bred by using the super rice variety 996 as the male parent, and several hybrid rice combinations with higher yield than control variety in regional trials both of Hunan Province and state were bred with the T(P)GMS line C815S as the female parent.     

北方杂交粳稻亲本籼粳成分与杂种产量和稻米品质性状的关系

以北方杂交粳稻骨干亲本及其组合为材料,采用程氏指数法和微卫星分子标记法,对亲本籼粳成分与杂种产量和稻米品质性状的关系进行了研究。杂交粳稻骨干亲本的程氏指数为13.5～19.3,偏籼系数为0.12～0.38,采用程氏指数和分子标记法对亲本进行籼粳分类的结果并不完全一致。父本程氏指数与产量杂种优势和杂种性状的相关性强于母本,而对于偏籼系数则相反。亲本程氏指数差异与产量杂种优势和杂种性状的相关性强于分子标记差异。亲本籼粳成分及其差异与多数杂种性状和产量杂种优势呈明显的二次曲线关系,存在临界极值;亲本籼粳成分及其差异与杂种产量性状和稻米品质性状的相关性相反。因此,要获得产量杂种优势和杂种表现最佳、高产与优质相结合,父母本籼粳成分应适度搭配。     

籼粳亚种间超高产杂交水稻新组合春优58的选育

春优58是用早花时矮秆晚粳不育系春江12A与偏籼型广亲和恢复系CH58配组育成的籼粳亚种间杂交稻新组合,具有营养生长旺盛、产量高、适应性广、米质较优、抗稻瘟病、中抗白叶枯病等特点,2007年2月通过浙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定。介绍了该组合的选育过程、特征特性、栽培及制种技术要点。     

超级杂交稻育种三步法设想与实践

介绍了国内外水稻超高产育种的基本情况,提出了当前我国水稻超高产育种面临的新问题,即超级稻品种资源匮乏、部分超级杂交稻组合适应性较差、超高产水稻育种理论过于模式化等。针对当前形势,结合多年育种实践,提出了超级杂交稻育种三步法设想,即超级亲本选育——超级杂交组合选育——超级杂交制种,并详细阐述了各步骤的标准和实现其目标的技术路线。超级亲本要求综合性状优良,产量水平或库容量达到或基本达到各级区试对照杂交稻组合的水平。超级杂交稻组合的标准是品质优、适应性广、耐肥抗倒、对主要病虫害达中抗以上水平,产量水平较国家或省区试中对照增产8%左右。其选育的技术路线是通过双亲最佳组配方式,增加选择压力,注重理想株型和优良生理机能及其各性状间的高度协调。超级杂交制种产量水平根据不育系的类型来确定,其中早稻类型不育系杂交制种产量要求大面积达到3.75 t/hm2以上,中稻类型的不育系要求达到5.25 t/hm2以上。其技术路线是通过选择最佳的制种基地,选用库容量大和异交结实特性好的不育系,通过超大行比与超常规培育父本措施提高父本的花粉量,从而提高制种产量。按照超级杂交稻育种三步法的技术路线,成功选育了父本996和两用核不育系C815S两个超级杂交稻亲本,利用前者选育出适合长江中下游稻区作双季早稻种植的超级杂交早稻组合陆两优996,用后者选配出几个增产幅度大、极有应用前景的超级稻新组合。