Cross-(in)compatibility in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Summary

Eight apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars and selections were self- and cross-pollinated in order to determine their pollen and stylar compatibility. Overall, 40 pollination combinations were examined. Pollen-tube growth in pistils pollinated in the laboratory was analysed using fluorescence microscopy. Three inter-incompatiblity groups of cultivars were found, of which two had not been described previously, while an existing group was expanded with one additional cultivar. The first group consisted of three Hungarian cultivars (‘Ligeti Orias’, ‘Cegledi Orias’, and ‘Szegedi Mammut’) and a Moldavian cultivar (‘Kostjuzhenskyi’). The second group consisted of two American cultivars (‘Stark Early Orange’ and ‘Nugget’). The third group consisted of two Serbian selections (‘Novi Sad Early’ and ‘Frushka Gora Early’). In the incompatible cultivar combinations, pollen-tube growth stopped in the style with the formation of the characteristic swelling. In the compatible combinations, the pollen tubes reached the ovary in the majority of the pistils examined.     

Self- and cross-(in)compatibility between important apricot cultivars in northwest Iran

Summary

Knowledge of the self-(in)compatibility trait in commercial apricot cultivars is of great importance for breeders and growers. Five commercial apricot cultivars, widely grown in Iran, were self- and cross-pollinated to determine their pollen and stylar compatibility. Fruit-set in the orchard and pollen tube growth in pistils, from flowers pollinated in the laboratory, were evaluated. In addition, specific primers previously designed to amplify fragments of the S alleles responsible for the incompatibility trait, were used to amplify DNA extracted from the five cultivars.All results agreed and confirmed that three out of the five cultivars studied were self-incompatible, two of which were cross-incompatible and therefore had the same genotype. The cultivars, ‘Ghorban-e-Marageh’ and ‘Ghermez-e-Shahroodi’ were self-compatible and, interestingly, shared a PCR band with all Spanish self-compatible apricot cultivars examined to date.     

Effect of temperature on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of four cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Summary

The effect of a constant (10, 15, 20 or 25°C) or a diurnal maximum/minimum (15/5, 20/10, 25/15 or 30/20°C) incubation temperature on in vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth in the pistils of two poly-embryonic (‘Kensington’ and ‘Nam Dok Mai’), and two mono-embryonic (‘Irwin’ and ‘Sensation’) mango cultivars was studied. In in vitro experiments where pollen was incubated in a liquid germination medium for 24 h in darkness, little difference was found between pollen germination of mono- and poly-embryonic cultivars. Averaged over the four cultivars, 53.9% of pollen germinated at 10°C, this increased to 76.2% when the incubation temperature was increased to 15°C, thereafter up to 25°C the percentage germination remained stable but germination decreased slightly to 68.2% at 30°C. Similarly, there was no difference in percent germination between cultivars when pollen was incubated under diurnal temperature regimes. Mean pollen germination of all four cultivars was 52.3% at 15/5°C and pollen germination increased by 10% when the temperature was raised to 30/20°C. When self-pollinated flowers were incubated for 24 h on a semi-solid agar medium at 10°C, pollen tube growth of the four cultivars was retarded and no pollen tubes reached the ovaries. As the temperature was increased from 15 to 25°C, the mean number of pollen tubes in ovaries increased from 0.04 to 0.25. At 30°C, the mean number of pollen tubes that entered ovaries decreased to 0.04. After incubation under diurnal temperature regimes, the mean number of pollen tubes in ovaries of all four cultivars at 15/5°C was 0.23 and increased to 0.42 when the temperature increased to 30/20°C. At each incubation temperature, there were significant differences in pollen tube growth between cultivars, but there were no differences between the temperature response of pollen from mono- and poly-embryonic cultivars.     

Sexual compatibility within and between olive cultivars

Summary

Self- and cross-incompatibility of the olive cultivars Frantoio, Manzanillo, Kalamata, Pendolino, and Picual were investigated using a 5 × 5 diallel matrix. Pistils were collected seven days after controlled pollinations on the day of flower opening, and pollen tubes were detected by fluorescence microscopy. Diallel analysis showed significant specific combining ability, general combining ability and reciprocal effects between cultivars for pollen tube growth in the pistil. ‘Frantoio’ was cross-compatible, as either a male or female parent, with each of the other cultivars, but showed a high degree of self-incompatibility. ‘Manzanillo’, ‘Kalamata’, ‘Pendolino’, and ‘Picual’ were crossincompatible, and all except for ‘Manzanillo’, were self-incompatible. It is concluded that ‘Frantoio’ is a good general polleniser for the other cultivars investigated. Pollen tube growth decreased in discrete steps from stigma to upper style, and from upper style to lower style, with the result that only one, and rarely more, pollen tube penetrated ovules. The sex ratio of flowers, and pollen viability using fluroescein diacetate staining and in vitro germination, were examined. ‘Frantoio’, ‘Manzanillo’ and ‘Pendolino’ had more than 80% perfect flowers, while ‘Kalamata’ and ‘Picual’ had less than 30%. ‘Frantoio’ had the highest pollen viability, ‘Kalamata’ and ‘Picual’ were intermediate, and ‘Manzanillo’ and ‘Pendolino’ the lowest. Pollen staining and both in vitro and in vivo germination provided the same male fertility rankings of cultivars.     

Reduced pollen tube growth and the presence of callose in the pistil of the male floral stage of the avocado

Pollen tube growth was studied in the pistil of the male floral stage of the avocado. Self-pollination of the male stage occurred but pollen tubes did not reach the ovary. When female and male stages were hand pollinated, fewer pollen tubes were present in the pistil of the male than in the female stage. A tube reached the ovary in only 1 of 110 male stage pistils, as compared with all female stage pistils observed. Flowers pollinated in the female stage were retained on the plant for longer than flowers pollinated in the male stage.Aniline blue-positive and resorcin blue-positive material (callose) was not present in the pistil of flowers in the female stage but occurred in 46% of the aniline blue-stained and 30% of the resorcin blue-stained pistils in the male floral stage. By 42 h after first opening, callose was present in every pistil observed, in association with the cell walls of the stigmatic papillae, the transmitting tissue, the vascular tissue or the cortex and epidermis or a combination of these tissues. Callose occurred earlier in pollinated than in unpollinated pistils, particularly in the transmitting tissue.It is suggested that reduced pollen tube growth in the pistil of the male floral stage of the avocado is associated with the presence of callose.     

杏品种授粉生物学研究

以红丰、新世纪等11个杏品种及特新一号等4个新品系为试材,对自交与杂交亲和性、花粉管形态及花粉、花柱氨基酸组分进行了研究,旨在为杏生产和进一步研究提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)按照白花授粉坐果率≥6％为自交亲和这个标准,红丰、新世纪等10个品种为自交不亲和品种(SI),而特新一号等4个新品系是自交亲和的(SC);(2)选自同一杂交组合不同姊妹系的红丰与新世纪杏品种相互授粉坐果率仅为0~0.73％,属于杂交不亲和;(3)不同品种间相互授粉的坐果率差异很大,据此筛选出特早红、红玉杏及凯特等品种是红丰杏适宜的授粉品种;而新世纪用骆驼黄及金太阳等品种授粉的坐果率最高;(4)自交不亲和组合在授粉后72 h花粉管到达花柱3／4处,末端膨大,停止生长,而自交亲和组合的花粉管可以继续生长,并在授粉后96 h进入子房;(5)自交不亲和品种(系)与自交亲和品种(系)花粉的17种氨基酸含量并无显著差异,而花柱氨基酸的组分与花粉氨基酸组分有所不同,其中自交不亲和品种(系)酪氨酸、苏氨酸、甲硫氨酸和精氨酸含量明显高于自交亲和品种(系),差异显著或极显著。     

Effect of pistil age and pollen parent on pollen tube growth and fruit production of pistachio

Female pistachio (Pistacia vera) trees were hand pollinated with pollen from three different male genotypes 0,1,2,3 and 4 d after anthesis. Results were measured by mature fruit set and by fluorescence microscopy of pollen germination and tube growth in the pistil. Maximum pollen tube growth and fruit set of split nuts was achieved following pollination within two days of anthesis. Three day old pistils supported pollen tube growth, but fruit set was low. Four day old pistils supported little pollen tube growth or fruit set. Significant differences were also apparent between pollen parents, with low pollen tube growth and fruit set following interspecific pollination with P. atlantica pollen. All pollen tubes were observed to penetrate chalazogamously, and parthenocarpic production of blank fruits occurred in both unpollinated and pollinated treatments. The results indicate that for optimum fruit production of pistachio, pollen transfer must be achieved within 2 d of anthesis and pollination by P. atlantica should be avoided.     

杏不同品种花粉量及花粉萌发特性的研究

以17个鲜食杏品种、4个仁用杏品种和4个杏李杂交品种为试材,对单个花药花粉量、花粉萌发率、花粉管长度进行测定,并观察统计了这25个杏品种的完全花比例,为杏主栽品种选择适宜授粉树。结果表明:不同杏品种间单个花药花粉量、花粉萌发率、花粉管长度和完全花比率差异显著;不同果实类型(鲜食、仁用和杏李杂交)间花粉量和完全花比例差异显著,花粉萌发率和花粉管长度则没有果实类型间的显著差异。花粉量与花粉萌发率和完全花比率之间无显著相关性,而与花粉管长度显著相关(r=0.417,P0.05);花粉萌发率与花粉管长度极显著正相关(r=0.691,P0.01),与完全花比率负相关但不显著。聚类分析发现,花粉量较多且花粉管生长状况较好的杏品种有"串枝红"、"沙金红"、"金太阳"和"胡安娜",适宜作为授粉树;花粉粒较少和花粉管生长状况较弱的有"恐龙蛋"、"味帝"和"苏联4号",而它们的完全花比例都很高,需要配置授粉树。     

不同发育阶段甜樱桃花授粉后花粉萌发和花粉管生长的差异

选用自交不亲和性程度不同的2个甜樱桃品种莫利和拉宾斯为试材,分别在开花前、开花当天和开花后进行莫利自花、拉宾斯自花和莫利×拉宾斯异花授粉,并于授粉后12、24、48、72、96h切取花柱,用FAA固定,荧光染色后压片观察。结果表明,3个组合的花粉萌发率都以开花当天授粉的最佳,拉宾斯自交和莫利×拉宾斯的花粉管生长状况也以开花当天授粉的最佳,但莫利自交的花粉管生长状况却以花前第4天最佳,花后第4天次之,而当天授粉的最差。因此认为,甜樱桃自交不亲和程度与其雌蕊的发育状态密切相关,蕾期授粉和延迟授粉都能够在一定程度上克服甜樱桃的自交不亲和性,但蕾期授粉的作用更加明显。     

磨盘柿与甜柿杂交低结籽率的组织学研究

 通过对西村早生、禅寺丸和花御所3种甜柿自交及与磨盘柿杂交的花粉管荧光观察,磨盘柿胚囊发育的石蜡切片观察,研究了磨盘柿受精率低的原因。结果如下：①磨盘柿与3种甜柿杂交,发育种子比例（发育种子数/胚珠数）明显低于甜柿自交,且父本花粉不同,磨盘柿的结子率有较大差异;②磨盘柿柱头上附着花粉量少,发芽率低,花柱中花粉管数量少,到达基部的条数少。甜柿柱头附着的花粉量大、发芽率高,花柱中花粉管数量大,大部分可以到达子房;③磨盘柿中存在多种异常胚囊,直接或间接的影响受精的顺利进行。较低的受精比率以及大量异常胚囊的存在是导致磨盘柿结籽率低的原因。     

菊属植物远缘杂交亲和性研究

 开展了不同倍性菊属物种间远缘杂交试验,比较不同杂交组合的杂交亲和指数,并对授粉后生殖生物学过程（柱头花粉附着、花粉萌发、花粉管生长、受精及子房发育）进行荧光显微观察。结果表明,具相同倍性的种间及四倍体与六倍体物种间杂交较易结籽,而二倍体与四倍体或六倍体间难以结籽,表现杂交不亲和性。菊属远缘杂交不亲和表现为柱头上花粉粒粘附少,花粉萌发率低,花粉管生长异常难以进入花柱,诱导柱头胼胝质生成,受精胚败育。     

Biochemical changes involved in self-incompatibility in two cultivars of olive (Olea europaea L.) during flower development

Biochemical analyses were carried out to characterise the basis of self-incompatibility in the olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars ‘Amygdalolia’ and ‘Konservalia’. Multiple interactions between cells of different types, origin, and function occur in the pistil. Endogenous factors play important roles in ovary and fruit development before (Stage 1) and during pollination (Stage 2), and after fertilisation (Stage 3). Changes in carbohydrate, protein, H₂O_2, and calcium ion concentrations, and in peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities in pistil tissue before and during pollination, and after fertilisation were investigated. In both cultivars, H₂O₂ concentrations were significantly higher in pistil tissue before pollination, after which they started to decrease in Stage 2 and continued non-significantly in Stage 3. Peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities were lower at Stage 1 and Stage 2, whereas these enzyme activities increased at Stage 3 in both cultivars. The lowest concentration of calcium ions was observed at Stage 1, whereas at Stage 2, calcium ion concentrations increased and reached their highest level, then decreased at Stage 3. Calcium ion concentrations in ‘Konservalia’ were higher than in ‘Amygdalolia’. In ‘Konservalia’, the highest protein concentration was observed at Stage 2. No significant differences were found in carbohydrate concentrations between the two cultivars. The biological significance of the presence of these products may differ between Stage 1, when they have a defence function, Stage 2 when there are interactions between pollen and pistil, and Stage 3 after fertilisation. This study provides support for the hypothesis that there is a correlation between self-incompatibility, stress-related enzyme activities, and calcium ion concentrations in the pistils of olive.     

百合种间杂交受精前障碍的研究

 以‘山丹’ (Lilium pumilum ) 、‘西伯利亚’ ( Siberia) 、‘白狐’ (White Fox) 、‘粉完美’( Pink Perfection) 、铁亚杂种系品种‘达诺’ (Ceb Dazzle) 和‘维多利亚瀑布’ (Victoria Falls) 为试材, 对花粉的活力、萌发力、贮存条件及授粉方式进行了研究, 结果表明适宜的蔗糖浓度有利于百合花粉萌发;花粉贮存适宜温度为5℃; 不同的授粉方式影响花粉的萌发, 授粉48 h后, 花粉管停止生长, 切花柱授粉方式的花粉处于不萌发状态; 试管受精24 h后, 花粉管即可进入胚珠, 45 d果实明显膨大, 经胚培养获得杂交苗。     

60Co-γ射线对李花粉辐射效应的研究

以‘新世纪’、‘石原早生’、‘澳李14’李品种为试材,研究⁶⁰Co-γ辐射,对李花粉发芽率的影响。结果表明:不同剂量率对李花粉发芽率影响较明显,‘新世纪’李、‘澳李14’李均以剂量率0.6 Gy/min辐射后花粉发芽率最高,且随剂量率的升高花粉发芽率逐渐降低;‘石原早生’李以1.2 Gy/min最高。不同剂量对不同李品种花粉发芽率影响相同,‘新世纪’李、‘石原早生’李、‘澳李14’均以剂量20 Gy辐射后花粉发芽率最高,且随剂量的升高花粉发芽率逐渐降低。说明低剂量、低剂量率辐射不同李品种花粉后发芽率较高,可用于远缘杂交育种。     

Studies on the Nutrition of Tulips and Narcissi

Summary

We explored the effects of pollination method (hand cross-, hand self-, automatic self-, and open-pollination) and pollen source on fruit set and growth in four red-skinned pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) cultivars [‘Vietnam White’ (‘VNWhite’), ‘Chaozhou 5’, ‘Orejona’, and ‘F11’] in Taiwan.‘VN-White’ has white flesh, while the other three cultivars have red flesh. There were no significant differences in pollen viability or germination rate among the four cultivars, irrespective of whether the pollen was collected at night (approx. 20.30 h) or on the following morning (approx. 08.30 h).The results also indicated that ‘VN White’ was fully self-compatible and exhibited a high fruit set percentage (80 - 96%) following all pollination treatments. This cultivar produced the largest fruit from both hand self- and openpollination, compared to the three other cultivars tested. ‘Chaozhou 5’ was partly self-compatible, and ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ were completely self-incompatible. Hand cross-pollination significantly increased the fruit set percentages and mean fruit fresh weights (FWs) in ‘Chaozhou 5’ and ‘Orejona’. Pollen source also significantly affected the fruit set percentage and fruit FW. ‘VN-White’ (after self-pollination) and ‘Chaozou 5’ (after crossing with ‘VN-White’) gave superior fruit set percentages and fruit FWs. Reciprocal crosses between ‘Orejona’ and ‘F11’ also resulted in high fruit set percentages as well as large fruit in both cultivars. Therefore, the source of pollen and the method of pollination can affect fruit production in some cultivars of pitaya. Self-compatibility in ‘VN-White’ concurs with the morphology of its flowers in which the anthers lie in close proximity to the stigma.The distance between the anthers and the stigma may be used an indicator of whether hand pollination is necessary for a pitaya cultivar.     

Gametophytic self-incompatibility causes seedlessness in ‘Kagzi Kalan’ lemon (Citrus limon)

The present study aimed to study the flower and pollen structure, pollen viability, in vitro pollen germination of ‘Kagzi Kalan’ lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck), and in vivo pollen tube growth in self- and cross pollination to understand the mechanism of seedlessness. The results revealed that Kagzi Kalan had tetra-colporate spherical shaped pollen of uniform size. The results of Acetocarmine and FDA test and in vitro germination indicated normal pollen viability and germinability in Kagzi Kalan. In vivo pollen tube growth showed > 50% pollen germination on stigma in all treatments though a greater number of pollen tubes at the mid style, base of the style, and near the ovule was found in cross pollination. Contrary to this, despite optimum pollen germination (53.51–70.37%) in self-pollination treatments, none of the pollen tubes reached the base of the style due to abnormal growth of pollen tubes, viz. curvatures, inhibition of pollen tube growth, and callose deposition. The inhibition of pollen tubes at the mid style under self-pollination treatments, and production of seeded fruits under cross pollination treatments, indicate the presence of self-incompatibility and the site of inhibition of pollen tubes. Thus, gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) caused seedlessness in Kagzi Kalan by blocking fertilization in the ovary.     

氨基乙氧基乙烯甘氨酸( AVG) 处理对‘巨峰’葡萄胚珠和种子发育的影响

 ‘巨峰’葡萄开花前2 周用氨基乙氧基乙烯甘氨酸( 2-aminoethxyvinlglycine, AVG)100 mg!L^-1处理可以明显增加有核果粒率和种子数。人工授粉24 h 后, 子房中的花粉管伸长快于对照, 花粉管生长状况也优于对照。这是由于AVG 处理降低了雌蕊中阻碍花粉管伸长物质的活性, 同时可以改善胚囊发育, 提高正常胚囊率和增加子房中的胚珠数和心皮数, 这可能为促进受精和增加受精机会创造了条件。     

精胺对梨花粉原位萌发及花粉管生长的影响

为进一步研究活体条件下精胺对梨花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响,以幸水、新雪、长-二十世纪为材料,采用荧光显微镜观测了不同浓度精胺处理的花粉萌发及花粉管生长情况。试验结果表明:较低浓度的精胺能促进花粉萌发,而超过一定浓度时则表现抑制作用,适宜于花粉萌发的精胺浓度是0-0.025mmol/L。精胺对花粉管生长的促进作用因品种而异,0-0.05mmol/L,精胺促进幸水、新雪花粉管生长的作用主要表现在花柱中上部;而到达基部的花粉管仍较少,与对照间差异不显著。在0-0.025mmol/L的适宜浓度下,精胺可促进长-二十世纪花粉管生长并到达花柱基部。不同浓度的精胺对幸水、新雪坐果影响不大;而适宜浓度的精胺可促进长-二十世纪坐果。     

10个新疆梨品种开花生物学及果实品质特征研究

了解新疆梨品种的开花生物学及果实品质特征,为其合理利用提供数据参考。在10个新疆梨品种的生殖生长期,对开花物候期、花部特性、花粉特性及果实品质特性等进行测定对比分析。结果表明:除‘艾温切克’‘库尔勒黄酸梨’外,其他8个品种花期一致,但果实成熟期有明显差异;‘库尔勒香梨’与其他品种的花器官特征无明显差异;‘绿梨’‘阿克苏句句梨’的花粉活力较强、单花药花粉量较多;‘艾温切克’‘绿梨’等4个品种的单果重较大,显著大于‘库尔勒香梨’;‘艾温切克’的果实硬度最小,与‘库尔勒香梨’无显著差异;‘艾温切克’‘绿梨’的可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C含量均较高,与‘库尔勒香梨’无显著差异或显著高于‘库尔勒香梨’。综上,‘绿梨’‘阿克苏句句梨’的花期与‘库尔勒香梨’重叠,花粉量较多、萌发率最高,花器官特征与‘库尔勒香梨’接近,可作‘库尔勒香梨’的备选授粉树;‘艾温切克’‘绿梨’的果实品质及口感好、果实成熟期早,且果皮颜色与其他品种有明显差异,可作为优良育种材料。     

Morphology and anatomy of pollen grains from male-fertile and male-sterile cultivars of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)

Summary

Pollen morphology and ultrastructure are described for four male-fertile cultivars (‘Firdola’, ‘Karamehmet’, ‘Sar?a?lama’, and ‘Hac?ömer’) and two male-sterile cultivars (‘Osmanog?lu’ and ‘Vakit Kestanesi’) of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) using light microscopy and both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Pollen grains of both male-fertile and male-sterile chestnut cultivars are tricolporate, the germinal furrow extending almost the full length of the grain axis. Pollen grains have a slightly reticulate exine. Pollen grain length varied from 13.33 – 21.30 µm, and decreased significantly in the male-sterile cultivars. Three different pollen shapes were observed among the cultivars: prolate, perprolate, and sub-prolate. The ultrastructure of the pollen grains did not differ between male-fertile and male-sterile cultivars. Intine, exine and total wall thickness (exine + intine) of pollen grains were determined as: 83.2 – 153.1 nm, 432.8 – 520.0 nm, and 516.0 – 651.6 nm, respectively; and variations were significant (P ≤ 0.05) among cultivars. The percentages of in vitro germination of pollen grains of male-fertile cultivars were between 11 – 78%, and the variations among cultivars were significant (P ≤ 0.05). The percentages of empty pollen grains observed among cultivars ranged from 3 – 32%. The correlation coefficient between the percentage of normal pollen and the germination rate was r = 0.898 (P ≤ 0.01).