Direct-fed microbial: Animal nutrition and reproduction responses

<正>Manipulating the gastrointestinal microbial ecosystem to enhance animal performance and reproductive responses has been one of the main goals of animal science researchers and veterinarians.Recent restrictions to the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters led researchers to seek alternative practices that can show promise both from the standpoint of efficacy as well as from the practical and economic aspects.     

高职高专畜禽营养与饲料课程教学改革的探讨

畜禽营养与饲料是高职高专院校畜牧等专业开发的一门重要的专业基础课．是教导学生从一般基础知识进入专业实践技能培养的桥梁,有助于学生掌握各种专业知识和技能。学生对本课程理论知识和实践技能掌握得好坏,直接影响到其他课程的学习,影响学生专业技能的掌握。对该课程主要是从课程体系、教学内容、教学方法和手段、考核体系、实践教学环节等方面进行改革。     

《家畜繁殖学》课件在教学中的应用效果

<家畜繁殖学>是高等农业院校中动物科学及其相关专业的专业基础课,也是畜牧兽医及其相关专业的专业选修课,为学生将来从事畜牧业生产和研究及相关方面的工作奠定基础.本课程主要包括家畜繁殖生理和繁殖技术两大部分,绝大部分内容以实验为基础,以家畜生殖生理为研究基点,覆盖面宽,教学效果影响较大.由于本课程的特殊性及家畜繁殖材料和实验条件的限制,使学生对家畜生殖生理过程和繁殖技术不能很好的认识、理解和掌握,容易造成学习障碍.     

LabBase: Development and validation of an innovative food microbial growth responses database

The ability to monitor the results of research on food safety could help the food industry to design safe foods and to control reliably their stability during the stages of processing and distribution. However, due to the large volume of data and information that exists in the international literature, the specific (and necessary) knowledge for making decisions on the safety of certain foods is difficult to glean, or such a process is only possible with the help of experienced scientific staff. Therefore, a systematic recording of such research data in food databases is required, allowing the user to find quickly and easily the requested information (e.g. depending on the food product or the production conditions and distribution). The user would have the ability to compare different foods or to perform scenarios of food manufacturing and distribution. This paper introduces a novel food microbial growth responses database, called LabBase that satisfies the above requirements, supported by innovative application software, designed for scientific and industrial use.     

Direct-fed microbes: A tool for improving the utilization of low quality roughages in ruminants

For many years, ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists have been interested in manipulating the microbial ecosystem of the rumen to improve production efficiency of different ruminant species. Removal and restriction of antibiotics subtherapeutic uses from ruminant diets has amplified interest in improving nutrient utilization and animal performance and search for more safe alternatives. Some bacterial and fungal microorganisms as a direct-fed microbial(DFM) can be the most suitable solutions. Microorganisms that are commonly used in DFM for ruminants may be classified mainly as lactic acid producing bacteria(LAB), lactic acid utilizing bacteria(LUB), or other microorganism's species like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Propionibacterium, Megasphaera elsdenii and Prevotellabryantii, in addition to some fungal species of yeast such as Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. A definitive mode of action for bacterial or fungal DFM has not been established; although a variety of mechanisms have been suggested. Bacterial DFM potentially moderate rumen conditions, and improve weight gain and feed efficiency. Fungal DFM may reduce harmful oxygen from the rumen, prevent excess lactate production, increase feed digestibility, and alter rumen fermentation patterns. DFM may also compete with and inhibit the growth of pathogens, immune system modulation, and modulate microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract. Improved dry matter intake, milk yield, fat corrected milk yield and milk fat content were obtained with DFM administration. However, the response to DFM is not constant; depending on dosages, feeding times and frequencies, and strains of DFM. Nonetheless, recent studies have supported the positive effects of DFM on ruminant performance.     

补充营养对切割潜蝇茧蜂的生长发育与繁殖的影响

结果表明,切割潜蝇茧蜂对4种处理的补充营养选择性表现为:20%(体积分数)蜜水>纯蜜>番石榴汁>清水.补充不同营养后,切割潜蝇茧蜂子代繁蜂数量存在极显著差异,表明补充不同营养会对其生殖机能产生不同影响.综合考虑繁蜂量、发育历期以及体形指标,20%(体积分数)蜜水+0.01g.mL-1酵母粉是最佳的营养组合.     

Direct-fed microbes:A tool for improving the utilization of low quality roughages in ruminants

For many years, ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists have been interested in manipulating the microbial ecosystem of the rumen to improve production efficiency of different ruminant species. Removal and restriction of antibiotics subtherapeutic uses from ruminant diets has amplified interest in improving nutrient utilization and animal performance and search for more safe alternatives. Some bacterial and fungal microorganisms as a direct-fed microbial(DFM) can be the most suitable solutions. Microorganisms that are commonly used in DFM for ruminants may be classified mainly as lactic acid producing bacteria(LAB), lactic acid utilizing bacteria(LUB), or other microorganism’s species like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Propionibacterium, Megasphaera elsdenii and Prevotellabryantii, in addition to some fungal species of yeast such as Saccharomyces and Aspergillus. A definitive mode of action for bacterial or fungal DFM has not been established; although a variety of mechanisms have been suggested. Bacterial DFM potentially moderate rumen conditions, and improve weight gain and feed efficiency. Fungal DFM may reduce harmful oxygen from the rumen, prevent excess lactate production, increase feed digestibility, and alter rumen fermentation patterns. DFM may also compete with and inhibit the growth of pathogens, immune system modulation, and modulate microbial balance in the gastrointestinal tract. Improved dry matter intake, milk yield, fat corrected milk yield and milk fat content were obtained with DFM administration. However, the response to DFM is not constant; depending on dosages, feeding times and frequencies, and strains of DFM. Nonetheless, recent studies have supported the positive effects of DFM on ruminant performance.     

次氯酸钠对鲜切洋葱品质与微生物多样性影响研究

为评价次氯酸钠对鲜切洋葱安全营养品质与微生物多样性的影响,采用工厂消毒鲜切蔬菜方式,用次氯酸钠消毒鲜切洋葱,分析在25℃贮藏条件下感官指标、生理生化指标、营养指标、微生物指标、风味物质和微生物多样性。研究发现,随着贮藏时间延长:鲜切洋葱感官品质下降,消毒处理组比未消毒处理组下降慢;0～4 d内未消毒组pH持续下降至4.75左右,消毒组pH值基本不变,始终保持在6.4左右;失重率逐渐上升至4%(消毒组)和4.5%(未消毒组)。消毒和未消毒鲜切洋葱POD酶活性均持续下降;鲜切洋葱Vc和类黄酮含量不断下降,4 d后消毒组Vc高于未消毒组,但类黄酮含量无显著差异;菌落总数上升,但消毒组和未消毒组无显著差异;鲜切洋葱经次氯酸钠消毒后,损失了洋葱特有的风味物质甲基丙基二硫化合物和二甲基四硫化合物,3～4 d后,未消毒和消毒组洋葱中均损失了醇类和大部分酯类芳香物质,以及洋葱特有的风味物质二丙基二硫,其中未消毒洋葱还损失了甲基丙基二硫化合物和二甲基四硫化合物,产生了具有硫臭异味的二甲基三硫醚,以及其他物质硫代丙酰胺、双酚A和棕榈酸,表明鲜切洋葱品质的下降与风味有关。洋葱中细菌的物种多样性随着贮存时间延长降低,次氯酸钠消毒可以降低洋葱中细菌物种多样性。次氯酸钠对洋葱中的细菌总数无明显变化,对洋葱中的肠细菌属和明串菌属细菌有明显抑制作用,对魏斯氏属细菌可能具有促进作用。研究结果表明,次氯酸钠可以延缓鲜切洋葱感官品质、失重率、维生素含量的降低,破坏POD酶的活性,对类黄酮含量无影响,使醇类、酯类物质与部分硫代化合物减少,产生具有硫臭异味的二甲基三硫醚。同时抑制肠细菌属和明串菌属细菌生长,对魏斯氏属细菌无抑制作用。     

Adult nutrition affects reproduction and flight performance of the invasive fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda in China

Floral resources, such as carbohydrate-rich nectar or pollen, can bolster fitness and raise reproductive output of adult lepidopterans. Here, we used laboratory experiments to assess how those plant-derived foods impact adult fecundity, reproductive physiology and flight performance of an invasive strain of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda(FAW; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China. More specifically, supplementary feeding on bee pollen and honey enhanced FAW flight duration, testis size, ovarian development, longevity and adult fecundity. FAW adults attained the longest pre-oviposition(10.8 days) and oviposition period(6.8 days) and longevity(19.2 days) on 5% acacia honey. Upon access to 2.5% acacia honey and 2.5‰ pine pollen, S. frugiperda attained the highest mating rate(79.7%), fecundity(644.9 eggs/female) and egg hatching rate(82.3%). Feeding on honey further delayed decay of male testes, while ovarian development was enhanced when female moths were allowed access to 2.5% honey and 2.5‰ pine pollen. Upon feeding on 5% honey solution, S. frugiperda engaged in flight over the longest duration(9.5 h), distance(29.9 km) and speed(3.1 km h~(–1)). Honey had a comparatively greater effect on the above parameters than pollen. Our findings help decipher FAW invasion patterns and population dynamics, facilitate the development of nutritional attractants, and contribute to integrated pest management of this newly-invasive pest in eastern Asia.     

小球藻营养液投喂轮虫效果的研究

通过小球藻营养液和活性干酵母单独或混合投喂褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)的对比试验,从轮虫的生长状况、抱卵率和怀卵量的变化,比较不同饵料及投喂方式对轮虫生长繁殖的影响,结果表明①投喂小球藻营养液和酵母的干重比为21(小球藻营养液53 g·亿个-1·d-1、酵母10 g·亿个-1·d-1)的轮虫增长密度最高;②投喂小球藻营养液和酵母的干重比为11(小球藻营养液40 g·亿个-1·d-1、酵母15 g·亿个-1·d-1)的轮虫抱卵率最高;③单独或混合投喂小球藻营养液的轮虫培养桶内水质保持良好,水色呈浅褐色,且水中颗粒状物少;④水温28C比23C时轮虫增长快、抱卵率高,但易长红色真菌和聚缩虫.     

妊娠、哺乳期饲喂不同营养水平日粮对獭兔繁殖性能的影响

妊娠、哺乳期獭兔饲喂不同营养水平日粮的 2个试验组 ,较全期饲喂同一营养水平日粮的对照组 ,对窝产仔数、初生窝重、初生个体重等没有明显影响 ,各组差异均不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;2个试验组的泌乳力、断奶窝重和成活率明显优于对照组 ,差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ,2个试验组之间差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;断奶个体重 2个试验组与对照组差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ,2个试验组之间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。     

不同碳源生物营养及处理方式对蔷薇属种子萌发的影响

按照不同施用周期对无刺狗蔷薇(Rosa canina inermis)、‘Jill Dando’、‘Many Happy Retwins’种子采用不同碳源生物营养剂进行处理,探究不同碳源营养剂及处理方式对3种植物种子萌发的影响.结果表明:3种碳素营养剂均可不同程度提高种子的萌发率;不同品种适用的碳源不同,‘Jill Dando’、无刺狗蔷薇适用蔗糖,‘Many Happy Retwins’适用可溶性淀粉;处理方式对种子萌发的影响差异显著,对于3个品种,每20 d添加1次营养剂的效果最好.     

枯草芽孢杆菌添加剂对生物絮团菌群结构和营养成分的影响

为探究枯草芽孢杆菌添加剂对生物絮团菌群结构、添加菌在絮团上的富集效果、絮团营养以及系统构建过程水质的影响。生物絮凝系统构建过程中,枯草芽孢杆菌的添加剂量分别为A组106 CFU/mL、B组105 CFU/mL、C组104 CFU/mL和D组0 CFU/mL,添加周期为3 天/次。结果表明：生物絮凝系统构建过程中,枯草芽孢杆菌添加剂量对絮团总悬浮颗粒物(Total suspended solids, TSS)、5 分钟内絮团沉降体积(Floc Volume, FV)影响显著(P＜0.05);对三态氮浓度变化趋势影响较明显;对絮团氨基酸含量、粗蛋白含量、絮团碳氮比影响显著(P＜0.05),对絮团粗脂肪,粗灰分含量影响不显著(P＞0.05);添加枯草芽孢杆菌絮团中氨基酸、粗蛋白含量高于不添加枯草芽孢杆菌组;枯草芽孢杆菌添加剂量对絮团门、属水平菌群差异物种相对丰度有显著影响(P＜0.05),增加枯草芽孢杆菌添加剂浓度,絮团中芽孢杆菌浓度也随之升高。综上所述,枯草芽孢杆菌能在生物絮团上得到有效富集,在生物絮凝系统构建过程中添加枯草芽孢杆菌能提高絮团粗蛋白和氨基酸含量,有利于为养殖对象提供蛋白源。     

微生物菌剂对番茄全有机营养栽培养分转化及产量品质的影响

【目的】筛选最佳的微生物菌剂,满足有机栽培番茄对养分的需求,为促进番茄优质高产提供参考。【方法】以巴宝莉番茄为试材,采用有机基质盆栽浇灌有机营养液的方式,设置施用7种微生物菌剂和不施微生物菌剂(对照,CK)共8个处理,分析不同处理有机基质养分含量、酶活性和蕃茄光合特性等指标,探究微生物菌剂对设施全有机番茄果实元素含量、产量和品质的影响。【结果】与对照相比,添加微生物菌剂后有机基质中碱解氮含量和番茄生育中后期速效钾含量增加,复合微生物菌剂处理后番茄果实的全氮、全磷、全钾含量显著高于其他处理;有机基质中脲酶、蔗糖酶活性分别提高16.4%～67.7%和10.2%～61.7%,番茄叶片的净光合速率增加8.0%～19.9%,叶绿素含量也显著增加,其中以复合微生物菌剂处理光合性能最优;番茄的产量增幅为7.3%～26.2%,胶冻样芽孢杆菌和复合微生物菌剂的增产效果达到20%以上;番茄果实果形指数,可溶性固形物、还原糖以及维生素C含量显著增加。【结论】微生物菌剂通过促进有机基质的养分释放及提高相关酶系活性,进而促进番茄植株的养分利用与生长能力,提高叶片的光合性能,最终表现为产量和品质的提升,其中胶冻样芽孢杆菌和复合微生物菌剂对于番茄的丰产增质效果最优,可应用于番茄的高产优质栽培。     

几种新优造型植物引种初报

通过多年的引种栽培、繁殖试验和生物学行性的观察，筛选出在花、叶、果方面都具观赏性的６种新优造型植物－－厚皮香、长柱小檗、伞房决明、金焰绣线菊、金山绣线菊和布什绣线菊。这些植物适于在杭州市区栽植。