Effects of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide on soil mineral N, pasture yield, nutrient uptake and pasture quality in a grazed pasture system

Recent lysimeter studies have demonstrated that the nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), can reduce nitrate (NO) leaching losses from cow urine patches in grazed pasture systems. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of fine particle suspension (FPS) DCD on soil mineral N components, pasture yield, nutrient uptake and pasture quality under grazed pasture conditions. A field study was conducted on the Lincoln University dairy farm, Canterbury, New Zealand, from 2002 to 2006. FPS DCD was applied to grazed pasture plots at 10 kg ha^?1 in early May in addition to applied cow urine patches at a nitrogen (N) loading rate of 1000 kg N ha^?1, with DCD reapplied in early August. Soil mineral N levels in the urine patches were monitored. Pasture yield, N and cation concentrations and uptake were measured in treatment urine patches and inter‐urine areas of the pasture. Comparisons were made with control plots which did not receive DCD. NO levels under the DCD‐treated urine patches (0–7.5 cm) were in the order of 10 kg N ha^?1 compared with 40–80 kg N ha^?1 under untreated patches, and soil ammonium (NH) levels were consistently higher under the DCD‐treated patches. The DCD significantly and consistently increased pasture yield in both the urine patches, and inter‐urine areas of the pasture in all 4 years of the trial. Mean annual dry matter (DM) yields over 4 years were inter‐urine areas, 10.3; inter‐urine + DCD, 12.4; urine, 12.4 and urine +DCD 16.0 t DM ha^?1, representing an average DM yield increase of 20 and 29% in inter‐urine and urine patch areas, respectively. On a whole paddock basis, the increase in annual DM yield resulting from DCD application was estimated to be 21%. N, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) concentrations in pasture were unaffected by treatment with DCD; however, total annual uptake of these nutrients by pasture was significantly higher in all years where DCD had been applied. Pasture DM, protein, carbohydrate, metabolizable energy and fibre levels and sward clover content were not affected by treatment with DCD. The results demonstrate the agronomic value of the DCD treatment in addition to the environmental benefits in a grazed pasture system.     

Effect of dairy manure type and supplemental synthetic fertilizer on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a grassland in Nasu,Japan

Abstract

It is well known that some fungal species are remarkably tolerant of high copper concentration, although copper is toxic to most fungi (Garraway and Evans 1984). Bedford (1936) and Jurkowska (1952) reported that Penicillium and Aspergillus species can grow in liquid media saturated or nearly saturated with copper sulfate. Okamoto and Fuwa (1974) isolated Penicillium ochro-chloron from the laboratory air, and found that the fungus was able to grow in a medium saturated with copper sulfate.     

本质素对土壤N、P转化及玉米产量的影响

研究造纸黑液中提取的木质素对土壤N、P转化及其对玉米生长和产量的影响结果表明,木质素可减缓NH4+向NO3氧化,且随其施用量的增加效果更显著.木质素与磷酸二铵混合施用效果最佳,其次为硫酸铵＞尿素.在30℃温度下培养27d,施用量为2%和5%的木质素可分别减少施尿素土壤N2O释放83%和96%;而施磷酸二铵的土壤则分别减少83%和93%.施用木质素可促进难溶性P的溶解,对作物生长极为有利.玉米盆栽试验中施用木质素的根系较发达、粗壮,平均株高、地上部和地下部的鲜物质量和干物质量均高于不施木质素的处理.木质素用量为50μg/g和200μg/g时玉米籽粒产量分别提高4.2%和18.8%.     

Fluxes of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from experimental excreta patches in boreal agricultural soil

Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were measured from experimental dung and urine patches placed on boreal pasture soil during two growing seasons and one autumn period until soil freezing. N₂O emissions in situ were studied by a static chamber method. NO was measured with a dynamic chamber method using a NO analyser in situ. Mean emissions from the control plots were 47.6±4.5 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹ and 12.6±1.6 μg NON m⁻² h⁻¹. N₂O and NO emissions from urine plots (132±21.2 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹ and 51.9±7.6 μg NON m⁻² h⁻¹) were higher than those from dung plots (110.0±20.1 μg N₂ON m⁻² h⁻¹ and 14.7±2.1 μg NON m⁻² h⁻¹). There was a large temporal variation in N₂O and NO emissions. Maximum N₂O emissions were measured a few weeks after dung or urine application, whereas the maximum NO emissions were detected the following year. NO was responsible on average 14% (autumn) and 34% (summer) of total (NO+N₂O)N emissions from the pasture soil. NO emissions increased with increasing soil temperature and with decreasing soil moisture. N₂O emissions increased with increasing soil moisture, but did not correlate with soil temperature. Therefore we propose that N₂O and NO were produced mainly during different microbial processes, i.e., nitrification and denitrification, respectively. The results show that the overall conditions and mechanism especially for emissions of NO are still poorly understood but that there are differences in the mechanisms regulating N₂O and NO production.     

The effect of reduced tillage on nitrous oxide emissions of silt loam soils

The effect of reduced tillage (RT) on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions of soils from fields with root crops under a temperate climate was studied. Three silt loam fields under RT agriculture were compared with their respective conventional tillage (CT) field with comparable crop rotation and manure application. Undisturbed soil samples taken in September 2005 and February 2006 were incubated under laboratory conditions for 10 days. The N₂O emission of soils taken in September 2005 varied from 50 to 1,095 μg N kg⁻¹ dry soil. The N₂O emissions of soils from the RT fields taken in September 2005 were statistically (P < 0.05) higher or comparable than the N₂O emissions from their respective CT soil. The N₂O emission of soils taken in February 2006 varied from 0 to 233 μg N kg⁻¹ dry soil. The N₂O emissions of soils from the RT fields taken in February 2006 tended to be higher than the N₂O emissions from their respective CT soil. A positive and significant Pearson correlation of the N₂O–N emissions with nitrate nitrogen (NO₃ ⁻–N) content in the soil was found (P < 0.01). Leaving the straw on the field, a typical feature of RT, decreased NO₃ ⁻–N content of the soil and reduced N₂O emissions from RT soils.     

Contribution of denitrification and autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification to nitrous oxide production in andosols

To quantify the contribution of denitrification and autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification to N₂O production in Andosols with a relatively high organic matter content, we first examined the effect of C₂H₂ concentrations on N₂O production and on changes in mineral N contents. The optimum C₂H₂ concentration for inhibiting autotrophic nitrification was 10 Pa. Secondly, and Andosol taken from an arable field was incubated for 32 days at 30°C at 60, 80, and 100% water-holding capacity with or without the addition of NH ₄ ⁺ or NO _inf3 ^sup- (200 mg N kg^-1), and subsamples collected every 4–8 days were further incubated for 24 h with or without C₂H₂ (10 Pa). At 60 and 80% water-holding capacity with NH ₄ ⁺ added, 87–92% of N₂O produced (200–250 g N₂O–N kg^-1) was derived from autotrophic nitrification. In contrast, at 100% water-holding capacity with or without added NO _inf3 ^sup- , enormous amounts of N₂O (29–90 mg N₂O–N kg^-1) were produced rapidly, mostly by denitrification (96–98% of total production). Thirdly, to examine N₂O production by heterotrophic nitrification, the Andosol was amended with peptone or NH ₄ ⁺ (both 1000 mg N kg^-1)+citric acid (20 g C kg^-1) and with or without dicyandiamide (200 mg N kg^-1). Treatment with citric acid alone or with citric acid+dicyandiamide suppressed N₂O production. In contrast, peptone increased N₂O production (5.66 mg N₂O–N kg^-1) mainly by denitrification (80% of total production). However, dicyandiamide reduced N₂O production to 1.1 mg N₂O–N kg^-1. These results indicate that autotrophic nitrification was the main process for N₂O production except at 100% water-holding capacity where denitrification became dominant and that heterotrophic nitrification had a lesser importance in the soils examine.Dedicated to Professor J. C. G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Biodegradable PASP can effectively inhibit nitrification,moderate NH3 emission,and promote crop yield

Polyaspartic acid (PASP) is a low-cost, environmentally friendly, and multifunctional polymer material. The knowledge regarding the effects of PASPs, especially the PASPs with a different molecular weight (MW), on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), ammonia (NH₃) volatilization and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission in crop fields is scarce. In this study, maize pot experiments were conducted to evaluate three types of PASPs with different MW. Five treatments were designed: (1) application of chemical phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer (PK), (2) PK plus urea (NPK), (3) NPK plus PASP-1 (PASPT1, MW: 5517), (4) NPK plus PASP-2 (PASPT2, MW: 6934), and (5) NPK plus PASP-3 (PASPT3, MW: 7568). The yield indicators of crop height, straw dry weight and 100-grain weight showed that PASP application improved the crop growth. In PASP3, NUE reached 46.1%, almost double of that in NPK (28.6%). Moreover, there were significantly less N losses in the forms of NH₃ volatilization and NO₂ emission following PASP amendment than regular urea application. Another positive impact revealed that PASP inhibited the transformation of NH₄⁺-N to NO₃^–N. Among the three PASPs, PASP-3 with the highest MW overall presented optimal effects, implying that MW was a major driving factor for PASP performance on maize production.     

Effects of urease and nitrification inhibitors added to urea on nitrous oxide emissions from a loess soil

Urea fertilizer‐induced N₂O emissions from soils might be reduced by the addition of urease and nitrification inhibitors. Here, we investigated the effect of urea granule (2–3 mm) added with a new urease inhibitor, a nitrification inhibitor, and with a combined urease inhibitor and nitrification inhibitor on N₂O emissions. For comparison, the urea granules supplied with or without inhibitors were also used to prepare corresponding supergranules. The pot experiments without vegetation were conducted with a loess soil at (20 ± 2)°C and 67% water‐filled pore space. Urea was added at a dose of 86 kg N ha^–1 by surface application, by soil mixing of prills (<1 mm) and granules, and by point‐placement of supergranules (10 mm) at 5 cm soil depth. A second experiment was conducted with spring wheat grown for 70 d in a greenhouse. The second experiment included the application of urea prills and granules mixed with soil, the point‐placement of supergranules and the addition of the urease inhibitor, and the combined urease plus nitrification inhibitors at 88 kg N ha^–1. In both experiments, maximum emissions of N₂O appeared within 2 weeks after fertilization. In the pot experiments, N₂O emissions after surface application of urea were less (0.45% to 0.48% of total fertilization) than from the application followed by mixing of the soil (0.54% to 1.14%). The N₂O emissions from the point‐placed‐supergranule treatment amounted to 0.64% of total fertilization. In the pot experiment, the addition of the combined urease plus nitrification inhibitors, nitrification inhibitor, and urease inhibitor reduced N₂O emissions by 79% to 87%, 81% to 83%, and 15% to 46%, respectively, at any size of urea application. Also, the N₂O emissions from the surface application of the urease‐inhibitor treatment exceeded those of the granules mixed with soil and the point‐placed‐supergranule treatments receiving no inhibitors by 32% to 40%. In the wheat growth experiment, the N₂O losses were generally smaller, ranging from 0.16% to 0.27% of the total fertilization, than in the pot experiment, and the application of the urease inhibitor and the combined urease plus nitrification inhibitors decreased N₂O emissions by 23% to 59%. The point‐placed urea supergranule without inhibitors delayed N₂O emissions up to 7 weeks but resulted in slightly higher emissions than application of the urease inhibitor and the urease plus nitrification inhibitors under cropped conditions. Our results imply that the application of urea fertilizer added with the combined urease and nitrification inhibitors can substantially reduce N₂O emissions.     

区分土壤中硝化与反硝化对N2O产生贡献的方法

土壤是产生N₂O的最主要来源之一。硝化和反硝化反应是产生N₂O的主要机理，由于硝化和反硝化微生物同时存在于土壤中，因而硝化和反硝化作用能同时产生N₂O。N₂O的来源可通过使用选择性抑制剂，杀菌剂以及加入的标记底物确定。通过对生成N₂O反应的每一步分析，主要从抑制反应发生的催化酶和细菌着手，总结了测量区分硝化、反硝化和DNRA反应对N₂O产生的贡献方法。并对¹⁵N标记底物法，乙炔抑制法和环境因子抑制法作了详细介绍。     

Nitrate leaching,nitrous oxide emission and N use efficiency of aerobic rice under different N application strategy

A field study was conducted in the sub-humid tropical region of India to examine the effect of different nitrogen (N) management strategies on nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission and N use efficiency in aerobic rice. Treatments were: control (no N), 120 kg N ha^?1 applied as prilled urea (PU) in conventional method, 120 kg N ha^?1 applied as neem coated urea (NCU) in conventional method, N applied as PU on the basis of leaf colour chart (LCC) reading, N applied as NCU on the basis of LCC reading, and 120 kg N ha^?1 applied as PU and farm yard manure (FYM) in 1:1 ratio. Results showed that 3.4–16.1 kg NO₃-N ha^?1 was leached below 45 cm depth and 0.61–1.12 kg N₂O-N ha^?1 was emitted from aerobic rice during the growing season. NCU when applied conventionally reduced nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching and N₂O emission by 18.6% and 21.4%, respectively However when applied on the basis of LCC reading NCU reduced NO₃-N leaching by 39.8% as compared to PU applied in conventional method. NCU when applied on the basis of LCC reading synchronized N supply with demand and reduced N loss, which resulted in higher yield and N use efficiency.     

Transitioning from standard to minimum tillage: Trade-offs between soil organic matter stabilization, nitrous oxide emissions, and N availability in irrigated cropping systems

Few studies address nutrient cycling during the transition period (e.g., 1–4 years following conversion) from standard to some form of conservation tillage. This study compares the influence of minimum versus standard tillage on changes in soil nitrogen (N) stabilization, nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, short-term N cycling, and crop N use efficiency 1 year after tillage conversion in conventional (i.e., synthetic fertilizer-N only), low-input (i.e., alternating annual synthetic fertilizer- and cover crop-N), and organic (i.e., manure- and cover crop-N) irrigated, maize–tomato systems in California. To understand the mechanisms governing N cycling in these systems, we traced ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer/cover crop into the maize grain, whole soil, and three soil fractions: macroaggregates (>250 μm), microaggregates (53–250 μm) and silt-and-clay (<53 μm). We found a cropping system effect on soil N_new (i.e., N derived from ¹⁵N-fertilizer or -¹⁵N-cover crop), with 173 kg N_new ha⁻¹ in the conventional system compared to 71.6 and 69.2 kg N_new ha⁻¹ in the low-input and organic systems, respectively. In the conventional system, more N_new was found in the microaggregate and silt-and-clay fractions, whereas, the N_new of the organic and low-input systems resided mainly in the macroaggregates. Even though no effect of tillage was found on soil aggregation, the minimum tillage systems showed greater soil fraction-N_new than the standard tillage systems, suggesting greater potential for N stabilization under minimum tillage. Grain-N_new was also higher in the minimum versus standard tillage systems. Nevertheless, minimum tillage led to the greatest N₂O emissions (39.5 g N₂O–N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹) from the conventional cropping system, where N turnover was already the fastest among the cropping systems. In contrast, minimum tillage combined with the low-input system (which received the least N ha⁻¹) produced intermediate N₂O emissions, soil N stabilization, and crop N use efficiency. Although total soil N did not change after 1 year of conversion from standard to minimum tillage, our use of stable isotopes permitted the early detection of interactive effects between tillage regimes and cropping systems that determine the trade-offs among N stabilization, N₂O emissions, and N availability.     

追氮方式对夏玉米土壤N2O和NH3排放的影响

【目的】研究氮肥与硝化抑制剂撒施及条施覆土三种追施氮肥方式下土壤N2O和NH3排放规律、 O2浓度及土壤NH4+-N、 NO2--N和NO3--N的时空动态,揭示追氮方式对两种重要环境气体排放的影响及机制。【方法】试验设置3个处理: 1)农民习惯追氮方式撒施(BC); 2)撒施添加10%的硝化抑制剂(BC+DCD); 3) 条施后覆土(Band)。 3个处理均在施肥后均匀灌水20 mm。在夏玉米十叶期追施氮肥后的15天(2014年7月23日至8月8日)进行田间原位连续动态观测,并在玉米成熟期测定产量及吸氮量。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O排放量,土壤气体平衡管-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O浓度,PVC管-通气法测定土壤NH3挥发,土壤气体平衡管-泵吸式O2浓度测定仪测定土壤O2浓度。【结果】农民习惯追氮方式N2O排放量为N 395 g/hm2,NH3挥发损失为N 22.9 kg/hm2,同时还导致土壤在一定程度上积累了NO2--N。与习惯追氮方式相比,添加硝化抑制剂显著减少N2O排放89.4%,使NH3挥发略有增加,未造成土壤NO2--N的累积。条施覆土使土壤N2O排放量显著增加将近1倍,但使NH3挥发显著减少69.4%,同时造成施肥后土壤局部高NO2--N累积。条施覆土的施肥条带上土壤NO2--N含量与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关。土壤气体的O2和N2O浓度受土壤含水量控制,当土壤WFPS大于60%时,020 cm土层中的O2浓度明显降低,而N2O浓度增加,土壤N2O浓度和土壤O2浓度间呈极显著负相关。各处理地上部产量及总吸氮量差异不显著。【结论】土壤NO2--N的累积与铵态氮肥施肥方式密切相关,NO2--N的累积能够促进土壤N2O的排放,且在条施覆土时达到显著水平(P0.05)。追氮方式对N2O和NH3两种气体的排放存在某种程度的此消彼长,添加硝化抑制剂在减少N2O排放的同时会增加NH3挥发,条施覆土在显著减少NH3挥发的同时会显著增加土壤N2O排放。在条施覆土基础上添加硝化抑制剂,有可能同时降低N2O排放和NH3挥发损失,此推论值得进一步研究。     

Relationships between soil moisture content and nitrous oxide production during nitrification and denitrification

Summary The effect of soil water content [60%–100% water-holding capacity (WHC)] on N₂O production during autotrophic nitrification and denitrification in a loam soil was studied in a laboratory experiment by selectively inhibiting nitrification with a low C₂H₂ concentration (2.1 Pa). Nitrifiers usually produced more N₂O than denitrifiers. During an initial experimental period of 0–6 days the nitrifiers produced more N₂O than the denitrifiers by a factor ranging from 1.4 to 16.5, depending on the water content and length of incubation. The highest N₂O production rate by nitrifiers was observed at 90% WHC, when the soil had become partly anaerobic, as indicated by the high denitrification rate. At 100% WHC there were large gaseous losses from denitrification, while nitrification losses were smaller except for the first period of measurement, when there was still some O₂ remaining in the soil. The use of 10 kPa C₂H₂ to inhibit reduction of N₂O to N₂ stimulated the denitrification process during prolonged incubation over several days; thus the method is unsuitable for long-term studies.     

Background level of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere in relation to flux from soil

According to Broadbent and Clark (3), there are numerous data indicating that denitrification leads to the emission of N₂O together with N₂, whereby loss of N is developed from soils. Nitrous oxide is also released from soils to the atmosphere during the nitrification of ammonium and ammonium-producing fertilizers under aerobic conditions (1). Relatively few attempts have been made to directly measure N₂O evolution under field conditions (6, 7, 10–12), although a number of laboratory studies have been reported. These studies are essential for determining the N balance between additions and losses of soil N.     

Fluxes and production pathways of nitrous oxide in different types of tropical forest soils in Thailand

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the soil surface of five different forest types in Thailand were measured using the closed chamber method. Soil samples were also taken to study the N₂O production pathways. The monthly average emissions (±SD, n?=?12) of N₂O from dry evergreen forest (DEF), hill evergreen forest (HEF), moist evergreen forest (MEF), mixed deciduous forest (MDF) and acacia reforestation (ARF) were 13.0?±?8.2, 5.7?±?7.1, 1.2?±?12.1, 7.3?±?8.5 and 16.7?±?9.2?µg N m^?2 h^?1, respectively. Large seasonal variations in fluxes were observed. Emission was relatively higher during the wet season than during the dry season, indicating that soil moisture and denitrification were probably the main controlling factors. Net N₂O uptake was also observed occasionally. Laboratory studies were conducted to further investigate the influence of moisture and the N₂O production pathways. Production rates at 30% water holding capacity (WHC) were 3.9?±?0.2, 0.5?±?0.06 and 0.87?±?0.01?ng N₂O-nitrogen (N) g-dw^?1day^?1 in DEF, HEF and MEF respectively. At 60% WHC, N₂O production rates in DEF, HEF and MEF soils increased by factors of 68, 9 and 502, respectively. Denitrification was found to be the main N₂O production pathway in these soils except in MEF.     

Nitrate removal from drained and reflooded fen soils affected by soil N transformation processes and plant uptake

Knowledge about nitrate transformation processes and how they are affected by different plants is essential in order to reduce the loss of valuable N fertiliser as well as to prevent environmental pollution due to nitrate leaching or N₂O emission after fertilisation or the reflooding of degraded fens with nitrate-containing municipal sewage. Therefore four microcosm ¹⁵N tracer experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of common wetland plants (Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis) combined with different soil moisture conditions (from dry to reflooded) on nitrate turnover processes. At the end of experiment, the total formation of gaseous N compounds was calculated using the ¹⁵N balance method. In two experiments (wet and reflooded soil conditions) the N₂O and N₂ emissions were also directly determined.Our results show that in degraded fen soils, which process mainly takes place—denitrification or transformation into organic N compounds—is determined by the soil moisture conditions. Under dry soil moisture conditions (water filled pore space: 31%) up to 80% of the ¹⁵N nitrate added was transformed into organic N compounds. This transformation process is not affected by plant growth. Under reflooded conditions (water filled pore space: 100%), the total gaseous N losses were highest (77-95% of the ¹⁵N-nitrate added) and the transformation into organic N compounds was very low (1.8% of ¹⁵N nitrate added). Under almost all soil conditions plant growth reduced the N losses by 20-25% of the ¹⁵N nitrate added due to plant uptake. The N₂ emissions exceeded the N₂O emissions by a factor of 10-20 in planted soil, and as much as 30 in unplanted soil. In the treatments planted with Phragmites australis, N₂O emission was about two times higher than in the corresponding unplanted treatment. 15% of the N₂O and N₂ formed was transported via the Phragmites shoots from the soil into the atmosphere. By contrast, Phalaris arundinacea did not affect N₂O emissions and no emission via the shoots was observed.     

温室栽培条件下N2O排放量和浓度分布对肥料和施肥的短期响应

In vegetable cultivation, the majority of N2O emissions occur after fertilization; it is therefore important to understand any factors contributing to this process. An experiment was conducted to investigate short-term N2O dynamics following topdressing in a greenhouse vegetable field in South China. During two topdressing processes, three different urea-N treatments with irrigation were conducted in May and June in a tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) cultivation. The N2O fluxes, soil concentration profiles and soil environments at the 0-60 cm depths at 10 cm intervals were measured both immediately prior to and 5 days after topdressing. The N2O fluxes before topdressing ranged from 6.7±2.1 to 55.0±28.8 μ g N m 2 h 1 ; even higher numbers were recorded in highly fertilized plots. The NO3-N accumulation in the soil caused by vegetable cultivation during the 5 years prior to the start of the experiment, resulted in high background N2O fluxes. One day after topdressing (1 DAT) in May and June, N2O fluxes increased, which coincided with sharp increases in soil N2O concentrations at depths of 2.5 and 15 cm and in NO3-N and NH+4 -N contents at depths of 0-20 cm. From 1 to 5 DAT, fluctuations in the N2O fluxes did not harmonize with the N2O concentrations at a depth of 2.5 cm, which was attributed to different gas diffusion rates at depths of 0-10 cm. These results suggested that surface soil N and environmental conditions were crucial for determining the short-term N2O ebullitions during topdressing in greenhouse vegetable cultivation.     

Effects of rate and depth of fertilizer application on emission of nitrous oxide from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia

Summary Field studies to determine the effect of different rates of fertilization on emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia showed that the fertilizer-induced emission of N₂O-N in 116 days increased from 1.22 to 4.09 kg ha^–1 as the rate of anhydrous ammonia N application was increased from 75 to 450 kg ha^–1. When expressed as a percentage of the N applied, the fertilizer-induced emission of N₂O-N in 116 days decreased from 1.6% to 0.9% as the rate of fertilizer N application was increased from 75 to 450 kg N ha^–1. The data obtained showed that a 100% increase in the rate of application of anhydrous ammonia led to about a 60% increase in the fertilizer-induced emission of N₂O.Field studies to determine the effect of depth of fertilizer injection on emission of N₂O from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia showed that the emission of N₂O-N in 156 days induced by injection of 112 kg anhydrous ammonia N ha^–1 at a depth of 30 cm was 107% and 21 % greater than those induced by injection of the same amount of N at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm, respectively. The effect of depth of application of anhydrous ammonia on emission of N₂O was less when this fertilizer was applied at a rate of 225 kg N ha^–1.     

典型菜地土壤剖面N2O、CH4与CO2分布特征研究

为探究菜地土壤剖面N2O、CH4与CO2时空分布特征,利用地下气体原位采集系统与气相色谱法,周年动态监测3种典型菜地,即休闲裸地、轮作地Ⅰ(芹菜?空心菜?小白菜?苋菜)以及轮作地Ⅱ(菜心?芹菜?空心菜?大青菜)7 cm、15 cm、30 cm与50 cm土层N2O、CH4与CO2浓度变化。结果表明,0~50 cm土层范围内,N2O、CH4与CO2 3种气体浓度周年变异性较大,变幅分别为0.63~1 657.0μL(N2O)?L?1、0.8~72.5μL(CH4)?L?1和0.41~36.6 m L(CO2)?L?1。轮作地Ⅰ与轮作地Ⅱ的N2O平均浓度随土壤深度增加而增加,休闲裸地则呈现先增加(0~30 cm)后降低(30~50 cm)的变化趋势。两种轮作菜地4个土层N2O平均浓度均显著高于休闲裸地,二者氮肥施用量不同并未造成相同土层间N2O平均浓度的显著差异。3种菜地CH4与CO2平均浓度均呈现50 cm30 cm15 cm7 cm的梯度特征。轮作地Ⅰ与轮作地Ⅱ0~15 cm土层CH4平均浓度均大于休闲裸地,而在15~50 cm土层则分别大于和小于休闲裸地。CO2浓度呈现明显的季节性变化,除轮作地Ⅰ50 cm土层外,两种轮作菜地其他土层CO2平均浓度均小于休闲裸地对应土层。可见,蔬菜地高氮肥施用、多频次耕作等复杂管理使得N2O、CH4与CO2表现出较大的时空变异特征,其中氮肥施用对N2O的影响大于CH4与CO2,CH4受施肥与耕作的影响均较小,CO2显著受土壤温度与耕作措施的影响,在此基础上需进一步探究N2O、CH4与CO2的其他影响因素。