喷灌农田小气候变化及其对作物生长影响的研究进展

喷灌对田间小气候和作物生长的研究综述与分析认为：喷灌水滴蒸发和冠层截留蒸发是喷灌能够调节农田小气候的主要原因，喷灌水滴蒸发量一般小于25％，冠层截留一般在1％－42％的范围内，喷灌农田冠层温度降低，湿度增大，在寒冷季节，通过喷灌可改善作物冠层的热量状况，喷灌后田间作物光合速度提高，蒸腾强度降低，最终表现为喷灌条件作物耗水量较小，产量和水分利用效率较高，作物冠层的截留水量是喷灌能够长时间调节田间小气候的主要原因之一，进一步研究冠层截留水量在冠层内的分配，存储，冠层内的水汽交换，温湿度变化，冠层内水分的消散过程，喷灌后温湿度的空间分布等，将会更加清楚的解释喷灌条件下的作物耗水量和水分利用效率。     

喷灌条件下冬小麦最佳水肥管理模式试验研究

为探讨喷灌条件下冬小麦水肥综合管理模式,采用二次回归正交设计方法安排试验方案,建立了作物产量与水肥关系经验公式,并提出了喷灌条件下最佳水肥管理模式。     

喷灌和地面灌溉条件下冬小麦的生长过程差异分析

采用作物生长分析的方法,研究了喷灌和地面灌溉条件下冬小麦生长动态的变化规律。结果表明:与对照地面灌溉相比,在分蘖~抽穗期,喷灌条件下冬小麦的生物产量较小,抽穗后,喷灌有利于植株对干物质的积累,成熟时其生物产量比地面灌溉条件下高8.9%;在分蘖~拔节期,净同化率较低,孕穗~成熟期比地面灌溉高15.7%~30.9%;从第一次灌水处理至成熟,群体生长率平均比地面灌溉高10.1%;在生长前期(分蘖~孕穗期)叶面积指数增长较慢,在生长后期(抽穗~成熟期)叶面积指数衰减率低,从而使生长后期的叶面积持续时间比地面灌溉高15.5d。综上所述,喷灌对冬小麦群体生长的影响具有前控后促的特点,其生长优势主要表现在生长后期。考种结果显示,喷灌条件下冬小麦的结实率、千粒重、产量分别较地面灌溉提高了5.9%、2.8%、11.3%,二者差异显著。     

喷灌与地面灌溉冬小麦干物质积累、分配和运转的比较研究

以中优9507为材料,采用大田试验的方法,研究了喷灌和地面灌溉条件下冬小麦干物质积累、分配和运转状况。试验结果表明:与对照地面灌溉相比,在冬小麦生长的中前期(分蘖期～拔节期),喷灌条件下冬小麦地上部干物质总量较小,但是在冬小麦生长的中后期(抽穗期～成熟期),喷灌有利于植株对干物质的积累,其干物质总量明显高于地面灌溉条件下;在抽穗前,喷灌和地面灌溉条件下各器官干物质的分配率差异不显著,在抽穗后的灌浆期,喷灌条件下叶片、籽粒中的干物质分配率提高,其茎鞘的干物质分配率则降低;喷灌条件下叶片、颖壳、茎鞘贮藏物质的转化率均低于地面灌溉,其抽穗后生产的干物质对籽粒的贡献率较地面灌溉显著提高;喷灌条件下冬小麦的结实率、千粒重、产量分别较地面灌溉提高了5.9%1、.23 g、491.4 kg/hm2,差异在处理间均显著;喷灌条件下冬小麦的耗水量小于地面灌溉,水分利用效率高于地面灌溉。     

喷灌条件下冬小麦冠层温度的试验研究

研究了喷灌条件下冬小麦冠层温度在不同土壤水分条件下的变化规律及其随作物生长发育期的变化状况。结果表明．在喷灌条件下,冠层温度的变化规律同普通灌溉的变化规律基本相同。当灌水量达一定程度后,冠层温度不再下降,反而呈现上升趋势;土壤水分对冠层温度的影响程度相对减小,不为主要决定因子;对于冬小麦．．当灌溉量增加到一定程度时,反而不利于冬小麦的生长,水分利用效率也下降,在灌足底墒水和返青、拔节期均灌溉的情况下,小麦生长期间每次灌水量不宜过大,以每次灌水量不超过300m^3／hm^3为宜。     

喷灌冬小麦农田土壤水分分布特征及水量平衡

以传统地面灌溉(畦灌)为对照,分析了喷灌条件下,冬小麦农田土壤水分分布特征和水量平衡。结果表明:喷灌条件下土壤水分运动表现出明显的非饱和土壤水运动特征,地面灌溉条件下土壤水分运动具有饱和土壤水运动的特征。喷灌条件下灌溉水主要分布在土壤表层0~50 cm范围内,地面灌溉条件下灌溉水可达地表以下150 cm处。喷灌条件下,没有明显的土壤水分渗漏发生;地面灌溉条件下,土壤水分渗漏量占灌溉水量的10%左右。2003年和2004年试验期间,喷灌蒸散量分别为312.2 mm和324.4 mm,分别比地面灌溉蒸散量少13.1 mm和35.1mm。     

喷灌条件下冬小麦灌浆期叶水势日变化及其影响因子研究

研究了冬小麦灌浆期叶水势在喷灌和地面灌溉(对照)条件下的日变化规律, 并探讨了其与农田生态因子(冠层空气温度、冠层空气相对湿度)和生理因子(气孔导度、蒸腾速率、细胞间隙 CO2浓度和光合速率)之间的关系.结果表明:与对照相比,喷灌条件下叶水势日变化曲线的变化趋势没有改变,但两种灌溉方式下叶水势的大小有显著差异,喷灌条件下冬小麦叶水势明显高于地面灌溉,在一天中8∶00～18∶00期间的不同时刻,两种灌溉方式下叶水势的差异大小表现为:在灌浆前期,喷灌和地面灌溉条件下叶水势的差异以在 8∶00时最大;在灌浆中期,差异以12∶00～16∶00期间最大;在灌浆后期,两种灌溉方式下一天中各时刻的差异微小,相对稳定.喷灌条件下冬小麦叶水势日变化的影响因子与地面灌溉条件下相比没有改变:灌浆前期,叶水势日变化均主要受生态因子冠层空气相对湿度、冠层空气温度的影响;灌浆中期,主要受生态因子冠层空气相对湿度、冠层空气温度和生理因子蒸腾速率的影响;灌浆后期,主要受生理因子光合速率的影响.但喷灌条件下各影响因子对叶水势的影响程度较地面灌溉条件下降低,表明喷灌条件下叶水势对影响因子变化的敏感性降低.     

作物冠层对喷灌水分分布影响的研究进展

喷灌水分到达冠层以后,经过冠层的截留和水分再分配过程,主要以两种方式到达地面,即穿过冠层直接落入土壤和通过叶片的集水,然后以茎秆为通道流入土壤.以不同方式进入土壤中的水量与作物的种类、冠层结构、种植密度,以及喷灌系统和喷灌时的农田小气候等因素有关.本文根据喷灌水分在农田的分布特点,把喷灌系统和作物结合起来,提出了喷灌有效灌水均匀系数的概念.该系数能综合反映灌溉水经过冠层再分配过程以后,田间水分的有效性.     

喷灌冬小麦农田土壤NO-3-N分布特征及作物吸氮规律

以传统地面灌溉（畦灌）为对照，2002～2003和2003～2004两个生产年度田间试验分析喷灌对冬小麦农田土壤NO3^-—N分布和作物吸氮的影响。试验结果表明：喷灌与地面灌溉相比，土壤NO3^-—N含量蜂值迁移较浅，土壤NO3^--N主要分布在冬小麦主要根系分布层0～40cm土层内。与喷灌相比，在冬小麦根系层下部，地面灌溉土壤NO3^-N存在不同程度的累积。试验期间地面灌溉土壤NO3^-—N累积淋失量分别为8．68kg／hm^2和7．70kg／hm^2，喷灌条件下没有明显的土壤NO3^-—N淋失，最大累积淋失量只有地面灌溉条件下的3％。2003和2004年喷灌冬小麦地上部分吸氮量分别为235．7kg／hm^2和161，7kg／hm^2，分别比地面灌溉高7．0kg／hm^2和34．7kg/hm^2。与地面灌溉相比，喷灌有利于冬小麦后期吸收氮素，喷灌不同生育期冬小麦吸氮量年际之间的差异都小于地面灌溉。     

不同灌溉模式下夏玉米产量形成特点

为了筛选限水灌溉条件下较优的灌溉集成模式, 挖掘夏玉米高产潜力, 明确其高产的生理特性, 2015—2016年在河北藁城采用灌溉施肥方式（微喷灌和管灌）×密度（6.3×10⁴、7.8×10⁴株·hm^-2）×收获期（9月25日和10月3日）再裂区试验, 研究了微喷灌和管灌为主的两种集成模式对夏玉米郑单958产量形成的影响。结果表明:微喷灌水肥一体化三次灌水施肥技术，改善了浅层土壤水分状况，土壤水分含量较管灌模式高5.9%～20.2%；其拔节期叶面积指数(LAI)较管灌高30.2%~44.2%, 生育后期SPAD值降低缓慢，较管灌高4.9%～5.9%，且作物生长速率（CGR）高9.0%～26.3%,这是其提高玉米千粒重和产量的主要原因, 并且收获越晚玉米微喷灌模式的增产效应越大，早收和晚收分别增产5.1%～6.0%和7.2%～10.8%。微喷灌模式高密度处理基部茎节抗倒伏指数、叶片SPAD值和CGR大多优于管灌低密度处理或与之相当，三者分别较管灌高4.0%～27.3%、-1.0%～3.7%和24.3%～37.7%。说明微喷灌模式优于管灌模式，且在此模式下增加种植密度是可行的。研究结果表明，微喷灌+增密+推迟收获时间3种技术综合应用可充分发挥玉米的增产潜力, 实现增产23.3%。     

紫花苜蓿中心支轴式喷灌灌水均匀性试验研究

为提高紫花苜蓿中心支轴式喷灌灌水均匀性及定量分析其主要影响因子,在鄂尔多斯市鄂托克前旗昂素镇示范区进行了紫花苜蓿中心支轴式喷灌灌水均匀性试验,采用基于标准差的Wilcox-Swailes均匀系数法计算了不同风速条件下的喷灌灌水均匀系数,并定量化研究了喷灌对漂移损失、冠层截留损失、漂移和冠层截留总损失以及土壤含水率的影响。结果表明:风速对喷灌灌水均匀系数影响显著,平均风速为2.57 m·s~(-1)和1.53 m·s~(-1)时均匀系数分别达到0.88和0.92,说明喷灌均匀性良好,平均风速为3.34 m·s~(-1)时均匀系数为0.72,喷灌均匀性较差;研究区喷灌灌水定额40 mm时最大土壤入渗深度为80 cm,灌水后0~40 cm土层土壤含水率的提高非常显著,新增灌水量在该土层的分配占85.0%~95.0%;风速对喷灌漂移损失影响显著,随着风速的增大漂移损失率明显提高;风速对冠层截留损失影响不如对漂移损失的影响显著,较大风速时冠层截留损失率反而较低;即使在风速较低时(1.53 m·s~(-1))紫花苜蓿分枝期喷灌漂移和冠层截留总损失率也在11.0%~15.0%,损失较大。     

Effects of the growing-maize canopy and irrigation characteristics on the ability to funnel sprinkler water

Stemflow is vital for supplying water, fertilizer, and other crop essentials during sprinkler irrigation. Exploring the spatial and temporal variations of crop stemflow and its influencing factors will be essential to preventing soil water and nutrient ion's migration to deeper layers, developing, and optimizing effective sprinkler irrigation schedules. Based on the two-year experimental data, we analyzed the variation patterns (stemflow amount, depth, rate, and funneling ratio) of maize stemflow during the growing season, and clarified its vertical distribution pattern. Meanwhile, effects of sprinkler irrigation and maize morphological parameters on stemflow were investigated. The results showed that stemflow increased gradually as maize plant grew. Specifically, stemflow was small at the pre-jointing stage and reached the maximum at the late filling stage. The upper canopy generated more stemflow than the lower canopy until the flare opening stage. After the tasseling stage, the middle canopy generated more stemflow than the other positions. Variation in canopy closure at different positions was the main factor contributing to the above difference. As sprinkler intensity increased, stemflow also increased. However, the effect of droplet size on stemflow was inconsistent. Specifically, when sprinkler intensity was less than or equal to 10 mm/h, stemflow was generated with increasing droplet size. In contrast, if sprinkler intensity was greater than or equal to 20 mm/h, stemflow tended to decreased with increasing droplet size. Compared with other morphological parameters, canopy closure significantly affected the generation of stemflow. Funneling ratio was not significantly affected by plant morphology. Based on the results of different sprinkler intensities, we developed stemflow depth versus canopy closure and stemflow rate versus canopy closure power function regression models with a high predictive accuracy. The research findings will contribute to the understanding of the processes of stemflow involving the hydro-geochemical cycle of agro-ecosystems and the implementation of cropland management practices.     

方形喷洒域变量施水精确灌溉喷头实现理论研究

在总结国内外变量施水精确灌溉喷头实现方法的基础上,对方形喷洒域变量施水精确灌溉喷头的实现条件进行了研究。通过理论分析,给出方形喷洒域变量施水精确灌溉喷头的射程、流量和转速应服从的变化规律和计算公式。指出这种喷头在组合喷洒时,为保证组合喷灌均匀性达到喷灌的技术要求,需要首先提高单喷头喷灌均匀系数。通过比较分析,得出了这种喷头的最优水量分布曲线应为类矩形的结论。研究结果为方形喷洒域变量施水精确灌溉喷头实现方法的研究提供了理论依据。     

The effect of three irrigation practices on phytophthora crown and root rot of apple trees under field conditions

The effect of microjet, drip, and two durations of sprinkler irrigation systems on phytophthora crown and root rot of apple trees was examined under field conditions. This eight year study indicates that crown and root rot caused byPhytophthora cactorum was most severe where young MM. 106 rootstock trees were watered by microjet irrigation for 2.3 h each day. There was no difference in infection byP. cactorum when trees were irrigated either by drip or sprinkler irrigation systems. The MM.106 apple rootstock trees watered by drip irrigation for 2.6 h each day were least affected by phytophthora crown and root rot.     

Non-negligible factors in low-pressure sprinkler irrigation: droplet impact angle and shear stress

Droplet shear stress is considered as an important indicator that reflects soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation more accurately than kinetic energy, and the effect of droplet impact angle on the shear stress cannot be ignored. In this study, radial distribution of droplet impact angles, velocities, and shear stresses were investigated using a two-dimensional video disdrometer with three types of low-pressure sprinkler (Nelson D3000, R3000, and Komet KPT) under two operating pressures (103 and 138 kPa) and three nozzle diameters (3.97, 5.95, and 7.94 mm). Furthermore, the relationships among these characteristical parameters of droplet were analyzed, and their influencing factors were comprehensively evaluated. For various types of sprinkler, operating pressures, and nozzle diameters, the smaller impact angles and larger velocities of droplets were found to occur closer to the sprinkler, resulting in relatively low droplet shear stresses. The increase in distance from the sprinkler caused the droplet impact angle to decrease and velocity to increase, which contributed to a significant increase in the shear stress that reached the peak value at the end of the jet. Therefore, the end of the jet was the most prone to soil erosion in the radial direction, and the soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation could not only be attributed to the droplet kinetic energy, but also needed to be combined with the analysis of its shear stress. Through comparing the radial distributions of average droplet shear stresses among the three types of sprinklers, D3000 exhibited the largest value (26.94-3313.51 N/m²), followed by R3000 (33.34-2650.80 N/m²), and KPT (16.15-2485.69 N/m²). From the perspective of minimizing the risk of soil erosion, KPT sprinkler was more suitable for low-pressure sprinkler irrigation than D3000 and R3000 sprinklers. In addition to selecting the appropriate sprinkler type to reduce the droplet shear stress, a suitable sprinkler spacing could also provide acceptable results, because the distance from the sprinkler exhibited a highly significant (P<0.01) effect on the shear stress. This study results provide a new reference for the design of low-pressure sprinkler irrigation system.