Mathematical Model and Operation Analysis of Semi-submerged Rotary Orifice Sewage Source Heat Pump Intake Machine

To solve the flow instability and adjustment difficulty of filtering dirt-removing device in the sewage source heat pump system, which affect the efficiency of heat exchanger, semi-flooded rotary orifice sewage auto-strainer was generated. According to establishing the mathematical model, the effect is analysed of pollutant concentration and liquid level height of sewage and rotation period of orifice plate to filtered flow rate, filtered load and filtering surface block coefficient. The result shows that: in the certain condition of sewage liquid level height and orifice plate rotation period, the increase of sewage will decrease the filtered flow rate of orifice plate, and increase filtering surface block coefficient; The effect of pollutant concentration change in the sewage to orifice plate filtered flow rate could be adjusted by regulating the sewage liquid level height and orifice plate rotation period, and the moderating effect of orifice plate rotation period is better than that of sewage liquid level height.     

城市建设强度与热岛的相关性——以重庆市开州区为例

城市建设强度是城市热岛形成与演变的主要驱动因素,为了揭示两者之间的量化关系,以重庆市开州区为例,在用地地块、规则网格和建筑斑块3个空间尺度上,使用ArcGIS提取地表温度（LST）与建设强度指标,利用SPSS分析其相关性并构建多元回归模型。结果表明：用地地块尺度上,LST与绿化率、建筑密度和容积率之间均呈现显著的负相关,与建筑底面积和总建筑面积之间均呈现显著的正相关。规则网格尺度序列上,LST与建设强度各指标之间的相关性系数随网格面积的增大而增大,在840 m网格时达到最大值;总体上LST与绿化率之间呈显著的负相关,与建筑密度和容积率之间呈显著的正相关。建筑斑块的尺度上,LST与建筑层数之间有显著的负相关关系,与总建筑面积之间有显著的正相关关系。城市建设强度直接或间接影响了城市热岛的形成与演变,而相关分析发现,建设强度指标并非都与LST之间呈正相关关系,这表明城市热岛除受建设强度的影响外,还受区域气候、城市形态、城市性质、交通方式以及建筑材质与色彩等多种因素的协同影响,是一个非线性的复杂过程。     

Feasibility for Building the Under-ground Sewage Treatment Plant in Chongqing City

With the development of the economy, the demand forhabitation is enhanced and the sewage and industrial waster water must be disposed before outlet. Today, most of the sewage treatment plants are built on the aboveground without discussing the underground. Therefore, by the comparative analysis of the property and cost of the underground sewage treatment plant and the ground, the underground sewage treatment plant have merits in save the city land and improvement environment.The Chongqing citypossess a lot of advantages in using the space of underground with the analysis of the physiognomy and geology condition of the Chongqing city. Therefore, the development of underground sewage treatment plant is feasible in the Chongqing city.     

南方建筑非透明围护结构热工与节能设计

如何兼顾冬夏两季建筑供暖空调负荷和能耗，保证室内热环境质量，确定最适宜的热工特性，是长期困扰中国南方建筑围护结构热工与节能设计的难点。通过对夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖地区建筑在采暖、空调与自然通风条件下动态热过程的分析，研究了这一地区围护结构热特性与能耗的制约关系，以及对室内热环境与建筑热稳定性的作用机理。在兼顾冬季保温与夏季隔热的情况下，将建筑全年能耗作为控制目标，从室内热环境质量、节能效果、围护结构的安全性、可靠性、经济性和实用性等角度评价目前所采用的围护结构节能技术存在的问题，提出一种适宜南方气候的建筑围护结构热特性指标及构造形式。     

Characteristics of Granular Fouling Growth of Sewage in Copper Pipe Heat Exchanger

The merits of the sewage source heat pump system are remarkable on energy efficiency and pollution reduction. Based on the fouling resistance law, the test bench was established on growth characteristics of fouling in copper pipe. The experiment has been carried on and the growth characteristics of fouling in copper pipe were obtained with the asymptotic agglomeration forecast model. It is found that the fouling induction period of the sewage is 21 hours in the smooth copper pipe, the fouling resistance settling time is 95 hours, and the stable fouling resistance is for 1.5×10-5m2K/W.     

赤子爱胜蚓分解处理城市污泥的最佳生态条件研究

城市污泥是城市污水处理的副产物,成分复杂,若不妥善处置,将对环境造成二次污染。本文利用采用4因素3水平的正交设计,以赤子爱胜蚓的日增重倍数与日增殖倍数为测试指标,研究了在含水率保持恒定的条件下,温度、种蚓投加密度、污泥碳氮比以及EM添加量对赤子爱胜蚓生长与繁殖的影响。从而找到赤子爱蚯蚓分解处理城市污泥的最佳生态条件,为城市污泥的处理提供理依据。结果：当温度为22 ℃,种蚓投加密度为0.1 g/ cm2,污泥碳氮比为20,EM投加量为0.1％时,赤子爱胜蚓具有最佳的生长与繁殖效果。因此,确定了蚯蚓处理城市污泥的最佳生态条件。     

A SYSTBM OF SAVING VENTILATION ENERGY POR MULTI_STORIED HEALTNY BUILDINGS

A sving energy system can get natural ventilation in the storied healthy build-ings with air condition or heating. The principal component of this system is an efficient heat ex-changer made of a set of heat pipes. This system can be operated between two sides of one floor slabto change the energy carried both by the hot air flow and the cold air flow, This svstem can make aspossibly keeping indoor air fresh with a little energy air loss only. It is possible for using this systemto cure a sick building into a healthy building. This system can be put dperation between both thepipes of waste air flow and fresh air flow for an integrated air conditional svstem with fresh air.     

密云水源地水环境承载力系统动力学模拟与预测

水环境承载力作为人类活动与水环境系统的联系界面,是判断社会经济与水环境系统是否协调的尺度。针对密云地水环境承载力系统的复杂性,利用系统动力学的动态分析优势和政策实验室功能,建立水环境承载力系统动力学模型,构建指标体系,并结合层次分析法和水环境承载力量化方法,对2008-2020年水环境承载力进行模拟与预测,分析不同优化策略下水环境承载力变化特征。结果表明：（1）现状延续策略下,2008-2020年水环境承载力呈逐年略微下降的趋势;（2）开源、节流和治污、减排2种优化策略均能有效提高的水环境承载力,并且前者的提高幅度大于后者,而区域外调水措施则不能从根本上改善水环境承载力;（3）本地开源、节流措施与治污、减排措施结合后,可以大幅提高水环境承载力,是实现经济活动与水环境协调发展的最佳策略,进一步提出了该区域生态经济协调发展的策略和措施。     

Influence of heat storage mode of domestic hot water on the performance of ground heat exchanger in ground-source heat pump system

The vertical U-tube ground-coupled heat pump system provides cold and heat for the controlling of indoor environment. Under the air-conditioning condition, the vertical U-tube ground-coupled heat pump system with heat recovery can provide domestic hot water. The influence of supplying domestic hot water on the heat transfer performance of ground heat exchangers is different under different operating modes in summer and winter. Through a project design of ground-source heat pump system, the influence of supplying domestic hot water under heat storage mode on the heat transfer performance of ground heat exchangers in summer and winter is respectively analyzed. The dynamic performance of heat exchangers under different working conditions is analyzed, and through numerical calculation, the heat transfer performance parameters of ground heat exchangers under different operating modes are obtained. From the calculation results, the adjusting methods based on the load characteristics of this project represent.     

THE COMPREHENSIVE HYDRAULIC TESTING SET WITH A LOAD SENSING SYSTEM

This paper introduces the comprehensive hydraulic testing set for many kinds of hydraulic elements with hydraulic drive, hydraulic regulation and hydraulic loading. It has rational structure compact arrangement, reliable characteristics and advanced technique. In order to reduce the energy loss in the hydraulic system of the testing set, 1 ad sensing control is used. The static and dynamic characteristics of the load sensing system are analysed with the method of numeral simulation on computer. the testing witk load sensing control results show energy may be saved obviously and the heat load in hydraulic system may be reduced effectively, then testing quality is improved and the volume cf oil case is lessened. The lead sensing valve design is satisfied with simplifying structure so that it may be used reliably for the fixed flow hydraulic system of the testing set or other machines.     

高寒地区土地渗滤技术处理生活污水的研究

为解决高寒地区农牧民定居点生活污水处理存在水质浓度低、运行费用高和无专业运营管理人员等问题,笔者拟采用土地渗滤系统进行高寒地区农牧民定居点生活污水处理试验,分析不同条件时的去除效率,确定最佳工艺运行参数。试验结果表明,高寒地区地下渗滤系统最佳工艺参数：填料配比为1:2,表层土厚度为15 cm,水力负荷为7 cm/d。地下渗滤系统对生活污水中的污染物具有较好的去除效率,出水能够达到城镇污水排放一级A标准。     

上海市水产品消费需求的双对数模型分析

为了研究上海市水产品消费需求的影响因素以及不同因素贡献度的大小,以上海市1999—2010年城市居民家庭人均水产品消费量、城市化水平、水产品价格指数、替代品价格指数、居民消费价格指数、居民家庭人均可支配收入等相关数据作为研究对象,采用Eviews软件对上海市水产品消费需求进行回归分析。建立了包括城市居民家庭人均可支配收入、居民消费价格指数、总人口数这些影响因素在内的上海市水产品消费需求模型。另外,通过建立关于城市居民家庭人均可支配收入、居民价格指数、总人口数的模型,对这些影响因素进行预测,从而可以对上海市水产品消费进行预测。最终认为,要增加上海市水产品的消费需求,必须从提高家庭人均可支配收入、控制居民消费价格指数、发展水产品深加工业、加强物流体系建设以及加强水产品市场质量管理等方面入手,推动上海水产业持续稳定的发展。     

Operational Analysis of Open Untreated Sewage Source Heat Pump System

The effective sewage intake technology is prerequisite for the untreated sewage source heat pump system to run steadily. In terms of the insufficiency of current sewage intake technologies, an open sewage intake integration technology is proposed. The mathematical model and the distinguish basis of critical state are established for the sewage intake characteristic by defining some important operating parameters, such as the blocking coefficient, the contamination density and the section coefficient. Furthermore, the change rule of each critical operation parameter is observed along with the various initial parameters. The result can provide the theoretical basis to design the open intake integration technology.     

Performonce of Fouling Fluidized-Removing and Heat Transfer Enhancement on Sewage Side of Sewage-Source Heat Pump System

High thermal resistance resulted by fouling in heat exchanger restricts the application of sewage source heat pump (SSHP) system. The fouling forming mechanism was applied with solid-liquid fluidized bed technique for fouling prevention and removing of SSHP system. Shearing stress model of solid-liquid fluidized bed heat-exchanger is analyzed, and collision stress model is modified. Preventing and removing fouling mechanisms of solid-liquid fluidized bed technique by shearing stress and collision stress was explained. An experimental study on how to solve the fouling problem (such as fouling prevention and removing, heat transfer enhancement, etc) is discussed. The results of theory and experiment show that solid-liquid fluidized bed technique can be used not only to increase convection coefficient, but also to restrict fouling growing, it can effectively solve the fouling problem in SSHP system.     

府河流域污灌状况及农户对污灌与人体健康关系的认知调查分析

为了弄清府河流域污水灌溉状况和农户对土壤污染的认知程度,为府河流域污灌区农产品产地土壤重金属污染修复提供依据。河北保定府河污灌区已有60多年的污灌历史,通过问卷调查的方法,对清苑县府河流域9个村庄农户及其农田进行实地调查,并对调查结果进行统计数据分析。66.7%的农户主要灌溉水源为地下水,8.33%的农户主要采用地下水和污灌水混灌,25.0%的农户主要使用府河污水进行灌溉,在所调查村庄中有22.2%的村民完全使用府河水灌溉至今;72.2%,83.3%和79.2%的农户不清楚污灌对土壤环境质量,作物产量和人体健康的影响;16.7%,11.1%和10.7%的农户认为污灌可能会对土壤环境质量、作物产量和人体健康产生影响;只有5.56%的农户认为污灌造成的土壤污染会影响土壤环境质量和作物产量;仅有10.1%的调查农户能认识到污灌会对人体健康造成一定影响;另外,仍有5.54%的调查农户未意识到污灌对土壤污染的影响。污灌在府河流域依然存在,污灌区农户对污灌及其与土壤污染的关系认知程度较低,对土壤污染与人体健康的关系重视程度不够。     

Calculating the Cooling Load of Cars'' Air-Conditioning System

This paper adopts harmonic reaction method to calculate the cooling load of the air conditioning system of the NO.1011A loaded miniature cars in Chongqing Chang'an Automobile Company .The study indicates that harmonic reaction method is more exact than traditional steady method to show the dynamic characteristic of cooling load. The maximum cooling load appears on 2:00 pm, it's 3 098 W. Among the whole cooling load,heat load through windows and heat load through components are the biggest,they occupy 50% of the whole amount. Heat load of air leaks occupies 27.3%,which shows that it is necessary to improve the seal of cars. Chongqing Chang'an Automobile Company develops optimize design for the air condition system with this result, which reaches a perfect climate effect.     

长沙市城区热岛时间分布特征分析

为了研究长沙市城区的热岛特征及变化规律,利用长沙市城区和郊区气象观测站的观测数据,通过统计分析,对长沙市城区热岛强度时间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：（1）21年间（1988-2008年）长沙市平均热岛强度为0.92℃,年均变化在0.76~1.46℃之间。（2）热岛强度的季节变化规律是秋、冬季强,春、夏季弱。（3）热岛强度日变化表现为夜间比白天强;夏季整天存在热岛现象,其他季节表现为快速形成和快速消失的现象。结论表明：长沙市热岛强度的年变化与城市建设的进程相一致;近20年来,长沙市城区和郊区的气温同步增高,同时热岛强度越来越大,说明全球气候变暖加剧了城市热岛效应,同时也是人类活动结果的影响。     

Measures of Rainwater and Sewage Shunting in Chongqing Changshengqiao Sanitary Landfill

This paper focuses on the measures of rainwater and sewage shunting in Chongqing Changshengqiao sanitary landfill. The catchment area of this landfill is totally about 331700 square meters. If the rainwater blends with the sewage, the processing load of the leachate will increase greatly. Thus, the measures of rainwater and sewage shunting must be taken during solid waste filling. In this paper, the authors firstly analyze the measures of rainwater collection and drainage and establish the guideline of pumping assisted by draining. Furthermore, according to the practical situation of landfill, a detailed plan is set down for rainwater and sewage shunting. The effect is quite evident after implementation of the plan for half a year. The processing load of the leachate has been reduced largely. It is proven that the shunting measures are feasible.     

长沙城市热岛的成因分析

为了缓解长沙热岛效应的技术措施的制定,利用调查试验等基本数据,对长沙市热岛形成原因进行分析。结果表明：长沙城市热岛强度随建城区面积的扩大而加强,热岛效应影响的范围和向外扩展的趋势与城市建城区的轮廓及城市向外发展的趋势相一致;长沙城区内部结构特征和下垫面的热性质为城市热岛的形成奠定了基础;城区人为热源增加,增加了城区大气中的热量,促进城市热岛形成;排放的大气污染物和粉尘烟尘,若以“尘罩”或“气罩”的形式覆盖在长沙城区的低空层,阻挡城区地面长波辐射的散发,反过来增加大气对地面的长波辐射,有利热岛形成;长沙城市热岛一般出现在晴朗、无风（或微风）,大气层结稳定,空气湍流运动较弱的天气条件下,若空气垂直运动剧烈,或降雨持续时长,降水量大,或地面风速超过4 m/s的天气下,长沙城区不存在热岛现象。长沙城市热岛出现与否,天气气候条件起着重要的作用。     

Experimental Technology on Dynamic Wind Loads on a Tall Building

The wind load is a major load on tall buildings from side directions. It is of considerable necessity to building engineering that the static and dynamic wind load and the dynamic wind response can be achieved accurately. Therefore, the model of a tall building in Chongqing is made and tested in wind tunnel by using the high frequency balance used widely home and abroad at present. The characteristics of wind load are studied. This paper gives the coefficients of base force of the building produced by wind load in different wind directions, and offers reference for wind-resistant design of the building.