塔罗科血橙果实贮藏过程中花青苷含量的变化以及紫外光对花青苷含量的影响

以麻阳和万州两个地区的塔罗科血橙为材料,探讨血橙果实贮藏过程中果肉花青苷含量的变化以及紫外光处理对花青苷含量的影响。结果表明,在日最低温4℃~14℃通风贮藏过程中,前30d果肉中花青苷快速增加达最高值,第30d含量较0d时增加了195%(麻阳)和226%(万州),然后随着贮藏时间延长花青苷含量不增加;113833 lux紫外光照射处理显著提高塔罗科血橙果实贮藏过程中果肉花青苷含量,较同一时期的对照增加35%~53%(麻阳)和22%~54%(万州),紫外光处理对果皮着色无明显促进作用,对可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C等含量均无显著影响。     

果园地面覆膜对塔罗科血橙果实品质的影响

以7年生塔罗科血橙树为试验对象，设置黑膜（T1）、内黑外银反光膜（T2）、无色透明膜（T3）以及不覆膜为对照（CK）等4种处理，研究了塔罗科血橙园地面不同材料覆盖对塔罗科血橙果实果面、果肉和果汁的颜色以及果实内在品质的影响。结果表明，与CK相比，三种覆膜处理的塔罗科血橙果实着色明显且均匀，可溶性固形物（TSS）提高11.20%～13.20%、维生素C含量提高7.88%～14.49%、固酸比提高9.31%～14.13%，可滴定酸（TA）含量变化不大。综合比较3种地膜材料的果园地面覆盖效果，T2处理好于T1，T1好于T3,即以内黑外银色的反光膜效果相对最好。     

猕猴桃新品种“云猕1号”的选育

“云猕1号”为鲜食和加工用中华猕猴桃品种，果实品质好。单果质量102.2g，果实近圆柱形，果形指数1.04，可溶性固形物含量13.47%，总糖含量11.8%，总酸含量1.34%，Vc含量159.5-172.1 mg/100g。     

重庆主栽甜橙品种果实品质比较分析

以橙类三大类型品种——普通甜橙、脐橙、血橙成熟期果实为试材,对各种甜橙品种果实的主要品质特性,包括果皮颜色、单果重、果形指数、种子数、出汁率、可食率、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、固酸比和维生素C等指标进行测定和比较分析。结果表明,脐橙单果重最大,种子最少,可食率、可溶性固形物及维生素C含量最高,血橙果实品质优于普通甜橙,长寿区的塔罗科血橙品质较佳,可能与其特殊的气候环境相关。     

塔罗科血橙低温贮藏试验初步研究

采用11种物理和化学的保鲜处理方法对塔罗科血橙进行低温贮藏试验，结果表明: 采用化学保鲜方法的效果好于物理方法，其中保鲜效果最好的是：250mg/L抑霉唑浸泡塔罗科血橙果实1分钟，在8℃～10℃条件下贮藏60天，其烂果率为5.3%，对青霉病、绿霉病的防治效果达到100%。     

2个芒果新品种在贵州地区的引种表现及栽培技术

在贵州省兴义市、望谟县和贞丰县引种种植桂热芒3号和桂热芒4号,2020 ~ 2022年连续3年对2个芒果品种的引种表现进行了观察。结果表明,桂热芒3号的成熟期桂为9月上中旬,较台农1号晚40 ~ 50 d,避开了采收上市高峰,其平均单果重341.67 g,可食率73.54 %,可溶性固形物21.6 %,总酸含量0.30 %,Vc含量21.24 mg/100g,固酸比72.60;桂热芒4号的成熟期为8月中旬,较台农1号晚10 ~ 20 d,未避开采收上市高峰,但其产量高于台农1号,果实品质优良,其平均单果重382.57 g,可食率75.07%,可溶性固形物17.8 %,总酸含量0.25 %,Vc含量12.20 mg/100g,固酸比76.09,风味口感较台农1号清淡,更符合当地消费者口感。2个品种在贵州地区的适应性好,抗性强,具丰产稳产特性,可作为优良中晚熟品种在贵州地区推广栽培。     

番石榴种质资源果实性状的聚类分析

对33份番石榴种质资源进行品种间营养成分和外观性状聚类分析。 结果表明：供试品种单果重在33.93-301.65 g,变化幅度大,其中袖珍单果重最小,彩虹单果重最大；可溶性固形物含量在5.74%～11.74%,以实生②含量最低,紫星含量最高；维生素Ｃ含量在50.39～115.44(mg/100g)以帝王含量最低,凤狮①含量最高；可滴定酸含量总范围在0.08%～0.42(mg/100g)。以单果重为指标可分成 8类,以可溶性固形物或维生素Ｃ含量为指标均可分成6类,以可滴定酸为指标可分成4类。     

万州“玫瑰香橙”产地环境质量评价及果实品质的研究

为了弄清万州“玫瑰香橙”（塔罗科血橙优系，以下简称血橙）果园灌溉水和产地环境质量，在血橙7主产乡镇9个村采集灌溉水、0-40cm土壤和果实样品，测定其镉、汞、砷、铅、铬和铜等重金属含量，分析土壤肥力和果实品质。结果表明，灌溉水和土壤重金属含量均远低于我国行业标准（NY/T 391-2021），灌溉水综合污染指数介于0.21~0.43，而土壤为0.42~0.62，表明均处于清洁程度，符合绿色食品标准要求。土壤肥力中等，有机质和全氮较为缺乏，有效磷和速效钾较为丰富，虽然不同果园之间果实品质差异较大，但可溶性固形物多数在11%以上，而酸含量多数低于0.9%，固酸比超过12，果实品质总体表现较好。     

CPPU、TDZ对上海高桥地区夏黑葡萄果实生长与品质的影响

以上海高桥地区的夏黑葡萄为试验材料，盛花期和花后2周均使用50mg/L GA3处理，同时在花后2周分别添加0、1、3、5 mg/L CPPU和 TDZ，研究在花后2周添加TDZ和CPPU对夏黑葡萄果实生长发育及果实品质影响。结果表明：盛花期添加50 mg /L GA3，花后两周使用50 mg /L GA3 1 mg /L TDZ 处理的效果最好，增加了果实重量和可滴定酸含量，显著提高果皮花青苷含量，同时降低了可溶性固形物含量，而CPPU处理则会显著降低果实花青苷含量，不利于果实着色，导致成熟期推迟，这提示在实际生产中，应选用花后2周添加1mg/L TDZ作为上海高桥地区葡萄生产处理的参考。     

大棚栽培对密斯蒂蓝莓成熟期和果实品质的影响

探讨大棚设施栽培对蜜斯蒂蓝莓果实成熟期及品质的影响,为南方地区蓝莓设施栽培提供理论依据。以‘蜜斯蒂’蓝莓为试验材料,连续2a比较分析其露地栽培、大棚栽培下果实成熟时间及品质指标和抗氧化能力的差异。结果表明,2a大棚设施栽培棚内平均温度分别提高3.87 ℃和2.51℃,蓝莓果实成熟期分别提早19 d和16 d。大棚设施栽培蓝莓果实中的葡萄糖、果糖和总酚的含量分别为74.40、78.21、3.86 mg/g.FW,均显著高于露地栽培的52.31、54.60、3.82 mg/g.FW,可滴定酸、柠檬酸含量分别为0.45%和3.57 mg/g.FW,显著低于露地栽培的0.69%和4.70 mg/g.FW,但对其单果重、可溶性固形物含量和总花色苷含量无显著影响。大棚栽培成熟期中后期采收的蓝莓果实的可溶性固形物含量、总花色苷和总酚含量较高,分别为12.22%、1.64 mg/g.FW和4.17 mg/g.FW,DPPH和FRAP抗氧化能力以及POD、PPO、SOD活性也均显著高于成熟期前期。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.