白粉病不同染病程度对葡萄叶片可培养内生真菌菌群结构的影响

白粉病是葡萄常发性真菌病害。本研究分析了同一葡萄园中玫瑰蜜葡萄(V. Vinifera L.× V. labrusca L.)白粉病不同感病程度（Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ 和 Ⅳ级）叶片可培养内生真菌菌群结构所存在的差异。结果表明,四种不同感病程度的葡萄叶片中共分离得到675株内生真菌,77个OTU,分属于27个属。与白粉病染病Ⅰ级葡萄叶片相比,Ⅳ级染病葡萄叶片可培养内生真菌的分离率和多样性指数均相对较高。同一葡萄植株上染病叶片（Ⅲ级）和染病不明显叶片（Ⅱ级）的内生真菌分离率差异显著。内生真菌属Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Acremonium, Bjerkandera, Ciboria和Didymellaceae 只在染病叶片中分离到,而Daldinia, Chaetomium 属的内生真菌只在未染病叶片中分离到。与染病叶片相比,OTU-27, OTU-77, OTU-82, OTU-68在染病不明显叶片中具有较高的优势度。研究结果为了解白粉病病原菌与其它内生真菌的相互作用以及进一步发掘白粉病生物防治菌株提供了思路和物质基础。     

茎直黄芪内生真菌分离鉴定及其多样性分析

为探明茎直黄芪(Astragalus strictus)不同组织部位内生真菌种群分布及其物种多样性,对采自西藏工布江达县的茎直黄芪样品,运用形态学和rDNA-ITS序列分析技术鉴定其种属,并计算多样性指数。结果表明:从茎直黄芪424个组织块中分离到内生真菌336株,分属7纲、9目、10科、13属,其中Alternaria tenuissima分离率最高为32.14%,是优势种属,其次是Undifilum oxytropis,分离率为19.05%;多样性指数显示,茎直黄芪不同组织部位内生真菌多样性指数不同,花中内生真菌香农-维纳指数(2.16)及辛普森指数(0.154)及均匀度指数(0.80)均最高,表明其多样性最高,叶次之,茎最低。表明茎直黄芪不同组织内生真菌的数量、种属组成及多样性存在明显差异,花是内生真菌定植的主要部位,且其多样性最高。     

东祁连山高寒灌丛草甸小叶金露梅根部内生真菌多样性对季节的响应

【目的】明确高寒地区灌木小叶金露梅（Potentilla parvifolia）根部可培养内生真菌的多样性和季节变化。【方法】以东祁连山的优势灌木小叶金露梅为试验材料,利用组织培养法分离根部的内生真菌,用形态鉴定和 ITS 分子测序相结合进行真菌鉴定并分析其季节多样性。【结果】春季、夏季和秋季在小叶金露梅根段组织中分离得到 71 株真菌纯培养物,归属于 5 纲 5 目 5 科 6 属 8 个分类单元;不同季节的小叶金露梅根部内生真菌种类和数量存在一定差异,从多样性指数来看,Shannon-Wiener 指数和 Simpson’s diversity 指数表现为春季（1. 57,0. 75）＞夏季（1. 26,0. 69）＞秋季（1. 08,0. 62）。春季根部内生真菌多样性高于夏季和秋季,但优势属均为脉孢菌属（Neurospora）和曲霉属（Aspergillu）;春季特有属为青霉属（Penicillium）和色串孢属（Torula）;赭霉属（Ochroconis）为夏季特有属,葡萄孢属 （Botrytis）为秋季特有属。【结论】不同季节小叶金露梅根部均分离得到了内生真菌,且内生真菌在小叶金露梅根部的定殖存在季节差异性,春季根部内生真菌多样性较高。     

宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区苦豆子内生真菌多样性及生态分布

为探索宁夏干旱荒漠区苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides L.）内生真菌的多样性及区系组成,为苦豆子内生真菌的合理开发和利用提供理论依据。从宁夏白芨滩国家级自然保护区不同植被和土壤类型的6个样区采集苦豆子样品30份,采用组织匀浆法从植株的根、茎、叶和种子中分离内生真菌,根据培养性状、菌落、孢子等形态特征,结合rDNA-ITS序列分析对菌株进行鉴定;根据内生真菌的相对频率、物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和相似性系数分析其区系组成特点。结果表明,从30份样品中共分离得到内生真菌213株,分别属于19个属,其中镰刀菌属（Fusarium）、链格孢属（Alternaria）和茎点霉属（Phoma）为优势属。苦豆子内生真菌的分布具有一定的组织特异性,根部的内生真菌数量高于其他部位,茎部内生真菌多样性指数最高。植被类型中,沙生植被草原（样区Ⅴ）分离的内生真菌物种多样性指数最高,而荒漠草原（样区Ⅲ）最低。荒漠草原（样区Ⅰ）和沙生植被草原（样区Ⅴ）内生真菌群落有密切的相似性。可见,苦豆子蕴含丰富的内生真菌资源,其内生真菌具有很高的宿主特异性,且分布受生境影响。     

三江源区高寒草地不同生境土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌群落结构特征研究

为了解三江源区不同生境土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌的群落结构特征,在黄河流域、长江流域、澜沧江流域共选取有代表性的12个样点,采集土层0~15cm,15~30cm的土壤样品,采用稀释平板法在羧甲基纤维素钠平板培养基上进行可培养真菌的计数和分离,利用种群优势度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度、生态位宽度以及群落相似度等指标对不同生境土壤中可培养纤维素分解真菌群落结构特征进行了分析。结果表明,三江源区不同生境土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌的数量和类群差异明显,数量由大到小的顺序为:灌丛草地嵩草草地藏嵩草草地禾草草地;在4种生境土壤中共分离获得土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌17属,禾草草地土壤中群落的优势度指数、物种多样性指数、均匀度指数最高,除均匀度指数外,藏嵩草草地土壤中群落的优势度指数、物种多样性指数最低;物种生态位结果分析表明,毛霉属、镰孢菌属、被孢霉属、青霉属具有较宽的生态位,属于广适性物种;而亚隔孢壳属、梭孢壳属、腐质霉属等的生态位很窄,属于狭适性物种,只存在于某个生境中。禾草草地与藏嵩草草地土壤可培养纤维素分解真菌群落的相似性最低,灌丛草地和嵩草草地相似性最高。土壤纤维素分解真菌的群落结构及多样性与生境类型的特异性有着密切的关系。     

不同培养温度对变异黄芪内生真菌多样性的影响

为了探讨温度对变异黄芪内生真菌多样性的影响。对采集于内蒙古腾格里变异黄芪的茎、叶和花,运用表面消毒法和尖端菌丝挑取法将组织块分别置于20℃、28℃和室温(变温)条件下进行内生真菌分离与纯化,采用形态学和ITS序列分析技术进行种属鉴定,并计算多样性指数。504块组织块中共分离到内生真菌410株,分属于10科15属23种,不同温度下分离到的内生真菌有所不同,Undifilum oxytropis为优势菌属,且在20℃时优势更为显著。多样性指数计算结果显示,香农-维纳指数(H)为1.85,辛普森指数(D)为0.269,均匀度指数(E)为0.59,不同温度下多样性指数不同,28℃培养香农-维纳指数最高,20℃培养辛普森指数最大。结果表明,温度对内生真菌分离率有一定影响,对Undifilum oxytropis分离率的影响极其显著,而对内生真菌的多样性影响也较为明显。     

桑树内生真菌的分离、鉴定及其多样性分析

用组织分离法从不同桑树品种的器官组织中共分离出内生真菌114株,经显微形态观察,鉴定114株内生真菌分别归属于镰孢霉属Fusarium、链格孢属Alternaria、柱霉属Scytalidium等21个属,表明桑树内生真菌具有丰富的生物多样性。不同桑树品种树体内的内生真菌分布有一定差异。同一桑树品种不同器官组织的内生真菌种类和数量差异较大,根中最多,茎中次之,叶中最少。其中:镰孢霉属为根中优势种群,链格孢属为茎、叶中的优势种群;丛梗孢属Monilia和镰孢霉属菌株在根、茎、叶中均能分离到,其它属的菌株只存在于其中的某一个或两个器官组织。研究结果有助于进一步探讨桑树内生真菌与生理活性物质的关系。     

甘草内生真菌多样性及群落结构

以新疆塔里木盆地的光果甘草(Glycyrrhiza glabra)和胀果甘草(G.inflate)为研究对象,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术研究甘草内生真菌的多样性及群落结构。结果显示,光果甘草和胀果甘草间及同一种类不同组织间的内生真菌多样性和群落结构均存在明显差异。其中,胀果甘草根(B1)的内生真菌多样性最丰富,光果甘草果(L4)的内生真菌多样性最差。对DGGE条带进行回收测序,共获得25条序列,归于枝顶孢属(Acremonium)、绿僵菌属(Metarhizium)、绿僵虫草属(Metacordyceps)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、锤舌菌属(Leotiomycetes)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、帚枝霉属(Sarocladium)、假裸囊菌属(Pseudogymnoascus)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)11个真菌属,其中链格孢属为优势菌属,占总数的32%。甘草根、茎、叶、果、皮组织的内生真菌存在丰富的多样性,其中根与茎组织多样性最丰富。研究结果表明,新疆塔里木盆地药用植物甘草蕴藏着丰富的内生真菌资源,可作为一种较理想的分离内生真菌的植物来源。     

甘肃棘豆内生真菌种群多样性

将采集于青海省祁连县甘肃棘豆的茎和叶部表面消毒后分别置于黑暗和光照条件以及PDA和BDA 2种培养基上进行内生真菌分离纯化,采用形态学和分子生物学分析技术鉴定种属,并计算多样性指数。结果显示,629块植物样品中共分离到内生真菌433株,分属9个科15个属28种,不同的培养条件下优势菌属不同;多样性指数计算结果显示,香农-维纳指数（H）为1.99,均匀度指数（E）为0.60,辛普森指数（D）为0.257。结果表明,采集于青海省祁连县的甘肃棘豆内生真菌多样性比较丰富,可为今后深入探讨甘肃棘豆内生真菌遗传多样性奠定基础,并为产苦马豆素目标菌株的筛选,提供丰富的内生真菌后备菌株。     

瑞香狼毒内生真菌的分离与鉴定

为探明瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)内生真菌的种类及其种属分布特点,进一步揭示瑞香狼毒内生真菌与毒性物质合成、化感作用以及抗逆性形成之间的相互关系,作者对采自4省5个地区瑞香狼毒的茎、叶、花部位进行内生真菌的分离和纯化,通过形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定种属。结果表明,瑞香狼毒中共分离到21株内生真菌,19株菌分属7纲8目9科8属,2株未鉴定种属,所有从瑞香狼毒分离到的内生真菌中链格孢属(Alternariasp.)8株,占总分离菌株的42%,为瑞香狼毒的优势菌株,除1株粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes sp.)和8株链格孢属(Alternariasp.)外,其余菌属均首次从瑞香狼毒中分离得到。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.