竹类国际栽培品种登录的原则与方法

竹类国际栽培品种登录就是按照国际规则对竹栽培品种进行命名和注册,这是一项具有国际意义和科学价值的重要工作。为了确保竹类国际栽培品种登录的规范、准确和统一,使其既符合实际又便于操作,笔者根据《国际栽培植物命名法规(International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants,ICNCP)》的相关规定和要求、并结合竹类植物的自身特点,对竹类国际栽培品种登录的意义、原则与方法(包括竹栽培品种的命名、描述、发表、登录和建立等)进行了扼要整理。     

关于植物分类中的“品种”问题

1 品种的概念什么是品种,根据《国际栽培植物命名法规》 (International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants)对"品种"一词所下的定义是:"为求品种名称的统一、正确和稳定,凡是为了农业、林业或园艺上的目的,具有任何一种特征,如形态的、生理的、细胞的、化学的,以及其他方面的一些栽培     

国际竹类栽培品种登录的理论与实践

国际竹类栽培品种登录的理论基础是由国际权威组织正式颁布实施的《国际栽培植物命名法规》(ICNCP)及其相关理论支撑体系;国际竹类栽培品种登录实践的有效开展则有赖于国际栽培植物登录权威体系的建立、国际竹类栽培品种登录中心的组建和国际竹类栽培品种登录规则的制定。据此,文章系统介绍了《国际栽培植物命名法规》的基本情况以及与《国际植物命名法规》(ICBN)的相互关系,国际栽培植物登录权威(ICRA)体系的基本概念及其与法定植物登录权威(SPRA)的相互关系,申报国际竹类栽培品种登录权威的目的、意义、必要性及其资源基础,国际竹类栽培品种登录权威的申报与批准,国际竹类栽培品种登录工作的组织形式、操作方法、阶段性成果及发展趋势,旨在为世界各产竹国、产竹区和从事竹资源研发、培育、生产、加工、交流和利用的机构、企业及个人开展竹类栽培品种国际登录提供指导和帮助。     

北京园林学会园林植物专业委员会举办“观赏海棠”知识的专业培训

正2014年3月13日北京园林学会园林植物专业委员会在北京市植物园卧佛山庄多功能厅举办"栽培植物命名法规"与"观赏海棠"的知识专业培训。由植物专业委员会主任、北京市植物园园长赵世伟主持,邀请到中国科学院植物研究所研究员、国际园艺学会命名与栽培品种登录委员会执行委员会委员、国际生物科学联盟国际栽培植物命名法委员会委员、中国园艺学会栽培植物命名与国际登录工作委员会委员靳晓白先生,北京植物园教授级高工、海棠品种国际登录专家郭翎女士莅临并做精彩报告。     

竹栽培品种的发表、建立与国际登录

《国际栽培植物命名法规》(ICNCP)对栽培植物的发表、建立与国际登录均有明确规定,竹栽培品种的发表、建立与国际登录亦应遵循该规则,这关系到该竹栽培品种存在及交流的科学性、有效性与合法性。文章根据ICNCP的相关规定,结合竹类植物的具体特点,对竹栽培品种的发表、建立与国际登录、尤其是三者之间的相互关系进行了专题阐述,目的在于为相关从业者提供专业指导和帮助。     

关于竹类栽培品种国际登录中的命名问题

在国际竹类栽培品种登录实践中,命名问题是一个关键性问题,事关国际登录工作的成败,理应引起各从事竹品种研究、开发、培育、生产、推广、加工和贸易的单位、企业或个人的高度重视。本文依据《国际栽培植物命名法规》中关于栽培植物命名的相关规定,结合竹类植物的具体特点,对竹栽培品种的命名规则、要求与方法进行了专题阐述,目的在于为相关从业者提供专业指导和帮助,从而减少在国际竹类栽培品种登录中不必要的精力、时间和成本付出。     

竹品种国际登录中的重要术语及含义

在国际竹类栽培品种登录实践中,常常遇到许多专业术语语义不明、翻译困难等问题,给竹类栽培品种国际登录申请者及相关工作人员造成困扰。为便于准确使用登录用语、提高登录工作效率,国际竹类栽培品种登录中心(ICRCB)组织相关专家,以《国际栽培植物命名法规》(ICNCP)第八版和第九版附件《术语表》为基础,结合竹类植物的具体实际,编撰了这套适于竹品种国际登录的《术语表》并介绍了每个术语的基本含义。该《术语表》中的术语排序,是按汉语拼音的字首字母排列先后为序。     

栽培竹新品种的确认与国际登录准备

在竹产业的科学化、现代化和国际化探索实践中,根据《国际栽培植物命名法规》(ICNCP)的相关规则和要求,开展竹类栽培品种国际登录具有重要意义。如果能先弄清竹品种可能产生的基本条件,在对其进行初步判断、并进一步掌握相关证据之后,再对竹品种进行大致确认,然后正式提交国际登录申请,无疑将有利于提高竹品种国际登录的成功率。     

世界方竹属栽培品种整理

全世界竹亚科(Bambusoideae)方竹属(Chimonobambusa Makino)植物约有30余种及种下分类群,主要分布于中国(秦岭以南各地区及西藏东南部)、日本和越南,缅甸、美国、欧洲也有少量引栽。根据《国际栽培植物命名法规(ICNCP)》的相关规则和要求,国际竹类栽培品种登录中心(ICRCB)组织有关专家,对竹亚科方竹属的栽培品种进行了系统整理。到目前为止,已经确认全世界有17个栽培品种,涉及4个不同的方竹属竹种。现将这些栽培品种及其相关信息整理报道,以便查阅和参考。     

关于竹类栽培品种国际登录中的命名范式问题

命名范式是指对植物栽培品种命名时,其所命名的那个名称所永久依附的实物证据。《国际栽培植物命名法规》对植物栽培品种的命名范式有专门规定和要求。该文旨在根据该要求,对竹栽培品种命名范式的制作、保存、使用等方法进行专题讨论,目的是为相关从业者提供专业指导和帮助。     

Antimicrobial activity of some endemic plants growing in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey

The Eastern Black Sea Region has an extensive flora because of ample rainfall lasting all year. In this study, antimicrobial effects of 74 crude extracts of 22 endemic plants were investigated. Among the 30 active crude extracts, water-insoluble crude extracts from Betula medwediewii, Heracleum platytaenium, Primula longipes, Anthemis cretica ssp. argaea and Centaurea helenioides were the prominent ones with their MIC values.     

Aromatic plant-derived essential oil: an alternative larvicide for mosquito control

Five aromatic plants, Carum carvi (caraway), Apium graveolens (celery), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Zanthoxylum limonella (mullilam) and Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) were selected for investigating larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors. Two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Anopheles dirus, the major malaria vector in Thailand, and Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in urban areas, were used. All of the volatile oils exerted significant larvicidal activity against the two mosquito species after 24-h exposure. Essential oil from mullilam was the most effective against the larvae of A. aegypti, while A. dirus larvae showed the highest susceptibility to zedoary oil.     

Growth and physiological response of six Australian rainforest tree species to a light gradient

An understanding of growth and photosynthetic potential of subtropical rainforest species to variations in light environment can be useful for determining the sequence of species introductions in rainforest restoration projects and mixed species plantations. We examined the growth and physiology of six Australian subtropical rainforest tree species in a greenhouse consisting of three artificial light environments (10%, 30%, and 60% full sunlight). Morphological responses followed the typical sun-shade dichotomy, with early and late secondary species (Elaeocarpus grandis, Flindersia brayleyana, Flindersia schottiana, and Gmelina leichhardtii) displaying higher relative growth rate (RGR) compared to mature stage species (Cryptocarya erythroxylon and Heritiera trifoliolatum). Growth and photosynthetic performance of most species reached a maximum in 30–60% full sunlight. Physiological responses provided limited evidence of a distinct dichotomy between early and late successional species. E. grandis and F. brayleyana, provided a clear representation of early successional species, with marked increase in A_max in high light and an ability to down regulate photosynthetic machinery in low light conditions. The remaining species (F. schottiana, G. leichhardtii, and H. trifoliolatum) were better represented as falling along a shade-tolerant continuum, with limited ability to adjust physiologically to an increase or decrease in light, maintaining similar A_max across all light environments. Results show that most species belong to a shade-tolerant constituency, with an ability to grow and persist across a wide range of light environments. The species offer a wide range of potential planting scenarios and silvicultural options, with ample potential to achieve rapid canopy closure and rainforest restoration goals.     

Predisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and associated pathogens: Roles in forest decline,gap formation,and persistence of endemic bark beetle populations

Bark beetles are largely known for their ability to undergo intermittent population eruptions that transform entire landscapes and pose significant economic hardships. However, most species do not undergo outbreaks, and eruptive species usually exert only minor disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of tree-killing noneruptive species can provide insights into how beetles persist at low densities, and how some spatiotemporal patterns of host predisposition may more likely favor breaching eruptive thresholds than others. Elucidating mechanisms behind low-density populations is challenging, however, due to the requirement of long-term monitoring and high degrees of spatial and temporal covariance. We censused more than 2700 trees annually over 7 years, and at the end of 17 years, in a mature red pine plantation. Trees were measured for the presence of bark beetles and wood borers that breed within the primary stem, root weevils that breed in root collars, and bark beetles that breed in basal stems. We quantify the sequence of events that drive this decline syndrome, with the primary emergent pattern being an interaction between below- and above-ground herbivores and their fungal symbionts. This interaction results in an expanding forest gap, with subsequent colonization by early-successional vegetation. Spatial position strongly affects the likelihood of tree mortality. A red pine is initially very likely to avoid attack by tree-killing Ips beetles, but attack becomes increasingly likely as the belowground complex spreads to neighboring trees and eventually make trees susceptible. This system is largely internally driven, as there are strong gap edge, but not stand-edge, effects. Additional stressors, such as drought, can provide an intermittent source of susceptible trees to Ips beetles, and elevated temperature slightly accentuates this effect. New gaps can arise from such trees as they subsequently become epicenters for the full complex of organisms associated with this decline, but this is not common. As Ips populations rise, there is some element of positive feedback, in that the proportion of killed trees that were not first colonized by root organisms increases. This positive feedback is very weak, however, and we propose the slope between beetle population density and reliance on host stress as a quantitative distinction along a gradient from noneruptive through eruptive species. Almost all trees colonized by Ips were subsequently colonized by wood borers, likely a source of negative feedback. We discuss implications to our overall understanding of cross-scale interactions, between-guild interactions, forest declines, and eruptive thresholds.     

Photosynthetic characteristics of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus robur established for stand conversion from Picea abies

Efforts in Europe to convert Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantations to broadleaf or mixed broadleaf-conifer forests could be bolstered by an increased understanding of how artificial regeneration acclimates and functions under a range of Norway spruce stand conditions. We studied foliage characteristics and leaf-level photosynthesis on 7-year-old European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) regeneration established in open patches and shelterwoods of a partially harvested Norway spruce plantation in southwestern Sweden. Both species exhibited morphological plasticity at the leaf level by developing leaf blades in patches with an average mass per unit area (LMA) 54% greater than of those in shelterwoods, and at the plant level by maintaining a leaf area ratio (LAR) in shelterwoods that was 78% greater than in patches. However, we observed interspecific differences in photosynthetic capacity relative to spruce canopy openness. Photosynthetic capacity (A₁₆₀₀, net photosynthesis at a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1600 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) of beech in respect to the canopy gradient was best related to leaf mass, and declined substantially with increasing canopy openness primarily because leaf nitrogen (N) in this species decreased about 0.9 mg g⁻¹ with each 10% rise in canopy openness. In contrast, A₁₆₀₀ of oak showed a weak response to mass-based N, and furthermore the percentage of N remained constant in oak leaf tissues across the canopy gradient. Therefore, oak photosynthetic capacity along the canopy gradient was best related to leaf area, and increased as the spruce canopy thinned primarily because LMA rose 8.6 g m⁻² for each 10% increase in canopy openness. These findings support the premise that spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of beech through processes that determine N status of this species; leaf N (mass basis) was greatest under relatively closed spruce canopies where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing light harvesting mechanisms. Spruce stand structure regulates photosynthetic capacity of oak through processes that control LMA; LMA was greatest under open spruce canopies of high light availability where leaves apparently acclimate by enhancing CO₂ fixation mechanisms.     

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts from Brazilian southeast region

A screening was conducted with 26 plants collected in the Brazilian southeast region, to identify plant extracts with antibacterial properties against Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Initially, the agar diffusion method was employed. Then, those extracts presenting activity were submitted to a broth microdilution assay to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). It was observed that 13 of the tested extracts showed antibacterial activity. The best results were obtained with those from Lantana lilacina and Phyllanthus tenellus.     

Growth and production varies between pair-wise mixtures and monoculture plantations in North Viet Nam

The potential benefits of species mixture were investigated using pair-wise comparisons of four timber tree species in northern Viet Nam. Chukrasia tabularis, Canarium album, Michelia mediocris and Eucalyptus urophylla were grown in monocultures and in pair-wise mixtures. The trial was established as a randomized block design with each treatment replicated four times. Volume production gain or loss in mixtures was assessed by calculating a mixture index, which is defined as Relative Yield Total (RYT). At age 48 months, the trial indicated mixed performance with both positive and negative impacts of growing some species in mixtures compared to monocultures. The largest gain was shown in the mixture of a shade-intolerant species, Chukrasia with a more shade-tolerant species, Michelia (47% gain in relative yield), and Eucalyptus with Michelia (45% gain in relative yield) at the first 38 months. The other three mixtures tested, and which were not successful (i.e. had lower relative yields) at 38 months, was the mixture of all shade-intolerant species, including Chukrasia with Canarium, Canarium with Eucalyptus and Chukrasia with Eucalyptus. This suggests that species with different shade tolerances can form complementary pair-wise mixtures, but this changed significantly (P < 0.05) over the following 10 months. At age 48 months the RYT of Chukrasia with Michelia increased by 12%, those of Michelia with Eucalyptus decreased by 20% at 48 months compared to 38 months, suggesting that Eucalyptus should be thinned at around year 5 years. Likewise, the RYT of Michelia with Canarium declined significantly by 23% at 48 months. The RYT of other tested mixtures remained almost unchanged over time.     

Ungulate herbivory of regenerating conifers in relation to foliar nutrition and terpenoid production

Ungulate browsing greatly influences regeneration dynamics of some forest ecosystems, yet the relationship between browse susceptibility and foliar chemistry of forest tree seedlings is not well understood. We applied field fertilization (15N-9P-10K controlled-release fertilizer at 0, 20, 40, and 60 g per seedling) and investigated how subsequent changes in terpenoid production and foliar nutrition influence ungulate browse preference for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla Raf. Sarg.), and western redcedar (Thujaplicata Donn ex D. Don) seedlings across four sites in northwestern Oregon, USA. Fertilization increased foliar N concentration of all three species, but above-ground growth of only Douglas-fir and western hemlock. Foliar monoterpene concentrations for western hemlock and western redcedar also increased at higher fertilization rates, while Douglas-fir monoterpene production was not affected by fertilization. Regardless of monoterpene levels, ungulate browse preference was greater for fertilized western hemlock seedlings. The opposite response, however, was observed for western redcedar at two of the four study sites where the likelihood of browse was greater for non-fertilized than fertilized seedlings. Differences in browse preference among species may depend on the type and amount of individual monoterpenes manufactured in response to fertilization. Western redcedar produce α- and β-thujone, oxygenated monoterpenes known to promote gastroenteritis and possibly inhibit microbial rumen activity, which were absent from Douglas-fir or western hemlock. Higher concentrations of α- and β-thujone associated with increasing fertilizer rate provide a plausible explanation as to why ungulates preferred non-fertilized western redcedar. Our results illustrate species-specific adaptation in browse avoidance and selective ungulate browsing behavior of individual trees as linked to foliar chemistry.     

Forest thinning and subsequent bark beetle-caused mortality in Northeastern California

The Warner Mountains of northeastern California on the Modoc National Forest experienced a high incidence of tree mortality (2001–2007) that was associated with drought and bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) attack. Various silvicultural thinning treatments were implemented prior to this period of tree mortality to reduce stand density and increase residual tree growth and vigor. Our study: (1) compared bark beetle-caused conifer mortality in forested areas thinned from 1985 to 1998 to similar, non-thinned areas and (2) identified site, stand and individual tree characteristics associated with conifer mortality. We sampled ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. and Balf.) trees in pre-commercially thinned and non-thinned plantations and ponderosa pine and white fir (Abies concolor var lowiana Gordon) in mixed conifer forests that were commercially thinned, salvage-thinned, and non-thinned. Clusters of five plots (1/50th ha) and four transects (20.1 × 100.6 m) were sampled to estimate stand, site and tree mortality characteristics. A total of 20 pre-commercially thinned and 13 non-thinned plantation plot clusters as well as 20 commercially thinned, 20 salvage-thinned and 20 non-thinned mixed conifer plot clusters were established. Plantation and mixed conifer data were analyzed separately. In ponderosa pine plantations, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) (MPB) caused greater density of mortality (trees ha⁻¹ killed) in non-thinned (median 16.1 trees ha⁻¹) compared to the pre-commercially thinned (1.2 trees ha⁻¹) stands. Percent mortality (trees ha⁻¹ killed/trees ha⁻¹ host available) was less in the pre-commercially thinned (median 0.5%) compared to the non-thinned (5.0%) plantation stands. In mixed conifer areas, fir engraver beetles (Scolytus ventralis LeConte) (FEN) caused greater density of white fir mortality in non-thinned (least square mean 44.5 trees ha⁻¹) compared to the commercially thinned (23.8 trees ha⁻¹) and salvage-thinned stands (16.4 trees ha⁻¹). Percent mortality did not differ between commercially thinned (least square mean 12.6%), salvage-thinned (11.0%), and non-thinned (13.1%) mixed conifer stands. Thus, FEN-caused mortality occurred in direct proportion to the density of available white fir. In plantations, density of MPB-caused mortality was associated with treatment and tree density of all species. In mixed conifer areas, density of FEN-caused mortality had a positive association with white fir density and a curvilinear association with elevation.