甘蔗渣基生物质炭对热带砖红壤理化性质的影响

为明确生物质炭添加对热带地区砖红壤理化性质的影响,采用室内模拟实验,于5种不同温度(350、450、550、650、750℃)下热解制备甘蔗渣基生物质炭(GZ350、GZ450、GZ550、GZ650、GZ750),研究4种不同添加比例(0.1%、0.5%、1.0%、5.0%)下各生物质炭对砖红壤理化性质的影响。结果显示:生物质炭可以提高土壤p H、CEC、有机质和有效养分(N、P、K)含量,其效果随生物质炭添加比例的增加而增强;不同温度制备的生物质炭对土壤不同理化性质的影响不一,与低温制备的生物质炭相比,高温制备生成的生物质炭提高土壤p H、CEC、有机质和有效养分的效果更好,其中GZ750提高土壤p H、CEC和有效P的效果最好,GZ650增加有机质和碱解N含量的效果最佳,GZ550对有效K的提高作用最为明显。综合考虑,650℃和750℃制备的甘蔗渣基生物质炭对砖红壤具有较好的改良效果。     

不同热解温度对生物质炭化学性质的影响

本实验以杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和木荷(Schima superba)的凋落物为研究材料,选择不同热解温度(250、350、450、550、650和750℃)分别制备生物质炭,研究不同热解温度以及不同材料对生物质炭化学性质的影响。结果表明,生物质炭的含碳量、C/N比和灰分随热解温度的升高而呈增加趋势,但可溶性碳含量和挥发性物质则随温度的升高而呈现下降的变化。2种材料制备的生物质炭的pH值介于5.96~11.93之间。回归分析发现,2种类型生物质炭,挥发性物质与热解温度呈现了极显著的线性关系(p0.01)。统计分析表明,在相同温度条件下,由杉木和木荷凋落物制备的生物质炭,其灰分、含碳量以及挥发性物质,差异并不显著;但含氮量、C/N比和可溶性碳含量,差异则达到了显著水平(p0.05)。     

木薯渣基生物质炭对阿维菌素吸附解吸行为研究

为了研究阿维菌素在生物质炭上的吸附动力学,吸附-解吸等温线和吸附热力学特征,通过FTIR分析进一步阐述阿维菌素在生物质炭上可能存在的吸附机制。以木薯渣为原料,在限氧条件下,分别于350、550、750℃制备生物质炭(分别记作MS350、MS550、MS750),并对其理化性质进行表征。结果表明:随着制备温度升高,生物质炭呈现产率降低,pH值、灰分及比表面积增加,芳香性增大、极性减弱等特征;生物质炭吸附阿维菌素呈现先快速后缓慢最后平衡的3个阶段;吸附能力表现为MS750>MS550>MS350,吸附等温线属于非线性L型等温吸附线;解吸等温线结果表明木薯渣基生物质炭吸附阿维菌素存在解吸滞后现象。吸附热力学结果表明随着环境温度的上升,生物质炭的吸附量会得到提升。同时根据吉布斯自由能方程计算,可知生物质炭吸附阿维菌素是物理吸附为主,且是一个吸热的、熵增大的自发反应。孔隙填充效应、π-π电子供受体作用、静电相互作用和氢键作用等可能是阿维菌素在生物质炭上的吸附机制。      

生物炭对环丙沙星在热带土壤中吸附行为的影响

以热带农业废弃物甘蔗渣为材料，在3种温度（350、450、550 ℃）下制备不同碳化度的生物炭（分别记为BC350、BC450、BC550），研究其对环丙沙星在砖红壤中吸附-解吸行为的影响。研究结果表明，环丙沙星在砖红壤和添加水平为1.0％的生物炭土壤上的吸附过程可以分为快速和缓慢2个阶段，伪二级动力学模型能很好地描述砖红壤和生物炭土壤吸附环丙沙星的动力学过程（r>0.989，p<0.01）；添加质量浓度分别为0.1％、0.2％、0.5％、0.8％、1.0％的3种生物炭提高了砖红壤对环丙沙星的吸附量，且随着生物炭添加量的增加，吸附量逐渐增加。环丙沙星在生物炭土壤中的吸附-解吸过程能够采用Freundlich模型和Langmuir模型进行较好的拟合（r>0.984，p<0.01）；添加生物炭后土壤对环丙沙星的解吸过程并非吸附的可逆过程，其吸附-解吸过程具有明显的迟滞效应，环丙沙星在生物炭土壤中的解吸滞后指数提高了1.32~1.86倍。生物炭对土壤中环丙沙星有一定的固定作用，环丙沙星在被生物炭土壤吸附后，解吸较为困难，因此可以降低环丙沙星在环境中迁移的生态风险。     

甘蔗皮生物炭对苯酚的吸附特性研究

为使甘蔗皮得到资源化利用,本研究采用慢速热解技术于400、500、600℃条件下制备生物炭吸附剂(BC400、BC500、BC600),以去除废水中的苯酚。吸附试验结果表明,废水中苯酚的初始浓度、生物炭的制备温度、吸附温度和时间等因素均能影响甘蔗皮生物炭对苯酚的吸附效果。3种温度制备的生物炭对苯酚的吸附能力表现为BC600>BC500>BC400。35℃下苯酚初始浓度为50 mg/L,生物炭BC600吸附300 min后苯酚的去除率可高达96%,生物炭对苯酚的等温吸附线符合Langmuir模式和Freundlich模式。      

大豆秸秆生物炭对苯酚的吸附特性研究

为促进大豆秸秆的资源化利用,以大豆秸秆为材料,采用慢速热解技术于400,500,600℃条件下制备生物炭吸附剂(BC400、BC500、BC600),检测其去除废水中苯酚的效果。结果表明:生物炭的制备温度显著影响其对苯酚的吸附效果,3种温度制备的生物炭对苯酚的吸附能力表现为BC500BC600BC400。此外,废水中苯酚的初始浓度、吸附温度和时间等因素均能影响吸附效果。45℃下苯酚初始浓度为40 mg·L~(-1)时,BC500对苯酚的去除率最高,达86%,生物炭对苯酚的等温吸附线符合Langmuir模式和Freundlich模型。研究结果探明了大豆秸秆制备生物炭吸附剂去除苯酚的最适条件,可为大豆秸秆应用于苯酚等有机污染物的去除提供理论依据。     

亚麻粕生物炭对苯酚的吸附特性研究

为促进亚麻粕的资源化利用,以亚麻粕为材料,采用慢速热解技术于300、400、500℃条件下制备生物炭吸附剂(BC300、BC400、BC500),检测其去除水中苯酚的效果。结果表明,生物炭的制备温度显著影响其对苯酚的吸附效果,3种温度制备的生物炭对苯酚的吸附能力表现为BC500 BC400 BC300。此外,苯酚的初始浓度、吸附温度和时间等因素均能影响吸附效果。25℃下苯酚初始浓度为20 mg/L时,BC500对苯酚的去除率最高,达98%,生物炭对苯酚的等温吸附线符合Langmuir模式和Freundlich模式。研究结果探明了亚麻粕制备生物炭吸附剂去除苯酚的最适条件,可为亚麻粕应用于苯酚等有机污染物的去除提供理论依据。     

棉铃壳生物炭对尼泊金乙酯吸附特性研究

为促进棉铃壳的资源化利用,以棉铃壳为材料,采用慢速热解技术于300 ℃、400 ℃、500 ℃条件下制备生物炭吸附剂（BC300、BC400、BC500）,检测其去除废水中尼泊金乙酯（Ethyl paraben,EP）的效果。吸附试验结果表明,生物炭的制备温度显著影响其对EP的吸附效果,3个温度制备的生物炭对EP的吸附能力表现为BC500＞BC400＞BC300。此外,废水中EP的初始质量浓度、吸附温度和时间等均能影响吸附效果。45 ℃下EP初始质量浓度为40 mg·L^－1时,BC500对EP去除率最高,达89.4%。生物炭对EP的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模式和Freundlich模式。研究结果探明了在3个温度下制备的棉铃壳生物炭去除废水中EP的最适条件,可为棉铃壳应用于EP等有机污染物的去除提供依据。     

可溶性有机物对土霉素在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

利用废弃木薯渣分别于350、550、750℃温度下制得3种不同生物质炭,并以这3种生物质炭为前驱物提取可溶性有机物(DOM)。将土霉素(OTC)作为污染物,研究DOM对土霉素在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响。结果表明:来源于木薯渣生物质炭的DOM均能降低土霉素在土壤中的吸附量,促进土霉素在土壤中的解吸作用;随着DOM浓度、炭化和外界温度的升高,土霉素在土壤中的吸附量逐渐减少,并且易从土壤中解吸出来。DOM降低了土霉素在土壤中的吸附能力,而且增强了土霉素在土壤中的解吸能力,从而可能增强土霉素在土壤中的迁移能力。若在土霉素污染较为严重的地区施用有机物料,可能会促进土壤中土霉素的迁移,并对地下水及周边环境造成威胁。      

DOMs耦合生物质炭对土霉素的吸附行为研究

以650 ℃下制备甘蔗渣生物质炭（BC650）为研究对象,在模拟自然条件下,在BC650上负载环境中常见的溶解性有机质（DOMs）即小分子没食子酸（GA）和大分子黄腐酸（HA）,并对其性质进行表征;再以典型抗生素土霉素为目标污染物,探究外源DOMs耦合生物质炭对抗生素的吸附性能的影响。结果表明,DOMs的负载提高了生物质炭的比表面积,生物质炭的表面化学性质发生改变;预载DOMs后,生物质炭对土霉素的吸附能力明显降低,且GA负载的抑制作用较HA更为显著,就平衡吸附量而言,HA处理后其下降了10%,而GA的处理使其降低了30%,DOMs的预载对生物质炭吸附抗生素的影响可能是由DOMs处理改变了生物质炭的表面化学性质而致;DOMs负载前后生物质炭对土霉素表现出非线性吸附,氢键作用为主要吸附机制。所得结果可为生物质炭在抗生素污染控制中的实际应用提供重要的理论依据。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.