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1.
Bayissa B Ayelet G Kyule M Jibril Y Gelaye E 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(4):759-766
Cross-sectional serological study and questionnaire survey were conducted in Borana pastoral and agro-pastoral area to determine
seroprevalence and risk factors associated with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) infection and to assess community perceptions
as to importance of the disease. A multistage random sampling was carried out to select cattle for seroprevalence and households
for interviews. Totally, 768 sera were collected from 111 herds. The overall individual level seroprevalence of 23.0% (n = 177) and herd level seroprevalence of 58.6% (n = 65) were recorded using 3ABC ELISA test. The variation of individual level seroprevalence in districts were statistically
significant (P < 0.05) which was 29.9% in Arero, 24.0% in Yabello, and 15.7% in Teltele. From multivariate logistic regression analysis,
herd size and age were seen to be significantly (P < 0.05) associated with FMD seroprevalence. The result of the questionnaire survey based on 120 respondents indicated that,
the daily milk yield of cows infected with FMD during outbreaks is reduced to an average of 0.5 L for 25.5 days while cows
developing heat-intolerance syndrome after acute infection gave an average 0.67 L for 3.8 months and their calving interval
prolonged about 12 months. The questionnaire survey in agro-pastoral area of Borena also indicated that FMD-infected oxen
remained off-plough for one season when outbreaks occur in cropping time, whereas heat-intolerant oxen were no longer used
for traction. These findings of the present study indicated that FMD is a highly prevalent and economically important disease
in the Borana pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems which need effective control strategy for the disease. 相似文献
2.
Patterns,risk factors and characteristics of reported and perceived foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Uganda 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ayebazibwe Chrisostom Tjørnehøj Kirsten Mwiine Frank N. Muwanika Vincent B. Ademun Okurut Anna Rose Siegismund Hans R. Alexandersen Soren 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(7):1547-1559
Patterns of outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Uganda were elucidated from spatial and temporal retrospective data
retrieved from monthly reports from District Veterinary Officers (DVOs) to the central administration for the years spanning
2001–2008. An assessment of perceived FMD occurrence, risk factors and the associated characteristics was made based on semi-structured
questionnaires administered to the DVOs. During this period, a total of 311 FMD outbreaks were reported in 56 (70%) out of
Uganda’s 80 districts. The number of reported FMD outbreaks changed over time and by geographical regions. Occurrence of FMD
was significantly associated with the dry season months (p = 0.0346), the time when animals movements are more frequent. The average number of FMD outbreaks was higher for some sub-counties
adjacent to national parks than for other sub-counties, whilst proximity to international border only seemed to play a role
at the southern border. DVOs believed that the major risk factor for FMD outbreaks was animal movements (odds ratio OR 50.8,
confidence interval CI 17.8–144.6) and that most outbreaks were caused by introduction of sick animals. 相似文献
3.
Use of the scan statistic on disaggregated province-based data: foot-and-mouth disease in Iran 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The spatial scan statistic was applied to density-smoothed data that approximated the spatial distribution within the area and reduced the potential bias produced when location data have been aggregated for large areas. The method is illustrated, using data on the location of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in Iran. Data examined were 4477 FMD outbreaks reported on a per province basis between June 1996 and September 2003. A kernel density of the outbreak locations was estimated, using a fixed radius and the centroid of each province as the designated location of all cases reported for the province. The radius that produced a density map with the highest correlation with expert opinion was 4° (latitude/longitude). Livestock density was used as a proxy for the underlying population at risk of acquiring FMD. Livestock and outbreak density maps were overlain to obtain the number of outbreaks and livestock in each of 15,599 cells covering the mapped surface of the country. A spatial scan statistic was applied to the density-smoothed data assuming that the outbreaks had a Poisson distribution. Results were compared with those obtained using a spatial scan statistic on provincially aggregated data. Application of the spatial scan statistic on the density-smoothed data allowed identification of clusters (P < 0.01) related more to the actual geographic distribution of cases (expert opinion) and of animals at risk, than to the distribution of the provinces. Significant clusters of FMD were identified that coincided with roads, neighboring countries, and high-density population areas, suggesting that the region may represent a route for cross-continent transmission of FMD. 相似文献
4.
B. Megersa B. Beyene F. Abunna A. Regassa K. Amenu T. Rufael 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(6):891-898
A serological survey to investigate risk factors for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) occurrence was conducted between October
2007 and March 2008 in Southern Ethiopia. Antibodies against non-structural protein of FMD virus (using 3abc ELISA) were measured
as indicator of exposure to the virus. The seroprevalence of FMD was 9.5% (95%CI = 7.7 – 11.3, n = 1020) and 48.1% (95% CI = 36.8
– 59.4%, n = 79), respectively at animal and herd levels. Within herd seropositivity was ranged from 6.7 to 46.7% with 18.6%
(95%CI = 14.6 – 22.5%) risk of being seropositive for an animal in positive herds. The most important herd level risk factors
identified were pastoral system (OR = 16.3, 95% CI = 2.0 -133.7) compared to sedentary, low altitude (OR = 7.5, 95% CI 1.4
-40.7) compared to high altitude, keeping cattle with small ruminants (OR = 5.1, 95% CI 1.0 -25.2) when compared to one species
or alone. Seroprevalence was significantly higher (P <0.05) in South Omo than Sidama and Gamo Gofa areas. The odds of seropositivity
were 2.8 and 2.3 times higher in the adult (>4 years) and maturing animals (3–4 years) compared to young age category (<3 years).
Both multivariable logistic and negative binomial regressions depicted that production system was the major risk factor for
FMD seropositivity. Consequently, higher prevalence of FMD in pastoral system where animals are an integral part of life has
substantial livelihood and economic implications, which signifies the need for devising control measures. 相似文献
5.
This retrospective study aimed to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of anthrax and to identify risk areas in Zimbabwe.
The data were extracted from the monthly and annual reports of the Division of Livestock Production and Veterinary Services
for the period 1967 to 2006. The data were analyzed in relation to temporal and spatial factors. The hot-dry season was found
to be significantly (X
2 = 847.8, P < 0.001) associated with the occurrence of anthrax in cattle, and the disease was found to be approximately three times more
likely to occur during this season compared to other seasons. Anthrax outbreaks demonstrated a gradual temporal increase from
an annual mean of three outbreaks for the 5-year period (1967–1971) to 42 for the 5-year period (2002–2006). Similarly, the
data demonstrated a spatial increase in the number of districts affected by anthrax between 1967 and 2006, with 12 districts
affected for the 10-year period (1967–1976) that expanded to 42 districts for the 10-year period (1997–2006). The majority
of outbreaks (83.7%) were recorded in rural areas, and 11 districts were found to be at a higher risk than others. There is
need to develop differential vaccination strategy, other control strategies and preventive recommendations to reduce anthrax
in high-risk districts. In the medium- to low-risk districts, maintenance of effective surveillance systems and improvement
of awareness is very important to detect and contain outbreaks early. 相似文献
6.
A retrospective study on the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Bhutan, between the years 1996 and 2008, based on
the data collected through passive surveillance, was undertaken. A total of 230 outbreaks of FMD at sub-district level were
recorded in 299 villages located in 19 out of the 20 districts in the country. There were no significant differences between
the years (P = 0.998) or months (P = 0.989) on the incidence of FMD. The sub-districts in the north (altitude >1,000 m above mean sea level) had significantly
(P = 0.008) higher incidences of outbreaks in winter than in summer. The sub-districts that shared border with India had significantly
more outbreaks than those that didn't (P = 0.001). Cattle were the most predominant species affected being involved in all of the outbreaks reported. Serotype O,
which constituted 70.6% of the outbreaks typed was the most predominant serotype prevalent in Bhutan followed by A (16.7%),
Asia 1 (8.8%), and C (3.9%). Cattle density was significantly positively correlated (P = 0.023) with the incidence of disease. Three waves of outbreaks of epidemic proportions were reported in 1997/1998, 2002/2003,
and 2007/2008 due to the PanAsia strain of the O serotype. The study highlights the incursion of the PanAsia strain of the
O serotype into the country, possibly, through the transboundary movement of animals and the need for active surveillance
of FMD, especially at the border areas. The study also highlights the significance of the O serotype and cattle as the main
indicator species in the epidemiology of FMD in Bhutan. The findings from this study can be used as baseline epidemiological
data for further research to understand the epidemiology of FMD in Bhutan. 相似文献
7.
Foot and mouth disease in the Borana pastoral system,southern Ethiopia and implications for livelihoods and international trade 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Rufael T Catley A Bogale A Sahle M Shiferaw Y 《Tropical animal health and production》2008,40(1):29-38
Participatory epidemiology (PE) was used on the Borana plateau of southern Ethiopia to understand pastoralist’s perceptions
of the clinical and epidemiological features of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle. Matrix scoring showed good agreement
between informant groups on the clinical signs of acute and chronic FMD, and findings were cross-checked by clinical examination
of cattle and assessment of previous clinical FMD at herd level by detection of antibody to non structural proteins of FMD
virus. The positive predictive value of pastoralist’s diagnosis of FMD at herd level was 93.1%. The annual age-specific incidence
and mortality of acute FMD in 50 herds was estimated using proportional piling. The estimated mean incidence of acute FMD
varied from in 18.5% in cattle less than two years of age to 14.0% in cattle three to four years of age. The estimated mean
mortality due to acute FMD varied from 2.8% in cattle less than two years of age to 0.3% in cattle three of age or older.
Pearson correlation coefficients for acute FMD by age group were −0.12 (p > 0.05) for incidence and −0.59 (p < 0.001) for
mortality. Estimates of the annual incidence of chronic FMD varied from 0.2% in cattle less than two years of age to 1.8%
in cattle three to four years of age. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the incidence of chronic FMD by age group was
0.47 (p < 0.001). Outbreaks of FMD peaked in Borana cattle during the two dry seasons and were attributed to increased cattle
movement to dry season grazing areas. The mean seroprevalence of FMD was estimated at 21% (n = 920) and 55.2% of herds (n = 116)
tested seropositive. Serotyping of 120 seropositive samples indicated serotypes O (99.2%), A (95.8%), SAT 2 (80%) and C (67.5%).
The endemic nature of FMD in Borana pastoral herds is discussed in terms of the direct household-level impact of the disease,
and the increasing export of cattle and chilled beef from Ethiopia. 相似文献
8.
Mukesh Bhakat Tushar K. Mohanty Ashok K. Gupta Virendra S. Raina Biswajit Brahma R. K. Mahapatra M. Sarkar 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(7):1363-1366
Effect of Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) vaccination was studied on semen quality parameters of 19 Karan Fries (KF) and eight
Murrah (MU) breeding bulls during the period 2002 to 2004 at Artificial Breeding Complex, NDRI, Karnal. A total of non-vaccinated
155 KF and 72 MU bulls' ejaculates were taken as control, while 169 KF and 51 MU bulls' ejaculates, collected after vaccination,
were used to study the effect of vaccination stress. The results showed that FMD vaccination had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on ejaculate volume and total volume per day of semen in both KF and MU bulls. Volume of semen increased slightly
during post-vaccination period in both the breeds. After FMD vaccination, there was significant (P < 0.01) decrease in mass activity (2.27 ± 0.06 vs. 1.67 ± 0.07 and 2.49 ± 0.09. vs. 1.75 ± 0.10, for KF and MU, respectively),
initial motility (56.89 ± 0.03% vs. 44.62 ± 0.02% and 62.26 ± 0.04% vs. 47.08 ± 0.05%, for KF and MU, respectively), sperm
concentration (754.19 ± 23.96 vs. 554.14 ± 22.95 × 106/ml and 848.61 ± 33.65 vs. 571.57 ± 39.99 × 106/ml, for KF and MU, respectively), and total sperm output per ejaculate (3,685.94 ± 158.40 vs. 2,781.54 ± 151.70 × 106 and 2,218.75 ± 133.14 vs. 1,582.84 ± 158.20 × 106, for KF and MU, respectively). Application of FMD vaccine had significantly (P < 0.05) adverse effect on most of the seminal attributes during post-vaccination in KF and MU buffalo bulls. So, the spermiograms
affected following vaccination suggest that in bovines, the semen collection and preservation should be suspended till normal
fertility of sperm is restored to avoid the failure of conception from artificial insemination using such semen. 相似文献
9.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between cow-specific risk factors and the lactational incidence
risks of retained placenta (RP), metritis (MET) and clinical mastitis (CM) in 57,301 dairy cows on 20 large dairy herds in
Iran between January 2005 and June 2009. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify risk factors for MET,
RP and CM and quantify their odds ratio (OR). The lactational incidences of MET, RP and CM were 8%, 5.2% and 18.9%, respectively,
and significant risk factors for MET were dystocia (OR = 4.32), stillbirth (OR = 6.26), RP (OR = 27.74), twin births (OR = 6.57),
primiparity (OR = 1.68), calving during winter season (OR = 2.45) and male calves (OR = 2.41). Significant risk factors for
RP were dystocia (OR = 3.17), stillbirth (OR = 3.18), abortion (OR = 8.46), milk fever (OR = 3.66), twin births (OR = 2.76),
pluriparity (OR = 2.69), calving during winter season (OR = 1.86) and shorter gestation length of dairy cows (OR = 3.82).
Also, significant risk factors for CM were RP (OR = 9.45), milk fever (OR = 12.36), pluriparity (OR = 2.83), calving during
winter season (OR = 1.68) and the first months of lactation (P < 0.001)) and SCC concentrations at previous lactation (OR = 1.82). The current study indicates that differentiation can
be made among cows in the risk of having MET, RP and CM based on a combination of cow factors. These differences among cows
could be useful to aid the better detection of these diseases in the dairy herds. 相似文献
10.
Ansari-Lari M Haghkhah M Bahramy A Novin Baheran AM 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(4):553-557
A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to August 2006 in dairy herds in Fars province, southern Iran to determine
the herd-level risk factors for infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Statistical analysis using multivariable logistic regression showed that contamination of udders of periparturient
cows with manure (OR = 6.4, P = 0.02) and history of having suspected cases of Johne's disease in the herd (OR = 6.7, P = 0.04)
were significantly associated with the herd infection status. No relationship between breed, herd size and other management
practices with the infection status of the herd were found in this study. Implementing high sanitary measures in the farm,
particularly with respect to manure handling and cleaning could be considered as one of the important aspects in controlling
disease in the region as well as in the future educational effort. 相似文献
11.
Bitew M Andargie A Bekele M Jenberie S Ayelet G Gelaye E 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(8):1543-1547
A cross-sectional serological survey was undertaken in selected districts of different agro-ecology of Jimma zone (Dedo, Yebu,
Seka, Serbo, and Jimma town) from November 2009 to February 2010 to determine the seroprevalence of African horse sickness
virus and associated risk factors of the disease. Two hundred seventy-four equids (189 horses, 43 mules, and 47 donkeys) with
a history of non-vaccination for at least 2 years were selected randomly from the above areas. Sera samples were collected
and assayed for the presence of specific antibody against African horse sickness virus using blocking ELISA. An overall seroprevalence
of 89 (32.5%) was found and it was 24 (51.1%) for donkeys, 13 (30.2%) for mules, and 52(28.3%) for horses. Seroprevalence
was significantly (X
2 = 11.05, P < 0.05) different among the different species of equids. Seroprevalence was also significantly (X
2 = 11.43, P < 0.05) different among the different agro-ecological areas being higher in highlands 47 (40.5%) followed by midland 30 (34.5%)
and lowland 12 (16.9%). Age and sex were not significantly (X
2 = 3.15, P > 0.05 and X
2 = 3.38, P > 0.05, respectively) associated with seroprevalence of AHSV. The present study showed that African horse sickness (AHS)
is highly prevalent disease for the horses followed by mules and then donkeys in Jimma zone explained by lower seroconversion
rate. Therefore, control strategy against AHS should target at high risk species of all age and sex in their locality in the
initial stage for better containment of the disease. 相似文献
12.
Herd- and animal-level risk factors for bovine leptospirosis in Tanga region of Tanzania 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Leptospirosis is the zoonosis of worldwide distribution and common cause of economic loss and ill health among animals and
human populations. A cross-sectional seroprevalence study, using a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with a threshold titre
of ≥1:160, to elucidate disease magnitude, distribution and associated risk factors in cattle in Tanga, Tanzania was conducted
from May 2003 to January 2004. Serum (n = 655) samples collected from randomly selected herds (n = 130) were tested for antibodies against four different Leptospira interrogans serovars (Bataviae, Tarassovi, Hardjo and Pomona) used in the agglutination test. Positive titres were detected in 30.3%
[95% confidence intervals (CI) = 26.7–33.9] of cattle and 58.5% (95% CI = 49.5–67.1) of herds, respectively. Of the 198 MAT
positive serum samples, 98 (49.5%) were positive against serovar Hardjo, 80 (40.4%) were positive against serovar Tarassovi,
12 (6.1%) was positive against serovar Bataviae and eight (4%) were positive against serovar Pomona. Associations found to
be statistically significant in univariate analyses (at P < 0.1) were assessed by multivariable logistic regression to control for confounding factors. The results showed that risk
factors for cattle were pasture grazing [odd ratio (OR) = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.57–5.12, P = 0.001], presence of goats/sheep on the farm (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.17–2.56, P = 0.001) and age of the animal (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.42–2.96, P = 0.001), while concrete floor housing was protective (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.30–0.74, P = 0.001). Herds managed under pasture grazing system were more likely to be sero-positive than those managed under zero grazed
practices (OR = 9.31; 95% CI = 3.67–23.64 for grazing herd). We concluded that bovine leptospirosis is an endemic and locally
widespread disease in Tanga and suggest that it may play a role in zoonotic transmission to humans. 相似文献
13.
A study on dermatophilosis in sheep (n = 1432) and goats (n = 1128) was conducted in Northeast Ethiopia. Out of 2560 examined
animals, 55 (2.14%) had clinical dermatophilosis. The respective prevalence in sheep and goats were 1.5% and 2.9%. There was
no significant difference (p > 0.05) in prevalence between sheep and goats and different sexes in both species. In goats,
the prevalence in young (8.7%) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in adults (2.3%). Clinical disease was associated
with orf (45% in sheep and 12% in goats), pox (22% in sheep and 18% in goats) and ticks in goats (36%, 12/33). Other risk
factors associated with transmission and spread of the disease were discussed. Vaccination against concurrent infections,
improved management schemes to alleviate the impact of risk factors and early antibiotic treatment against clinical disease
are recommended. 相似文献
14.
Occurrence of mastitis and associated risk factors in lactating goats under pastoral management in Borana,Southern Ethiopia 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bekele Megersa Chala Tadesse Fufa Abunna Alemayehu Regassa Berhanu Mekibib Etana Debela 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(6):1249-1255
Mastitis prevalence and related risk factors were studied in 1,072 udder halves of 536 lactating goats from October, 2008
to February, 2009. Clinical and subclinical mastitis were prevalent in 4.3% (95% CI = 2.8, 6.5) and 11.2% (95% CI = 8.7, 14.3)
of the studied animals, respectively, resulting in an overall prevalence of 15.5% (95% CI = 12.6, 18.9). Univariate analysis
of the potential risk factors has depicted that mastitis was more prevalent in does with previous mastitis history, increased
parity, poor body conditions, increased milk production, late lactation stage, long teat, and housed goats. Furthermore, prevalence
was significantly higher (p < 0.05) during the wet period of October to November than the dry periods of January to February. No significant variations
(p > 0.05) were observed in mastitis prevalence with udder tick infestation, mixing goat with sheep and flock size. With multivariable
analysis, lactation stage, teat length, body condition, and season (wet months) have showed significant association with mastitis
prevalence, and these factors maintained significant in the stepwise elimination of multivariable logistic regression model.
As a result, does in late stage of lactation (OR = 4.3, 1.8, 10.4), poor body condition (OR = 5.0, 1.7, 10.0), long teats
(OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.1, 4.2) and does examined in wet period were at higher risk of udder infections than early lactation,
good body condition, short teat, and examined in dry period, respectively. The study showed occurrence of mastitis and associated
risk factors in studied goats, which suggests the need for control intervention. Further investigations into pathogens involved
in goat mastitis will optimize our knowledge of causative agents and control interventions. 相似文献
15.
Ghanem Yasser M. El-Khodery Sabry A. Saad Ashraf A. Abdelkader Ahemd H. Heybe Ahemd Musse Yasin A. 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(8):1779-1786
The present study was delineated to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of camel brucellosis in Northern Somalia (Somaliland).
The study was carried out at three main districts of camel-rearing regions of Somaliland (Awdal, Waqoyi Galbed and Togdheer)
in the period from July to November, 2008. A total of 1246 camel blood sera were randomly collected from 42 sporadic small
scale camel herds. Two serological tests were used to screen all serum samples, Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect
ELISA (I-ELISA). Multivariate logistic regression was constructed to study the risk factors associated with Brucella seropositive cases. The overall prevalence of camel brucellosis in districts under investigation was 3.9% by RBPT and 3.1%
by (I-ELISA). Multivariate logistic regression on animal level showed that locality (P < 0.05; OR: 6.254; CI, 1.186–32.976),
herd size (P < 0.001; OR: 5.493; CI, 2.956-10–207), rearing with other ruminants (P < 0.001; OR: 12.433; CI, 3.957–39.060),
and contact with other camels (P < 0.05; OR: 5.311; CI, 1.093–25.800) were the potential risk factors. However, herd size
(P < 0.05; OR: 5.425; CI, 1.181–24.932), and rearing with other ruminants (P < 0.05; OR: 20.466; CI, 1.456–28.638) were recorded
as risk factors on the herd level. The results of the present investigation indicate that the Brucella spp. exists within the camel herds in Somaliland. Further studies need to be done on Brucella infection in the other ruminants to determine which measure should be followed for control of brucellosis. 相似文献
16.
Adrian Muwonge Clovice Kankya Jacques Godfroid Berit Djonne John Opuda-Asibo Demelash Biffa Takele Ayanaw Musso Munyeme Eystein Skjerve 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(5):905-913
To date, the public health relevance of mycobacterial infections in pigs is not well investigated despite high risk of infection.
Recently, there has been a documented increase in opportunistic infections and risk of acquiring opportunistic mycobacterial
infections in HIV/AIDS patients in Mubende district; unfortunately, there has been no published information on the epidemiology
of mycobacterial infections in this area. This study was carried out between September 2008 and February 2009. Investigations
were done to assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of mycobacterial infections in slaughtered pigs in Mubende
district of Uganda. A total of 997 pigs (53.7% male and 46.3% female) from 31 different slaughterhouses were examined for
the presence of lesions compatible with TB and mycobacterial infections. Pathologic tissue specimens were collected for culturing
and isolation of mycobacteria. A cross-sectional technique was used based on convenient visits to slaughterhouses but random
selection of individual slaughtered pigs for a detailed post-mortem inspection on a daily basis. The results reflected a 9.3%
and 3.1% (95% CI) prevalence of Mycobacterium species based on necropsy examinations and culture isolation, respectively. The highest prevalence of mycobacterial infection
was recorded in Buwekula County (the mixed agro-zone) whilst the lowest was in Kassanda County (pastoral zone). A multivariable
logistical regression analysis identified age (P ≤ 0.001) and sex (P ≤ 0.05) as risk factors for mycobacterial infections in pigs. Post-estimation statistics of the regression model evaluation
and validation fit it well into the data (HL, χ
2 = 5.9; P = 0.69 for necropsy, HL χ
2 = 2.9; P = 0.94 for culturing). This study documented a high prevalence of mycobacterial infections in slaughter pigs in Mubende district.
The fact that pigs and human often share common housing and environment poses a high risk of zoonotic transmission. This then
warrants further molecular investigation to identify the specific Mycobacterium species and their public health importance in this area. 相似文献
17.
18.
Sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis and its risk factors in Jimma zone of Oromia Region,South-western Ethiopia 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Nuraddis Ibrahim Kelay Belihu Fikre Lobago Merga Bekana 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(1):35-40
A cross sectional sero-prevalence study was conducted on 1,595 cattle in Jimma zone, Ethiopia to investigate the status of
bovine brucellosis and identify potential risk factors. Sera samples were analyzed using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and
Complement Fixation Test (CFT). The overall individual and herd level sero-prevalences were 3.1% (n = 1,595) and 15.0% (n = 227), respectively. The sero-prevalence of bovine brucellosis at individual animal level was significantly higher in non-pregnant
(11.18%) than pregnant (2.77%) and lactating (22.35%) than non-lactating animals (2.46%). Moreover, significantly higher sero-prevalence
was observed in herds of larger sizes. Individual animal sero-prevalence was also positively associated with the occurrence
of abortion (26.98 and 1.54% in those with and without previous history of abortion, respectively). Generally, the sero-prevalence
of bovine brucellosis found in Jimma area was not high and the sero-prevalence was closely associated with some of the risk
factors considered at individual animal and herd level. 相似文献
19.
Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) from January 1982 through December 2003 were used to examine variations in serotype-
and species-specific risk for three control programmes in Colombia:(1982–1983) vaccination, using an aluminium hydroxide,
saponin adjuvant, required but not enforced; (1984–1996) vaccination, using an oil double-emulsion adjuvant, required but
not enforced; and (1997–2003) enforced vaccination, using an oil double-emulsion adjuvant, restricted animal movement enforced,
and slaughter of infected animals. Hypotheses were tested for trend, cyclicity and seasonality in FMD occurrence, and for
species- and serotype-specific differences in morbidity and case-fatality. The spatial density of outbreaks was estimated
by kernel smoothing. The frequency of outbreaks decreased most between 1984 and 1996 (p < 0.01) for serotype A and between 1997 and 2003 (p < 0.01) for serotype O. Outbreaks occurred in cycles of 3–4 years for both serotypes (p < 0.05). Morbidity was not significantly different in pigs from that in cattle for serotype A-associated outbreaks (p = 0.314), but was higher in pigs than in cattle (p = 0.019) for serotype O-associated outbreaks. For both serotypes, case-fatality was higher for pigs than for cattle (p < 0.009). Temporal variation in FMD incidence provided insight into the expected evolution of FMD control for countries with
similar conditions and where FMD is endemic. 相似文献
20.
Chimana Henry M. Muma John Bwalya Samui Kenny L. Hangombe Benard M. Munyeme Musso Matope Gift Phiri Andrew M. Godfroid Jacques Skjerve Eystein Tryland Morten 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(7):1541-1545
A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2007 and February 2008 to estimate seroprevalence of brucellosis and
identify risk factors associated with Brucella infections in commercial cattle in three districts of Lusaka province (Chongwe, Luangwa, and Kafue; n = 849) and in one rural district from the Central province (n = 48). A total of 897 serum samples were randomly collected from 55 farms along with animal-level data such as sex, age,
and parity. Sera were screened for presence of anti-Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal test, and positive samples were confirmed using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay. At the animal level, seroprevalence was estimated at 7.9% (95% CI = 4.4–11.4%) in the Lusaka province and 18.7% (95%
CI = 7.5–29.9%) for Chibombo district. Brucellosis seroprevalence varied according to district, with Chongwe district recording
the highest compared to other districts. Seroprevalence also varied according to sex with bulls (n = 96) having higher seroprevalence (12.5%; 95% CI = 3.8–21.1%) compared to females (8.1%; 95% CI = 4.6–11.6). Similarly,
seroprevalence varied according to age groups, with the age category 1–4 years recording the highest (10.7%). The study recorded
relatively low Brucella seroprevalence in commercial farms in Lusaka, compared to the traditional small-scale farms. We suggest that testing and
stamping out of infected animals is likely to improve the situation and significantly reduce the public health risk associated
with Brucella infections in animals. 相似文献