磷矿粉的超微细活化及磷释放动态研究

以无机、有机材料为活化剂,用振动磨湿法研磨和连续提取的方法,研究了不同活化剂对磷矿粉的超微细活化作用及磷素动态释放特性。结果表明,添加活化剂能够显著提高磷矿粉的粉碎效率,缩短研磨时间。对磷矿粉进行超微细活化处理能显著提高磷矿粉有效磷的含量,胶磷矿加入无机,有机活化剂和无机、有机活化剂并用的处理2h样品的有效磷含量是粗胶磷矿的1.82、1.86、1.83倍。 2%柠檬酸连续浸提试验表明,各微细处理的胶磷矿6次累积磷总量分别是粗胶磷矿粉的1.90、1.86、1.64、1.69倍。     

不同基因型春小麦磷效率差异的研究

通过土培试验,研究了甘肃省石灰性土壤上不同基因型春小麦的磷效率差异。结果表明,不同基因型春小麦磷效率存在明显差异。武春121和038014均有较高的磷吸收效率和利用效率;甘春20具有较高的磷吸收效率;永良4号在不同磷矿粉及改性磷矿粉处理中的磷吸收效率均最低。     

超微活化条件对磷矿粉磷素形态及肥效的影响

采用化学分析、红外光谱分析以及盆栽试验研究了活化剂添加量及研磨时间对超微活化磷矿粉磷素形态及生物有效性的影响.结果表明,与普通磷矿粉相比,磷矿粉经超微活化处理后有效磷提高了45.1％～58.7％,活性磷提高了169.4％～203.6％,水溶性磷含量随活化剂添加量的增加也明显提高;当活化剂添加量达到5％时,3次水溶性磷的累积释放量较相同条件下制得的超微细磷矿粉提高84倍以上.适当延长研磨时间有利于磷矿粉磷素的释放,但效果不显著.红外光谱分析结果表明:超微细活化磷矿粉中与PO3-、HPO2-相关的特征吸收峰强度较普通磷矿粉显著增强,且生成了与PO43-、HPO42-相关的新特征吸收峰,使磷矿粉中的磷向有效状态转变.盆栽试验结果进一步表明,超微活化磷矿粉处理的玉米生物量、磷素利用率均显著高于磷矿粉、普通超微细磷矿粉以及过磷酸钙和磷酸二铵等常规水溶性磷肥,可增强抗固定能力而显著提高土壤有效磷含量.超微活化磷矿粉较高的活性磷总量和水溶性磷持续适度的供磷强度是其生物有效性高的原因.     

石灰性土壤磷矿粉直接施用的效果

通过小区和大田试验 ,研究石灰性土壤上几种磷矿粉对油菜的肥效 .结果表明 ,几种磷矿粉对油菜的增产效果都很显著 ,油菜对磷矿粉利用能力强和土壤供磷水平低是增产的主要原因 ,磷矿粉的相对肥效以摩洛哥最高 ,次为荆襄 ,再次为开阳 ,锦屏最差 .肥效高低与磷矿粉中枸溶性磷的含量密切相关     

活化钙镁磷肥对不同磷效率基因型冬小麦生长及磷效率的影响

用土培方法研究了两种磷肥 (枸溶性钙镁磷肥CMP和水溶性磷肥过磷酸钙SSP)和两种非水溶性磷肥活化剂(无机矿物活化剂IA和有机活化剂OA)在石灰性土壤中对不同磷效率小麦苗期生长和基因型差异以及磷效率的影响。结果表明 ,SSP和CMP对不同磷效率基因型小麦生长的影响无显著差异 ,但对植株磷效率的影响效果明显不同。SSP可提高植株的磷吸收效率 ,CMP对提高植株的磷利用效率更有效。不同磷效率小麦生长的基因型差异在所有磷肥处理中均表现 ,但在CMP处理中的差异最大 ,不同溶解性磷肥品种可作为小麦磷效率基因型的鉴定材料。两种非水溶性磷肥活化剂对钙镁磷肥均有效 ,但作用大小和方向因小麦基因型不同而异 ,OA有利于磷高效基因型小麦的生长 ,IA对磷低效基因型小麦的生长则更加有利 ,其效果甚至超过水溶性磷肥。经IA处理的CMP能明显提高小麦植株的磷含量和吸磷量 ,并能显著增加土壤的有效磷含量     

两种改性磷矿粉的制备与表征

选用天然磷矿粉为原材料,通过硫酸酸化、有机无机活化剂活化分别制得酸化磷矿粉和活化磷矿粉。采用扫描电镜观察、X－射线衍射分析、激光粒度测试,证明了90%的酸化磷矿粉粒径为4.227 μm,90%的活化磷矿粉粒径达到220 nm。活化磷矿粉结晶度降低,比表面积增大,有利于磷素在土壤中的释放与吸附。此种制备方法开辟了磷肥生产新工艺。     

改性磷矿粉对油菜幼苗生长和土壤性质的影响

用γ-聚谷氨酸（γ- PGA）与摩洛哥磷矿粉（MPR）混合处理后,在红壤、黄棕壤、黄褐土上分别进行了油菜幼苗盆栽试验和土壤培养试验。结果表明,盆栽试验中,3种土壤上改性磷矿粉处理的生物量都高于其它处理。红壤上,改性磷矿粉处理与对照（CK）和磷酸二氢钙（SP）相比达到显著差异。改性磷矿粉处理的油菜幼苗含磷量和吸磷量都高于相应的单施磷矿粉处理,甚至显著高于SP;并可提高植株的磷吸收效率和磷肥利用率。在土壤培养试验中,磷矿粉施入3种土壤后,均能提高土壤pH值、有效磷和交换性钙镁含量,降低红壤中交换性铝含量。上述各指标增加或降低幅度大小顺序均为:改性磷矿粉磷矿粉对照。     

磷矿粉在橡胶园不同母质砖红壤中溶解特性研究

研究表明大多数热带地区酸性土壤上施用磷矿粉能取得与水溶性磷肥相当的肥效。目前橡胶树等热带作物施肥实践中长期施用水溶性磷肥,磷矿粉在热带胶园土壤中的应用研究较少。为此,本文通过室内培养试验研究了采自云南昆阳磷矿(KPR)和江西吴村磷矿(WPR)2种品位磷矿粉在砂页岩、花岗岩、片麻岩、浅海沉积物和玄武岩等5种母质发育的10个胶园砖红壤中的溶解特性和有效性动态变化。结果表明:2种磷矿粉在10个砖红壤上的溶解量均随着培养时间的延长不断增加。对2种磷矿粉在砖红壤中的溶解动力学过程模拟效果最好的是Elovich方程,其次是Langmuir方程,Mitscherlich方程模拟效果最差。2种磷矿粉在玄武岩发育砖红壤上平均最大溶解量分别是砂页岩发育砖红壤、花岗岩发育砖红壤、片麻岩发育砖红壤和浅海沉积物发育砖红壤的2.16倍、1.73倍、2.49倍和2.39倍。2种磷矿粉在10个土壤中最大溶解量均与土壤有机质含量、水解性总酸、游离态氧化铁含量和CEC呈显著性正相关,溶解速率均与土壤水解性总酸、游离氧化铁和CEC呈显著正相关关系。经逐步回归发现:土壤游离氧化铁含量可能是决定磷矿粉在砖红壤中最大溶解量的第1因素,土壤磷吸附常数K值和CEC则可能分别是影响KPR和WPR在砖红壤中溶解速度的第1因素。2种磷矿粉施用后所有土壤有效磷含量均出现不同程度的增加,但不同土壤、不同培养时间有效磷增加量存在差异。本研究显示,将磷矿粉优先施用在玄武岩发育砖红壤可能会取得相对较好的效果;与KPR相比,WPR作为中低品位磷矿粉也可能同样有效。     

活化磷矿粉对重金属污染土壤上莴苣生长与品质的影响

用0.5 mol/L草酸与南漳和保康两地的两种低品位磷矿粉在一定条件下混合培养后,施于重金属污染的土壤,通过盆栽试验,研究草酸活化磷矿粉对重金属污染土壤上莴苣生长和品质的影响。结果表明,盆栽试验中,与对照相比,施加磷矿粉和活化磷矿粉后,莴苣的株高、 叶片叶绿素SPAD值、 叶片和茎的维生素C含量都有不同程度的提高,其效果为活化磷矿粉＞磷矿粉＞对照,而叶和茎的硝酸盐含量则降低。同时,施加磷矿粉和活化磷矿粉可以提高土壤有效磷、 交换性钙、 镁含量,降低交换态重金属含量,进而降低莴苣各部分对重金属元素的吸收,如施加活化磷矿粉后莴苣根中Cd、 Cu的含量比对照最高可降低55.1%、 55.24%,地上部分中Cd、 Cu的含量比对照最高可降低59.3%、 53.4%,降低重金属含量的效果依次为活化磷矿粉＞磷矿粉＞对照。     

微晶化磷矿粉的释磷特性及肥效机理

以有机材料为活化剂,用微晶化设备对磷矿粉进行活化处理,研究微晶活化后磷矿粉的物理特性、磷素释放动态及肥效.结果表明:微晶活化后磷矿粉的粒径整体变小,比表面积显著增大,磷素单次释放量和释放总量显著提高.施入土壤后,芦笋合格产品支数、单支质量和总产量较普通磷矿粉处理分别提高了2.61％,7.94％和9.64％;施用磷矿粉还可以增加土壤有效磷含量,提高土壤pH值,并促进芦笋对磷素的吸收,其中微晶化磷矿粉处理增加幅度明显高于普通磷矿粉处理.微晶化磷矿粉增量施用后,增产效果与普通过磷酸钙处理相当.     

中国亚热带地区酸性土壤上部分酸化的磷矿石的农学潜力

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the agronomic potential of four partially acidulated rock phosphates(PARP) in three representative solis sampled from subtripical China.The PARPs were manufactured by attacking a moderately reactive phosphate rock either with sulfuric acid alone or with combination of sulfuric and phosphoric acids at 30 or 60 percent of acidulation.Shoot dry weight and P accumulation of six successive cuttings of ryegrass were used to compare the agronomic potential of these fertilizers with that of the raw rock phosphate(RP) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP).Results indicated that the effectiveness of various phosphates was determined both by the solubility of the phosphates and by the acidity and P-fixing capacity of the soils.The higher the watersoluble P contained,the better the effectiveness of the fertilizer was.Although plant P accumulation of PARP treatments was constantly lower than that of MCP treatment,some PARPs could still get a dry matter production similar to that of MCP treatment.PARP SP60,which was acidulated with a mixture of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid at 60 percent of acidulation and contained the highest soluble,P,was as effective as MCP in terms of dry matter production on all the soils.S60 and C1 which were both acidulated with sulfuric acid with the former at 60 percent of acidulation and the latter at 30 percent but with a further addition of monoammonium phosphate,were more than 80 percent as efective as MCP,Raw RP also showed a reasonable effectiveness which increased with soil acidity.It was suggested from the study that some of these APRPs could be expected to have a comparable field performance as soluble P fertilizers in the acid soil regions.     

Phosphoraustrag aus Niedermoorböden - Ergebnisse eines Lysimeterversuches ohne Pflanzenbewuchs

Leaching of phosphorus out of fen soils - Results from pot trials without growing plants In contrast to acid bog peat soils, fen soils with high content of iron, calcium und partially lime may fix phosphates in the same way as mineral soils. In model experiments without growing plants the quantity of leached phosphorus is determined. 0,4–0,5 kg P/ha are leached out of a slightly acid fen soil (pH 5,5) with 550 mm percolated water. The phosphate fertilizers (300 kg P/ha) Tripelphosphat, Novaphos, Hyperphos and Thomasphosphat have no influence on the amount of leached phosphorus. The phosphate is fixed in the depth of 0–10 cm, into which the fertilizers were mixed. However, from a very strongly acid fen soil (pH 3,0; limed in 0–10 cm to pH 4,5) with 1000 mm percolated water 25,8 kg P/ha are leached. The fertilization with Tripelphosphat and Novaphos increases the amount of leached phosphorus whereas the water insoluble phosphate fertilizers (Thomasphosphat and Hyperphos) have no influence. In a fen soil with high content of iron water soluble phosphate will be sorbed and fixed very rapidly, therefore only low parts of the water soluble phosphate fertilizers can be extracted with lactate solution (DL), in comparison to the water insoluble phosphates.     

生物有机肥中磷细菌对难溶性磷的有效化研究

通过土壤盆栽试验，在生物有机肥中加入固氮菌、磷细菌、硅酸盐细菌等有益微生物并与磷矿粉混合施用来栽培玉米，研究其中的磷细菌对土壤中难溶性磷的有效化作用。结果表明，在不施肥、施用磷矿粉、含磷细菌生物有机肥、不含磷细菌生物有机肥4个处理中，处理3更能促进玉米的生长、增加植株体内NPK养分的积累，特别是在肥力较低的土壤上表现更为显著。处理3也提高了土壤中的速效磷养分含量。     

Do cover crops change the lability of phosphorus in a clayey subtropical soil under different phosphate fertilizers?

Plants have developed different mechanisms to absorb and solubilize phosphorus (P) in the soil, especially in environments with low P availability. This study evaluated the effects of different winter cover crops on soil P availability in a clayey subtropical (Hapludox) soil receiving soluble P fertilizer and a rock phosphate applied to the summer crop, under no‐tillage. The experiment was carried out over 3 yrs (2009–2011) with five different cover crop species: common vetch, fodder radish, ryegrass, black oat, white clover and fallow as control. The soil was sampled after the third year of cover crop cultivation and analysed for inorganic and organic P forms according to the well‐established Hedley fractionation procedure. Phosphate fertilizers promoted accumulation of both labile and nonlabile P pools in soil in the near surface layer, especially under rock phosphate. Fertilizer applications were not able to change P fractions in deeper layers, emphasizing that the Brazilian clayey soils are a sink of P from fertilizer and its mobility is almost nil. Although the cover crops recycled a great amount of P in tissue, in a short‐term evaluation (3 yrs) they only changed the content of moderately labile P in soil, indicating that long‐term studies are needed for more conclusive results.     

Plant Growth in Response to Phosphorus Fertilizers in Acidic Soil Amended with Limestone or Organic Matter

Liming or adding organic matter may improve productivity of soils receiving phosphorus (P) fertilizers. This study assessed the effectiveness of amendment of acidic soil with limestone and organic matter on growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), corn (Zea mays L.), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) with different P fertilizers. These crops were grown in a greenhouse to evaluate superphosphate, bone meal, and rock phosphate as fertilizers and calcitic limestone and peat moss as amendments. Superphosphate was the superior P source to sustain crop growth, limit deficiency symptoms, and enhance P accumulation. Bone meal was less effective than superphosphate but exceeded rock phosphate in these capacities. Rock phosphate was better than adding no P fertilizer. The amendments of limestone or organic matter singly or together had little effect on growth, appearance, or P accumulation. The availability of P in the fertilizers governed the growth responses of the plants.     

Phosphorus Solubilization from Low-Grade Rock Phosphates in the Presence of Decomposing Soybean Leaf Litter

Abstract

The natural phenomenon of defoliation of mature soybean leaves onto the soil surface provides a large quantity of easily decomposable organic matter in the form of leaf litter. The potential of decomposing soybean leaf litter (SLL) to solubilize phosphorus (P) from two low‐grade rock phosphates, Jhabua rock phosphate (JRP) and Hirapur rock phosphate (HRP), alone or amended with pyrite, was assessed in an incubation study. Decomposing SLL solubilized P both from JRP and HRP and concurrently increased water‐soluble as well as organic P contents. Amending rock phosphates with pyrite (in a 1∶2 P to S ratio) promoted P solubilization. Approximately 71 to 92% of the total solubilized P was converted to organic P. The rate of P solubilization increased with SLL decomposition time, reaching its peak at 60 days with rock phosphates alone and at 90 days with pyrite‐blended rock phosphates. The maximum P solubilization (as a percentage of total P added) with different rock phosphates and their mixtures with pyrite followed this order: HRP (11.4%)<HRP+pyrite (16.5%)<JRP (20.2%)<JRP+pyrite (26.5%). These findings clearly suggest that the decomposing SLL has the potential to solubilize P from the otherwise insoluble low‐grade rock phosphates and can offer a natural opportunity for direct use of rock phosphates in the cropping systems that have soybean as a component crop.     

Agronomic Efficiency of Indian Rock Phosphates in Acidic Soils Employing Radiotracer A‐Value Technique

Abstract

A greenhouse pot culture study was conducted to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of two rock phosphates from Mussoorie (MRP) and Purulia (PRP) in two acidic soils from Dapoli (Maharashtra) and Aruvanthklu (Karnataka), India, by growing maize (cv. Ganga) as the test crop and using ³²phosphorus (P) single superphosphate (³²P=SSP) as a tracer (A‐value technique). Dry‐matter yield and P uptake increased significantly with the application of P fertilizers compared to control treatment (without P) in both the soils. There was no significant difference with respect to dry‐matter yield among the P fertilizer treatments. However, P uptake by the shoots was found to be significantly higher in the PRP treatment in only Dapoli soil compared to other P fertilizer treatments. Phosphorus derived from fertilizer decreased in rock phosphate treatments compared to standard ³²P‐SSP treatment in both the soils, indicating an excess availability of P from the rock phosphates. A‐values of soil and rock phosphate indicate a relatively higher P availability from Aruvanthklu soil compared to Dapoli soil; A‐values for the rock phosphates were in the order PRP>MRP. The substitution ratio showed that the availability of P from both the rock phosphates were less than SSP in both the soils.     

应用放射性磷矿粉进行土壤性质对植物吸收磷素的影响的研究

用P³²标记的磷肥已在磷素营养的研究中得到广泛的应用,并且已经有了不少的综合性总结^[1,2,3]。但是,应用放射性磷矿粉来研究其肥效的报告,则还极为有限。