半红树林植物黄槿内生真菌多样性及其抗菌活性研究

黄槿植物的叶、树皮和花是中药黄槿的入药部位,具有抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤的药用价值。药用植物内生真菌与宿主植物在基因层面存在信息传递,会产生与宿主植物相同或相似的代谢产物,因此黄槿内生真菌次生代谢产物可能成为新型天然活性产物。从不同地点采集的半红树林植物黄槿中分离纯化出64株内生真菌并鉴定,通过固体发酵得到其次生代谢产物,采用牛津杯法检测内生真菌的粗提物对5种常见致病细菌的抑菌活性,后根据分离部位的不同构建系统发育树,并筛选确定3株具有强抑菌活性的菌株,用于后续次生代谢产物中化学成分的研究。     

忍冬科3属植物种质资源研究进展

综述了国内外忍冬科忍冬属、荚蒾属、接骨木属植物种质资源、种子、组织培养、遗传多样性及化学成分等方面的研究进展,简要概述了这些植物的药用功能,最后就忍冬科植物研究中存在的问题及研究前景进行了展望。     

Gender,ethnicity, and economic status in plant management: Uncultivated edible plants among the Nahuas and Popolucas of Veracruz,Mexico

Uncultivated plants are an important part of agricultural systems and play a key role in the survival of rural marginalized groups such as women, children, and the poor. Drawing on the gender, environment, and development literature and on the notion of women’s social location, this paper examines the ways in which gender, ethnicity, and economic status determine women’s roles in uncultivated plant management in Ixhuapan and Ocozotepec, two indigenous communities of Veracruz, Mexico. The first is inhabited by Nahua and the second by Popoluca peoples. Information was gathered through group and individual interviews and a food frequency survey. Results show that the gender ideology prevailing in each community, resulting from distinct ethnic affiliations and economic contexts, shapes women’s plant management. In Ixhuapan, Nahua women are used to leaving their community to generate income, while in Ocozotepec men are considered the main breadwinners and are the mediators between Popoluca households and the larger society. Nahua women gather quelites at the cornfields more often than their men, and more often than their female counterparts in Ocozotepec. They also manage and sell plants from their homegardens at higher percentages than Popoluca women. However, women in both communities use intensely the plants of their homegardens and play a key role in biodiversity conservation and cultural permanence.

森林资源管理“一张图”与“三调”成果融合研究

长期以来，自然资源部门与林草部门在土地分类体系和地类认定标准上不统一，国土“三调”数据与森林资源管理“一张图”数据存在较大差异，给两部门管理工作造成很大矛盾困扰，亟待进行数据融合，形成相对统一的数据底板。本文基于“三调”成果，梳理了森林资源管理“一张图”与“三调”林地数据之间的地类转换标准，解决了三调成果与森林资源管理“一张图”在林地分类上的混淆，利用地理空间分析技术有效处理了森林资源管理“一张图”与“三调”成果融合过程中图斑边界不套合等问题，建立部门之间的联动更新机制，提出了“高分遥感+林地要素智能识别+外业举证”的地类核实方法，解决成果融合过程中地类不一致等问题。研究森林资源管理“一张图”与 “三调”成果融合，不断夯实“以图管地”的自然资源管理工作基础，为自然资源管理履行“两统一”职责打好坚实的数据基础。     

黑龙江省药用植物根际土壤真菌多样性

为了解黑龙江省药用植物根际土壤真菌的种群结构和区系分布特点,于2010年7月份和10月份,在黑龙江省的伊春、铁力、绥化、哈尔滨、牡丹江和佳木斯6个中药材产区共采集土壤样品220份,所采集的药用植物种类主要有五味子、平贝母、刺五加、党参、防风、柴胡、桔梗、黄芩等14种.经稀释平板法和土壤颗粒平板法分离共获得1016株真菌,经形态鉴定归为35属86种,其中接合菌7属10种,占7.78％;子囊菌1属2种,占0.69％;无性型真菌27属74种,占70.76％,其余20.77％的菌株为不产孢真菌.试验结果表明,黑龙江省药用植物根际土壤真菌的种群多样性丰富,其中青霉属Penicillium、曲霉属Aspergillus、木霉属Trichoderma、镰孢菌属Fusarium是优势种群,粘帚霉属Gliocladium、金孢属Chrysosporium、毛霉属Mucor、枝孢属Cladosporium、枝顶孢属Acremonium、根霉属Rhizopus是亚优势种群.不同药用植物根际土壤真菌区系的结构和组成存在一定的差异.除无孢类群外,青霉属Penicillium、曲霉属Aspergillus、木霉属Trichoderma和镰孢菌属Fusarium是14种药用植物根际土壤真菌的优势菌群.五味子、平贝母和柴胡是黑龙江省种植的主要中药材,它们在6个采样地点间的真菌种群的多样性水平存在差异,其中伊春地区的多样性指数(H’=2.9574)和丰富度指数(R=5.6683)最高,而佳木斯地区的均匀度指数(J=0.9200)最高.不同地区的相似性水平也存在差异,其中牡丹江与绥化的药用植物根际土壤真菌种群组成之间的相似性系数最高(Cj=0.6315),牡丹江与哈尔滨的相似性最低(Cj=0.3704).     

5种药用植物光响应曲线及其根部浸提液的生物测定

以知母、桔梗、白术、板蓝根和紫丹参等药用植物为研究对象,通过光响应参数的分析及其根部浸提液的生物测定结果,筛选出适宜杨树林下种植的药用植物。结果表明,知母、桔梗、白术和紫丹参的耐萌性相对较强,而板蓝根的耐荫性相对较弱;知母、板蓝根、紫丹参的化感作用相对较弱,而桔梗、白术的化感作用相对较强。综合来看,知母、板蓝根、紫丹参较适宜杨树林下种植。应根据林分不同生长时期选择相应药用植物进行复合经营,从而实现高效、可持续的杨树复合经营。     

百尾参的化学成分、药理作用及组织培养研究进展

百尾参是我国传统中药材之一,以肉质化的根状茎入药,有着悠久的用药历史。文章对百尾参的化学成分及药理作用研究现状进行综述,论述了百尾参药源植物的组织培养研究进展;分析了百尾参的主要化学成分及止咳镇痛、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化等治疗活性;阐述了外植体、激素等对组培的影响,以期为百尾参的深入研究和开发利用提供科学依据。     

镉低积累药用植物盆栽及大田筛选试验

目的 比较不同植物对重金属镉积累能力差异,筛选出镉低积累药用植物种类。方法 以夏枯草、益母草、薄荷为供试材料,通过盆栽和大田试验,采用原子吸收光谱法测定植物中镉的含量。结果 三种植物积累镉的能力存在差异,益母草 > 薄荷 > 夏枯草。益母草在镉污染土壤中其地上部分镉含量随土壤镉浓度增高而增高,而生长不受影响,属于抗性植物。在镉胁迫下,薄荷、夏枯草生长受到抑制,植物中镉含量较低,且随土壤镉浓度增加植物中镉含量变化较小,属于镉低积累植物。结论 益母草为镉高积累植物,且生长不受影响,可以作为富集植物治理镉污染;薄荷中镉主要积累在地下部分,而其以地上部分入药,夏枯草为镉低积累植物,两者均为可在镉污染地区种植的药用植物。     

密集烤房中添加不同香料植物对烟叶致香物质 和评吸质量的影响

为了探索提高烟叶香气质量的新途径,以K326中部叶为材料,研究了密集烘烤过程中添加4种香料植物(红玫瑰、香叶天竺葵、薰衣草及兰花鼠尾草)对烟叶致香物质和评吸质量的影响。结果表明,烘烤过程中添加香料植物对烤后烟叶致香物质总含量的增加效应表现为红玫瑰>香叶天竺葵>CK>蓝花鼠尾草>薰衣草,其中添加红玫瑰后烟叶的质体色素降解产物、类西柏烷类致香物质、其他类致香物质、致香物质总量（除新植二烯）和致香物质总量分别较对照增加了19.64%、56.45%、9.50%、24.52% 和19.77%;添加香叶天竺葵后烟叶的质体色素降解产物、苯丙氨酸类致香物质、类西柏烷类致香物质、致香物质总量（除新植二烯）和致香物质总量分别较对照增加了5.52%、7.20%、4.71%、4.78% 和5.10%。添加薰衣草和兰花鼠尾草则不利于大部分致香物质的积累。感官评吸结果表明,添加红玫瑰的烟叶香气质细腻、柔和,刺激性小,余味干净舒适,劲头适中,优于对照,而添加香叶天竺葵、薰衣草和兰花鼠尾草的烟叶感官质量较对照表现稍差。可见,烘烤过程中添加外源香料植物对烤后烟叶香气质量的影响较大,且不同香料植物对烟叶香吃味的影响不同,其中添加红玫瑰对中部烟叶香气质量的改善最明显。     

基于机器视觉技术的小粒中药材种子净度快速检测

为探究机器视觉技术用于小粒中药材种子净度快速检测的可行性,以黄芩、桔梗、黄芪、紫苏和柴胡5种常见小粒中药材种子为材料,使用扫描仪获取净种子、其他植物种子和所含杂质的图像,采用种子自动化分析系统(PhenoSeed)批量提取种子、其他植物种子及所含杂质的颜色、尺寸及纹理信息,通过相关性分析和主成分分析进行特征变量的筛选,采用多层感知器(MLP)和二元逻辑回归(BLR)建立上述5种中药材种子净度快速检测模型。结果表明,净种子、其他植物种子及所含杂质在物理指标方面存在显著差异,针对不同种子,采用不同指标建立的MLP净度模型的训练集和测试集准确率均在96.0%以上,该模型在不同中药材种子上的稳定性均优于BLR模型;以特征指标建立的模型稳定性优于全部指标的建模效果,运用特征变量建立的MLP模型对不同净度梯度(75.0%~100.0%)的混合样本进行预测,回归曲线的决定系数均达到0.99以上。采用机器视觉技术获取种子、其他植物种子及所含杂质颜色、尺寸和纹理等信息,以特征指标建立MLP模型可用于小粒中药材种子的净度快速检测。     

Participatory Planting and Management of Indigenous Trees: Lessons from Chivi District, Zimbabwe

This paper reports on action research that evaluated local perceptions and knowledge of indigenous tree planting and management in the Romwe catchment, Chivi District, southern Zimbabwe. The species tested were the overexploited Afzelia quanzensis, important for timber and carvings of sculptures and utensils; Sclerocarya birrea, the marula tree used for wood, bark, and fruit; and Brachystegia glaucescens, the dominant miombo tree species, used for firewood, fiber, and fodder. Participants volunteered to plant and manage the test seeds, while a research team monitored their activities and results for 26 months. For Afzelia quanzensis, the germination rate was 81%, and 69% of the seedlings were still alive after one year. In the case of Sclerocarya birrea, the germination rate was 69%, and the one-year survival rate was 50%. For Brachystegia glaucescens, the germination rate was only 30%, and the survival rate was 31%. The main reasons for planting were to provide shade, to serve as a windbreak, and to conserve and gain individual control over dwindling natural resources, particularly Afzelia quanzensis. Women were generally more active and innovative than men. For instance, they searched for their own seeds or seedlings in the bush when there weren’t sufficient plants. Some participants tried out various indigenous methods of pest and disease control, water conservation, and moisture retention. Group feedback sessions and informal interactions provided the opportunity to share experiences. The participants learned that indigenous trees can be purposefully planted and were not simply a gift from God. Despite the droughts and political instability of recent years, a growing number of people became involved in tree planting during 2002–2003. As a result, there is now greater awareness among the local population of dwindling resources and their future potential. Karin Gerhardt, PhD, is a researcher at Department of Plant Ecology at Uppsala University. She has worked with tropical dry forest regeneration and forest utilization, as well as with the promotion of tropical dry forest research and development programs at the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Nontokozo Nemarundwe, PhD, is a research associate with the Institute of Environmental Studies at the University of Zimbabwe and the Center for International Forestry Research. She is a sociologist with research and training experience in community based natural resource management and gender issues in Southern Africa.     

A methodology for tracking the “fate” of technological interventions in agriculture

The primary focus of agricultural research and extension in eastern Africa is technology generation and dissemination. Despite prior critiques of the shortcomings of this approach, the consequences of such activities continue to be measured through the number of technologies developed and introduced into the supply chain. At best, impact is assessed by the total numbers of adopters and by the household and system factors influencing adoption. While the diffusion research tradition has made substantive advances in recent decades, attention to what happens to technologies after adaptive, on-farm research trials continues to be limited in practice. While a host of newer approaches designed to correct for past shortcomings in diffusion research is now available, integrative methodologies that capitalize on the strengths of these different traditions are sorely needed. This article presents a more encompassing methodology for tracking the fate of technological interventions, illustrating the potential applications of findings for enhancing the positive impact of agricultural research and extension in the region. Laura German holds a BSc in Agricultural Engineering from Cornell University (2001) and a PhD in Ecological Anthropology from the University of Georgia (2001). Following many years of involvement in Latin America, she took a position in 2002 as Scientist for the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) under the African Highlands Initiative, an ecoregional program of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and a network of the Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central Africa. Her current research interests include theoretical and applied work in three main areas: (1) research-development linkages; (2) integrated natural resource management at the landscape/micro-catchment scale; and (3) collective action in natural resource management. Jeremias Mowo holds a BSc in Agriculture (1979) from Dar Es Salaam University and an MSc (1983) and PhD (2000) in Soil Science from Wageningen University. He worked as soil fertility specialist in cotton-based agro-ecosystems for 11 years and coordinated soil research in Tanzania for four years. From 1998 to 2005, he worked under the African Highlands Initiative as Coordinator for the Lushoto Benchmark Site in Tanzania. In May 2005, he took up a two-year contract with the Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (ISAR) as Senior Scientist in Soil and Water Management Research where he is currently spearheading the Integrated Watershed Management approach. His research interests include integrated natural resource management, farmer participatory research, methods and approaches for technology transfer, soil and water management research, organic farming and use of indigenous knowledge in soil management. Margaret Kingamkono holds a BSc in Agriculture (1994) and an MSc in Agriculture (1996) from the Sokoine University of Agriculture. Since 1995, she has worked for the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security in Tanzania with a focus on livestock production. She has carried out extensive collaborative work on areas of land resource management, participatory approaches, and crop-livestock-agroforestry interactions. Her research interests include gender and development and integrated natural resource management.     

Use of woodland resources within and across villages in a Zimbabwean communal area

A topical issue in natural resource management is that of scale, in particular, the organizational entry-point to community-based systems of natural resource management. This study investigated access to woodland resources from the perspective of the relevance of units (traditional villages) enjoying policy attention and the nature of boundaries of resource management units as espoused in academic debates. The relevance of the boundaries was investigated from the perspective of flow of resources across boundaries of the recommended units, and resource use relations among communities residing in contiguous units. The study used questionnaire surveys, informal interviews, and personal observations to explore woodland resource use patterns within and across the villages. People acquired woodland products from both within their own villages and from adjacent ones. Most people extracted resources from within residence villages but varying proportions of the people extracted various products from other villages. In general, members of the ruling clan – those holding exclusively ancestral beliefs, those with traditional main house types – were more likely to acquire resources from neighboring villages. People extracted lighter products like wild fruits, mushrooms, and medicinal herbs from other villages compared to bulkier products like fuel wood, kraal (cattle pens) and fence posts, wall and roof poles, and brushwood. The main reasons why people did not extract woodland products from other villages were availability of the products in their own villages, the long distances to walk to gather the resources from other villages, and, to a small extent, availability of substitutes and exclusion to some products by members of other villages. Overall, people did not deny woodland resource users from other villages access to resources in their own villages, although this applied less so in the case of extraction from areas under ritual designations or extraction for commercialization. The study argues that instead of aspiring for ``hard' or ``distinct' boundaries, policy needs to recognize ``diffuse and soft' product use boundaries as a given, so as to promote resource management formulations/options that are more in phase with the operational contexts. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

青藏高原东北部3种野豌豆植物学特性及资源储量

采用野外定点法、最小样方法和统计学方法对生长于青藏高原东北部的3种野豌豆属植物的植物学特性、生态环境、群落数量特征及资源储量进行研究。结果显示,救荒野豌豆、山野豌豆和三齿萼野豌豆的植物学特性、生态环境和群落数量特征具有一定差异,3种野豌豆在青海省的资源总储量分别为0.46×10~6、0.23×10~6、0.27×10~6 kg,表明3种野豌豆属植物的资源总量在青海省并不高,应对其进行有效的引种驯化,实现人工繁育和增加资源储量,这既可保护青海省甚至青藏高原的生态环境,也可对其资源进行有效地保护和合理开发利用。     

安徽省3种中草药植物的根结线虫种类鉴定

白术、白芷和桔梗是3种重要的药用植物,它们的根茎有很高的药用价值。安徽省亳州市白术、白芷和桔梗这3种中草药植物种植田中发现有植株感染根结线虫病。为了明确感染这3种中草药的根结线虫种类,通过根结线虫雌成虫的会阴花纹、同工酶及分子生物学检测（rDNA-ITS区、28S rD2/D3区和rDNA-IGS区）进行了根结线虫种类鉴定。白术和白芷的根结线虫鉴定为花生根结线虫;桔梗的根结线虫鉴定为南方根结线虫。这是中国首次报道在白术和白芷上发现花生根结线虫病。这个结果为这3种中草药的根结线虫病防治提供了依据。     

环境因素对入侵植物控制效率影响的研究综述

在对入侵植物进行控制与管理时,环境因素对控制效率有一定的影响。文章介绍了生境特征影响入侵植物控制以及生态系统恢复效率的方式与机制;同时,论述了入侵区域社会、经济发展差异等人文环境对入侵植物控制效率的影响。并以入侵植物互花米草和土著种芦苇为例,阐述了控制效率与自然环境的关系。     

Local agro-ecological knowledge and its relationship to farmers’ pest management decision making in rural Honduras

Integrated pest management (IPM) has been widely promoted in the developing world, but in many regions its adoption rates have been variable. Experience has shown that to ensure IPM adoption, the complexities of local agro-production systems and context-specific folk knowledge need to be appreciated. Our research explored the linkages between farmer knowledge, pest management decision making, and ecological attributes of subsistence maize agriculture. We report a case study from four rural communities in the highlands of southeast Honduras. Communities were typified by their agro-environments, IPM training history, and levels of infestation by a key maize pest, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith). Although variable, infestation levels generally did not justify pest management intervention. Consequently, crop losses from this pest were considered of low importance and most farmers proceeded in a rational fashion by refraining from action in their fields. Farmers attributed the low degree of pest infestation predominantly to abiotic causal factors (rainfall, temperature). The role of natural enemies in controlling this pest (i.e., biological control) was deemed of low importance by farmers; nevertheless, a broad array of such organisms was mentioned by farmers as operating in their maize crop. Farmers’ knowledge of natural enemies only partially matched scientific knowledge and was associated with the ecological features of their respective field settings. Local knowledge about natural enemies was mainly restricted to abundant and easily observable predatory species. Farmers who were knowledgeable about biological control were also familiar with a larger variety of pest management alternatives than uninformed farmers. Management options covered a wide range of curative techniques, including conservation biological control. Farmers who relied on insecticides to manage pest outbreaks knew less about biological control and pesticide alternatives. In contrast, farmers who received IPM training mentioned more types of natural enemies and were familiar with a broader range of alternative pest management tactics. Our research suggests that IPM training modifies local knowledge to better fit its environmental context. This paper provides insights in the environmental context of local agro-ecological knowledge and its linkage with pest management decision making. It also constitutes a basis for modifying IPM extension programs to deliver locality-specific technologies while strengthening the local knowledge base. Kris A. G. Wyckhuys is a Belgian bio-science engineer and entomologist currently employed as postdoctoral researcher at the University of Minnesota. For his PhD research at Purdue University he quantified social and ecological contributions to farmers’ adoption of insect pest management technologies in Honduran subsistence maize. He has a keen interest in the ecological facets of IPM and biological control, as well as in technological innovation in smallholder production systems, ethno-entomology and traditional pest management. Robert J. O’Neil is a Professor of Entomology specializing in biological control, predator–prey dynamics, and implementing biological control in IPM systems. His current work focuses on the ecology and management of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, an invasive pest of soybeans in North America.     

Bringing Southeast Asia to the Southeast United States: New forms of alternative agriculture in Homestead,Florida

Immigrant farmers from Southeast Asia have brought knowledge of tropical fruit and vegetable production from their home countries to Homestead, Florida. They have developed a new style of farming, one that most closely resembles agricultural systems described as “homegardens.” Although biodiverse agricultural systems are generally thought to be commercially unviable, homegarden farmers successfully manage crop diversity as an economic strategy. By focusing on growing a mixture of specialty Southeast Asian herbs, fruits, and vegetables, the farmers have created their own economic niche and have shielded themselves from the competition of high-volume, single commodity producers. This paper shows that the Homestead homegardens constitute an alternative form of agriculture that is defined by their agroecological and socioeconomic attributes. It also shows that although the homegarden farms are a form of “alternative agriculture,” they do not operate outside of conventional, global systems of agricultural trade; rather the homegarden farms are embedded in global agriculture. The Homestead case problematizes the tendency to delineate between the global and local scales, and alternative and conventional sectors in agriculture today. This paper concludes that the emergence of the Homestead homegardens can only be understood by taking a place-based approach to studying the environment in which the homegardens are situated as well as identifying the large-scale influences on Miami-Dade County. Valerie Imbruce holds a PhD in plant sciences from a joint program between the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and the New York Botanical Garden. She has conducted research on global agricultural systems in New York City, south Florida, and Central Honduras.     

黄土台塬土地利用方式对土壤有机碳矿化及温室气体排放的影响

以黄土台塬区耕地、天然草地、灌木林地、乔灌混交林和乔木林地为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法、室内密闭培养法对其土壤温室气体及有机碳矿化动态进行了监测和分析。结果表明:土壤总有机碳和各种活性碳组分含量分布规律一致,均表现为草地显著高于林地,林地显著高于耕地(P0.05);土壤有机碳矿化量趋势为培养初期增长迅速,后期增速缓慢,0~5 cm土层草地土壤有机碳矿化累积量是林地的1.26~1.34倍,是耕地的1.82倍,5~20 cm土层较0~5 cm土层有所降低,耕地降幅高达48%;不同土地利用土壤矿化碳潜力Cp值在0.81~2.70 mg·kg~(-1)之间且差异显著(P0.05),而不同土地利用土壤有机碳分解速率常数k差异不显著;五种土地利用方式的土壤可矿化碳累计分配比例表明,耕地土壤有机碳矿化能力最高,固存量最小,而草地土壤有机碳矿化能力最低,固存量最多;耕地土壤释放的主要温室气体CO_2和N_2O强度显著高于其他用地类型,而CH_4的吸收强度为林地天然草地耕地。综上,退耕还林还草极大地推动了该区土壤有机碳的固定,减弱了土壤向大气排放温室气体的潜力。