低温条件下玉米对磷素吸收的研究

用放射性核素~(32)P示踪研究表明,在5—25℃范围内,玉米苗期对磷的吸收随温度升高而增加,呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.9747。苗期叶面喷磷能促进根系对磷的吸收,提高玉米的抗寒能力。喷磷后0.5小时遇50mm/h降雨,磷素冲刷率为42％,一般不需要重新喷磷。     

大豆叶片对多效唑的吸收、运转和分配

研究大豆叶片对~3H-MET的吸收、运转、分配规律及MET对大豆吸收~(32)P的影响表明,~3H-MET叶面施用很快被大豆吸收,施后1小时吸收量占施用量的39.17％,3小时为51.26％,6小时达61.21％,此后随着施用时间的延长。吸收能力逐渐降低,48小时达66.37％;叶片吸收的~3H-MET基本上滞留于原处理部位,占叶片吸收量的97％左右,向植株其它部位输出较少,而且主要向处理叶上部的茎和叶运转。MET叶面喷施能提高大豆植株对~(32)P的吸收和增加单株干重。     

金钗石斛对磷素的吸收和运转

应用32 P研究了金钗石斛对磷素的吸收和运转。结果表明 ,金钗石斛植株各部位均可吸收磷素 ,成长叶的总放射性活度最高。植株吸收的总32 P放射性活度随根系吸收时间的延长而增加 ,至 96h达最高 ;随移栽后日龄的增加 ,植株各部位干物重逐渐增加 ,新生茎和新生叶增加最快 ,32 P亦逐渐向新生茎和新生叶运转。 2 5℃和 40℃温度处理 ,植株吸磷量分别为 1 0℃处理的 2 3和 2 5倍。中度光 ( 2× 1 0 4 Lx)和高光强( 5× 1 0 4 Lx)下植株吸磷量分别较弱光 ( 5× 1 0 3Lx)下增加 74%和 2 3 %。     

矮壮素对马铃薯磷素营养动态变化和产量的影响

通过对生育前期的马铃薯品种"中薯3号"喷施浓度为0、1.5、2.0和2.5g/L矮壮素(chlorocholine chloride,CCC)后,应用32P示踪技术研究其对磷素营养及其平均每穴产量的影响。结果表明:在各出苗后天数,CCC增加了植株对磷素的吸收,植株中的磷素主要分配到地上茎和叶中,按其相对含磷量依次为地上茎>叶>根>地下茎;植株吸磷量随其生长而增加,但在生育后期总株的吸磷量减少;在各出苗后天数,2.0g/L处理对中薯3号的总株吸磷量增加最大;1.5、2.0、2.5g/LCCC处理使中薯3号平均每穴产量分别增加6.83%、10.10%和3.08%,各处理平均每穴产量与其出苗后36d的叶片含磷量成极显著性正相关。     

干旱对玉米幼苗吸收磷素的影响

本文研究了玉米幼苗在干旱处理下~(32)P的吸收,以及油菜素内酯(BR)和钙浸种对磷素营养的生理效应。结果表明,玉米幼苗根系对磷的吸收和向叶部转移量随干旱强度增大而减少;油菜素内酯和钙有增加根系吸收表面积 提高叶片相对含水量和根中ATP含量、促进磷的吸收和转移及缓解干早的作用     

水稻磷素吸收与转运分子机制研究进展

磷素是植物体内重要的大量元素之一,其含量约占植物干重的 0.2%。由于磷元素作为许多重要生物大分子的关键组分,且参与植物体内许多的生理生化反应,因此植物的生长和发育都离不开磷元素。植物在长期的进化过程中,形成了一套高效地吸收和利用磷素的分子调控机制。本文将重点阐述水稻中无机磷从土壤吸收进根系再转运到地上部并进行分配的分子机制,并对今后的水稻磷素吸收和转运的研究重点进行展望。水稻根系主要通过定位在细胞膜上的磷酸盐转运体 (Phosphate Transporter1,PHT1) 吸收土壤中无机磷。当无机磷被吸收进入根系细胞内部后,通过质外体和共质体两种养分的运输途径,将其运输到根中维管束,并通过PHO1 将无机磷由根系加载到地上部。然后水稻根据其地上部不同组织器官对无机磷的需求进行分配,而多余的无机磷将储存在液泡内,维持细胞内无机磷的平衡。目前对磷酸盐转运体吸收磷素的分子机制研究较为清楚,但对于磷素在植物体内的储存、分配和再利用过程的机制还研究较少。液泡作为水稻无机磷储存的主要部位,对于维持细胞内无机磷的平衡尤其重要;节是水稻营养元素 (包括磷素) 在地上部进行分配的重要部位。但目前对于定位于液泡膜上和节上的磷酸盐转运体的机制研究较少。因此,未来挖掘与解析水稻体内负责磷素储存、分配和再利用的磷酸盐转运体及其作用机制,能为培育磷高效利用的水稻提供新的依据。     

胆碱对人参碳代谢及磷吸收的影响

应用~(14)C、~(32)P示踪试验表明,4年生人参青果期喷施胆碱后,其光合速率提高14.22％;~(14)C同化产物转移率增加21.82％,~(14)C同化物在参根总皂甙中的含量(dpm)比对照增加10.66％。胆碱对人参叶面喷施磷的吸收有促进作用,磷的吸收率增加17.81％,根部~(32)P的积累增加31.2％,人参根产量提高28.7％。     

不同臭氧浓度对水培烤烟吸收~(32)P的影响

应用3 2 P研究了不同臭氧浓度对水培烤烟吸收磷素营养的影响。结果表明 :在水培法中低浓度臭氧使根对磷素吸收量所占全植株的百分率随培植时间而减少 ,而茎则随培植时间而增加 ;高浓度臭氧则在整个培植期间根、茎的吸收变化不大。两种培植方法磷素在叶中的分布情况都是 :下叶 >中叶 >上叶。烟株各部分的吸收情况 ,根 >茎 >下叶 >中叶 >上叶 ,且两种培植方法对磷的吸收量都与培植时间呈显著正相关 ,高浓度比低浓度臭氧吸收的磷多而快     

硼磷、硼钾对棉苗吸收~(32)P和~(86)Rb的影响

在严重缺硼的灰紫色土上,应用~(32)P及~(86)Rb示踪法,研究硼磷、硼钾对棉苗吸收~(32)P、~(86)Rb及其在体内分配的影响。结果表明,在不同磷、钾水平下,低硼和高硼均对其产生抑制作用;在低硼条件下,随磷用量增如减轻棉苗缺硼症状,加速真叶生长,促进`(32)P在真叶中积累;钾用量增加,则加重缺硼症状,抑制真叶生长,促使~(86)Rb在子叶中积累。     

不同施肥方式下温州蜜柑对磷素的利用特点

温州蜜柑接近成熟时、通过叶面喷雾或环状沟施ＮａＨ２＾３２ＰＯ４。叶面施磷时树体对磷吸收转运较快，施入后１ｄ就有吸收的磷素转运到示施部位春梢叶片。１５ｄ的叶片积累量达到高峰；土壤施磷时树体对磷吸收转运缓慢，施入后２５ｄ始有吸收的磷素转运到春梢叶片，３５ｄ积累达到高峰。     

Seasonal changes in the major nutrient content of vicia faba plants

Abstract

The changes with time in the growth and total content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in the whole above‐ground part of Vioia faba plants have been studied throughout their development. These bean plants were indeterminate and fruit growth commenced before shoot extension growth ceased. The total dry weight of mature fruit (pods plus beans) exceeded that of the combined leaves and stems at any time. The distribution patterns of the elements fell into two groups; with N, P, K and S the fruit content was large and dominant, while only a modest proportion of the Ca and Mg was in the fruit. There was evidence that some N, P, K and S was re‐distributed from other tissues, but by far the greatest part moved directly into the bean during their expansion stage. These results are discussed in relation to previous reports of the origin of the nutrients of other grain legumes, with particular emphasis on the differences between indeterminate and determinate species.     

Seasonality of nutrients vis-à-vis fruit quality of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa on vertisol

The temporal changes of nutrient concentration in leaves and their accumulation in fruit are good indicators of plant nutrient demand for each developmental stage. Seasonality of nutrients in leaves and fruits of pomegranate and their relation with fruit quality was evaluated in commercial orchards using cv. “Bhagwa.” The concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) in leaves decreased while calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) concentration increased during fruit growth and development. Total nutrient accumulation increased gradually in fruit and translated into growth of arils, and increase in juice content and total soluble solids, however as the biomass accumulation in fruit was much faster than nutrient accumulation, concentration of majority nutrients except Mg decreased rapidly, followed by slow and continuous decrease till maturity. During fruit enlargement, demand for N, P, K, Fe, Cu and Zn was high while requirement for Ca, Mg and S was high during fruit development.     

不同辣椒品种镉吸收积累能力及关键期研究

  【目的】   比较不同辣椒品种植株Cd的吸收和积累动态差异,明确Cd积累关键期,为生产上规避辣椒Cd积累提供技术支持。   【方法】   以8个辣椒品种为材料进行了田间小区试验,供试土壤全镉含量为0.194 mg/kg。在辣椒苗期 (移栽当天)、壮苗期 (移栽后32 天)、结果期 (移栽后65 天)、成熟期 (移栽后111天) 采样,分析辣椒植株根、茎、叶及果实生物量、Cd含量,计算不同组织间的Cd运转系数。   【结果】   供试8个品种分为菜椒和朝天椒两类。4次采集的样品,叶部Cd含量均为菜椒 > 朝天椒,果实Cd含量在结果期菜椒高于朝天椒,成熟期朝天椒显著高于菜椒。朝天椒果实以品种艳椒425的Cd含量最低,菜椒以品种苏椒5号Cd含量最低。壮苗期为辣椒植株Cd的快速积累期,朝天椒根、茎和叶Cd含量移栽后0到32天分别增加了14.9、51.2和51.9倍,菜椒分别增加了8.9、25.6和39.9倍。结果期Cd积累变缓,移栽后65天朝天椒根、茎和叶Cd含量比移栽后32 天分别增加了0.35、0.55和–0.13倍,菜椒分别增加了0.20、0.01和–0.29倍;成熟期 (移栽后111 天) 朝天椒根、茎和叶Cd含量比结果初期 (移栽后65天) 分别增加了–0.29、0.44和–0.40倍,菜椒分别增加了–0.34、–0.14和–0.32倍。不同辣椒品种Cd在植株内的转运能力有差异,4次采样根–茎Cd转运效率菜椒 > 朝天椒,而茎–叶、叶–果和茎–果Cd转运效率则是朝天椒 > 菜椒。辣椒果实Cd积累量与壮苗期茎的Cd含量呈极显著正相关 (P < 0.01),与茎–果、叶–果Cd转运效率显著相关 (P < 0.05)。   【结论】   壮苗期前 (移栽后0～32天) 为辣椒植株Cd的快速积累期,该时期辣椒根茎叶中的Cd含量可以增加数十倍,进入结果期Cd含量的增加速率大大降低。壮苗期辣椒茎的Cd含量与果实Cd积累量呈极显著相关。菜椒根中的Cd向茎的转运能力较强,而朝天椒茎叶中的Cd向果实中转运能力较强,因而,朝天椒果实Cd积累能力高于菜椒。     

Growth and phosphorus accumulation in tomato cultivars 1

Abstract

The distribution patterns of dry matter and P in field‐grown tomato ‘Campbell‐37’, ‘Knox’, and ‘Tipton’, (Lvcopersicon esculentum mill), were determined from 25 days after emergence to harvest. Dry weight accumulation was about the same for the 3 cultivars up to 55 days after plant emergence. From 55 to 75 days, ‘Knox’ accumulated more total plant dry weight than either ‘Tipton’ or ‘Campbell‐37’, largely due to an accelerated fruit accumulation rate during this period. In the 75 to 105 day interval, dry weight accumulation by ‘Knox’ was less than ‘Campbell‐37’ or ‘Tipton’. Fruit accumulation, as indicated by fruit number increase, was during the 45 to 75 day period for ‘Knox’, the 55 to 75 day period for ‘Tipton’, and the 55 to 85 day period for ‘Campbell‐37’. ‘Knox’ and ‘Tipton’ had a faster fruit ripening rate than ‘Campbell‐37’. The total ripe fruit yields, for single and multiple harvests, were 36.7% and 28.6% respectively, higher in ‘Campbell‐37’ than in ‘Knox’. Phosphorus concentration of stem, leaf, and cluster tissues decreased over the season for the 3 cultivars. Phosphorus concentrations of leaves decreased from 0.49% to 0.16% as plant development progressed from seedling stage to ripe fruit harvest. Phosphorus in the vegetative portion of the tomato plant at final harvest represented only about 10% of the total P accumulated. The plant efficiency with respect to P accumulation decreased from an early stage of plant development as the relative growth rate of the plant declined.     

冬枣果实发育期结果枝叶与营养枝叶矿质元素动态变化的比较

对比研究冬枣果实发育期内结果枝叶和营养枝叶片矿质元素动态变化的差异性,可为制定冬枣不同类型叶片的营养诊断标准提供理论依据。以沾化冬枣为试验材料,比较研究了沾化冬枣不同果实发育阶段（始花期、盛花期、末花期、硬核期、完熟期）结果枝叶和营养枝叶中矿质元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Na的含量动态变化及其差异性。结果表明,冬枣果实发育过程中,自始花期至完熟期叶片N、P含量呈下降趋势,K含量呈逐渐增高趋势,而Ca及Mg含量则呈先增高后降低的变化趋势,叶片Na含量在果实发育过程中变化较小,只有在完熟期呈现突然增高现象。在上述各生长发育阶段内,结果枝叶K含量多大于营养枝叶,而N、P、Ca、Mg、Na含量则呈相反的变化规律。方差分析表明,在盛花期至末花期内,两种类型叶片Ca、Mg含量的差异均达到显著水平（P<0.05）,N含量只有在盛花期存在显著差异,而两种类型叶片K和Na含量在各果实发育阶段内均无显著差异。叶片元素含量比值分析表明,冬枣叶片N/P在盛花期至完熟期逐渐增高,其值均大于16,可知该阶段冬枣叶片生长主要受P元素限制;K/Na、Ca/Na、Mg/Na在果实发育期内的变化规律与K、Ca、Mg元素变化规律基本类似,在完熟期这3个比值均较前期明显降低。相关分析结果表明,冬枣叶片中N/P主要由P含量决定,Ca/Na、Mg/Na分别由Ca与Na、Mg与Na共同决定,而在营养枝叶中K/Na主要由Na含量决定。综上,盛花期至末花期（6—7月）是冬枣矿质元素相对稳定时期,可作为冬枣结果枝叶和营养枝叶营养诊断的适宜时期,同时冬枣结果枝叶该时期可适当施加适量Ca、Mg肥料,从而保证冬枣的果实品质和产量。     

Seasonal growth and composition and accumulation of N‐P‐K in dryland and irrigated pumpkins

Growth and N‐P‐K uptake in pumpkin (Curcubita moschata Poir.) cv ‘Libby‐Select’ were studied in dryland and irrigated culture. In both moisture regimes, maximum rates of dry matter accumulation occurred between the early and mid‐fruiting developmental stages. Higher total dry matter production with irrigated than dryland culture was primarily associated with increased shoot growth. Concentrations of N, P, and K in foliage generally decreased as pumpkin age increased. Irrigated pumpkins in conjunction with higher total vegetative dry matter accumulated more N, P, and K than dryland pumpkins. Up through early fruit development, N, P, and K accumulation was primarily in leaves and vines and by the late growth stages was almost entirely in the fruit. Total N, P, and K uptake at late fruiting was estimated at 219, 32, and 228 kg/ha in irrigated pumpkins and 180, 21, and 177 kg/ha in dryland pumpkins. Approximately 58% of the N, 52% of the K, and 68% of the P accumulated by late‐fruiting was absorbed by the plant after the early‐fruiting stage in both moisture regimes. Potassium redistribution from vegetative tissues during late fruit development decreased foliar K contents 32% in dryland pumpkins and 21% in irrigated pumpkins.     

钙、 硼对常山胡柚叶片养分、 果实产量及品质的影响

【目的】研究叶片矿质营养元素含量的季节性变化,对探明植物体中营养元素的丰缺状况、 调控养分代谢、 提高果实产量和改善品质具有重要意义。本研究结合常山胡柚园土壤养分状况,通过连续4年施用钙肥和硼肥,研究钙、 硼对常山胡柚叶片矿质营养元素含量的季节变化、 果实产量及品质的影响。【方法】采用田间定位试验,以13年生枳砧常山胡柚为试验材料,设4个处理,1)CK(对照); 2)Ca(每株0.5 kg生石灰粉); 3)B(每株25 g 硼砂); 4)Ca+B(每株0.5 kg生石灰粉+ 25 g 硼砂)。于试验的第4年采集常山胡柚不同生长期当年生春梢叶片及成熟期果实样品,并对常山胡柚叶片矿质营养元素含量的季节变化、 果实品质进行分析。【结果】常山胡柚叶片各矿质养分在果实逐渐成熟过程中总体呈现先增后降的变化规律,其中叶片氮(N)、 钾(K)、 镁(Mg)和锌(Zn)在果实坐果期达到最大值,磷(P)在果实膨大前中期(8月份)到达最大值,钙(Ca)、 硼(B)、 铁(Fe)、 锰(Mn)和铜(Cu)在果实膨大后期(9月份)出现最高值。钙、 硼肥施用均可提高常山胡柚果实各发育时期叶片Ca、 B、 N、 K、 Fe、 Mn和Cu含量,但明显抑制叶片Zn的吸收,其中钙、 硼配施对成熟叶片(8~9月份)Ca含量存在显著正交互效应,但对提高叶片B含量无显著交互作用。施钙、 硼肥可不同程度提高常山胡柚2年平均产量,增产率达到1.8%~21.4%,其中各处理增产率顺序为Ca+B＞B≥Ca,且单施硼可显著提高2年累积产量,钙硼配施对单年产量、 2年平均产量均存在显著正交互效应。钙、 硼肥单施对果实品质无显著性影响,但钙硼配施可显著降低可滴定酸含量,显著提高固酸比。【结论】常山胡柚坐果期(4月份)为叶片N、 P、 K、 Mg和Zn吸收的关键时期,果实膨大期(8~9月份)为叶片Ca、 B、 Fe、 Mn和Cu吸收的重要时期。钙、 硼配施既可明显提高常山胡柚叶片中矿质营养元素含量(P和Zn除外),又能显著提高果实产量和品质。     

现代温室冬春茬黄瓜矿质元素吸收与分配特性研究

以欧洲类型迷你黄瓜品种戴多星为试材,研究了现代温室条件下冬春茬黄瓜不同生育期的干物质积累和矿质营养吸收分配特性,并对黄瓜的矿质营养需求量进行了估算。结果表明,黄瓜生长发育前期,植株干物质积累主要集中在叶部,初果期以茎部为主,中后期以果实积累最多。各矿质元素在黄瓜不同器官的积累量随植株生长而增加,但分配率不同。其中生长前期70%8～0%集中在叶部,茎和根中的分配量仅占同期的20%3～0%,结果后期根部的矿质元素分配率下降到1%～2%,茎叶中的比例也大幅度下降,花果中的分配率为40%5～0%。矿质元素吸收量随生长发育而呈不同程度的增加,整个生长期以氮、钾、钙为主,其次是镁和磷。各生长阶段植株对不同矿质元素吸收量不同,02～0.d和406～0.d期间钙吸收量最大,分别为8.6和21.3.kg/hm2;608～0.d钾吸收量最大,达到79.6.kg/hm2;204～0.d和801～00.d氮吸收量最大,分别为7.4和88.7.kg/hm2。     

晚秋叶施尿素提高矮化苹果翌春生长及果实品质的效果

【目的】研究晚秋叶施高浓度尿素对矮化苹果翌年春天氮素吸收、利用及成熟期果实品质的影响,以期为矮化果园合理施肥、提高氮肥利用率提供科学依据。【方法】以5年生烟富3/M26/平邑甜茶苹果为试材进行田间试验。试验设3个处理,每个处理5株树,单株为1次重复。用15N-尿素（丰度为10.22%）配成N 1.50%,3.00%和4.50%的水溶液,分别用毛笔涂抹苹果全树叶片的正反两面,每株树用量60 mL。以同样步骤,用普通尿素进行三个浓度的对照试验。于翌年盛花期（4月25日）进行局部取样,春梢生长期（6月15日）进行整株破坏性取样,测定个部位的含氮量和15N丰度,以及叶绿素含量及果实品质,计算肥料氮对该部位氮素吸收的贡献率。【结果】晚秋矮化苹果叶施不同浓度15N-尿素,叶片对叶面引入的氮素具有较高的吸收能力。不同叶施处理,植株翌年各器官的Ndff存在显著差异,且均以N 4.50%处理的最大,N 3.00%处理次之,N 1.50%处理最小,在盛花期,不同处理植株各器官均以多年生枝的Ndff值最高,其次是叶片,花和根,在春梢生长期,不同处理植株各器官均以叶片的Ndff值最高,其次是果实、一年生枝、多年生枝、根,中心干的Ndff值最小。在果实成熟期,不同处理苹果植株叶片的叶面积、叶绿素含量和叶片全氮含量均存在差异显著,且均以N 4.50%处理最高,其次N 3.00%和N 1.50%处理,对照处理最小;不同处理植株的平均单果重,单株产量、可溶性固形物、硬度、可溶性糖和糖酸比均存在差异显著,且均以N 4.50%处理最高,其次N 3.00%和N 1.50%处理,对照处理最小。【结论】晚秋对矮化苹果叶施不同浓度尿素,均显著增加了当年的贮藏营养,有利于翌年春天的营养生长和花芽分化,而且改善了叶片质量,不同程度的提高了苹果产量和果实品质。对于供试矮化苹果,适宜的喷施浓度是N 4.50%。     

Calciumgehalte in Früchten von Paprika,Bohne, Quitte und Hagebutte im Verlauf des Fruchtwachstums

Calcium content in fruits of paprika, bean, quince and hip during fruit growth The Ca content and the Ca translocation into the fruits during their growth was determined in paprika and bean under controlled conditions (nutrient solution, growth room) and in quince and hip (Rosa rugosa Thumb.) under field conditions. Compared to leaves the Ca content in the fruits is very low in all 4 species and declines further during their growth. The K content, however, is similar in the leaves and in the fruits of all 4 species and remains nearly constant during fruit growth. The low Ca content of the fruits cannot directly be related to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) as there are no differences in the CEC between leaves and fruits. The generally low Ca content of the fruits and its decline during fruit growth is causally related in all 4 plant species to the low rate of Ca translocation compared to the rate of dry matter translocation into the fruits. There are, however, distinct differences between the 4 plant species in the course of the ratio Ca/dry matter translocation into the fruits: In paprika the Ca translocation into the fruits strongly declines during fruit growth and in bean the Ca translocation practically ceases with the onset of seed growth. In quince under field conditions the Ca translocation into the fruits rapidly declines at later stages and finally a translocation of Ca out of the fruit takes place (decrease in the amount of Ca/fruit). Only in hip the Ca translocation into the fruits remains constant during fruit growth. There is, however, a distinctly different distribution of Ca to the various parts within the hip fruits. The decline in Ca translocation during fruit growth can be explained in paprika and bean with a shift in water influx from the xylem (rich in Ca) to the phloem at the stage of high rates of dry matter influx into the fruit. In quince and hip, however, additional mechanisms (alternating water flux in the xylem, CEC) seem to be involved in the regulation of the Ca content of these fruits.