乳倍利对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响

试验选用产后约112d的奶牛30头,采用单因子配对试验,以泌乳天数、胎次和产奶量基本一致为配对原则分成试验组和对照组。试验组奶牛的日粮中用1kg乳倍利代替部分的蛋白饲料和过瘤胃脂肪(钙皂),其他成分同对照组。探索乳倍利对奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳干物质率和体细胞数的影响。试验结果表明,日粮中添加乳倍利可以使奶牛的产奶量提高1.15kg/d.头;与对照组相比乳脂率提高4.92%,差异不显著(P>0.05);乳蛋白率提高了3.24%,差异显著(P<0.05)。     

提高夏季奶牛生产性能的营养调控研究

为了研究通过营养调控措施提高夏季奶牛的生产性能,选择体况、胎次、产犊时间、产奶量相近的泌乳盛期荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成4组,每组5头。试验1组添加过瘤胃氨基酸(赖氨酸+蛋氨酸)100g/头·d,试验2组每日添加过瘤胃脂肪酸钙300g/头·d,试验3组每日添加过瘤胃氨基酸(赖氨酸+蛋氨酸)100g/头·d和过瘤胃脂肪酸钙300g/头·d,对照组不添加添加剂,试验期30d。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃氨基酸具有提高干物质采食量、产奶量的趋势,显著提高乳蛋白含量(P0.05);添加过瘤胃脂肪酸钙具有减少采食量的趋势,对奶牛泌乳性能影响不大;奶牛日粮中同时添加过瘤胃氨基酸和过瘤胃脂肪酸钙可以显著提高产奶量和乳蛋白含量(P0.05),建议夏季奶牛日粮可以同时添加过瘤胃氨基酸和过瘤胃脂肪酸钙。     

奶牛日粮中添加脂肪的研究

选取32头荷斯坦奶牛,按体重、产奶量、胎次、体况相近原则分成4组,每组8头.A组、B组和C组分别添加4%脂肪酸钙、6%脂肪酸钙蛋白和4%米糠油,D组为对照组,研究奶牛日粮中添加不同种类脂肪对产奶量及乳脂率的影响.结果表明,添加脂肪酸钙后产奶量提高15.5%,乳脂率提高26.8%;添加脂肪酸钙蛋白后产奶量下降2.9%,乳脂率提高12.3%;添加米糠油后产奶量提高12.1%,乳脂率提高25.2%.     

提高牛乳品质的饲料添加剂

1 添加脂肪酸钙奶牛日粮中添加脂肪酸钙300g/d·头，观察其对奶牛产奶量、奶品质及血液生化成分的影响。结果表明，脂肪酸钙可使奶牛产奶量提高19.29％，乳脂率提高13.16％；奶中悬脂、亚油酸、亚麻酸、钙分别增加18.20％、25.55％、29.6％、17.25％，奶中其他成分干物质，胆固醇、磷略有增加，乳蛋白率降低3.57％；血液生化成分除胆固醇增加外，其它成分变化不大。表明脂肪酸钙既能提高奶牛产奶量，又可提高牛奶营养质量。(高士争等，1998)2 膨润土在奶牛饲料中添加2％膨润土，饲喂90d，奶牛产奶量提高23.41％，乳脂率提高12.7％(张凡，199…     

陈皮和酸甜剂对奶牛采食量和生产性能的影响

本文探讨了日粮中添加陈皮和酸甜剂对奶牛采食量和生产性能的影响。试验选取45头健康无病,体况、采食量、胎次、泌乳天数、产奶量相近的中国荷斯坦牛,随机分为3个处理组(n=15),即对照组、试验1组和试验2组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组在基础日粮基础上添加陈皮,试验2组在基础日粮基础上添加酸甜剂,预试期14d,正试期90d。试验结果表明,在整个试验期内,试验1组与对照组相比干物质采食量提高3.80%(P0.05),产奶量提高2.34%(P0.05);与试验2组相比,干物质采食量提高2.43%(P0.05),产奶量提高1.95%(P0.05)。试验2组在第1~30天干物质采食量较对照组提高2.51%(P0.05),之后试验阶段两组无明显差异,试验第30、90天测定发现2组乳脂率显著高于1组、对照组;试验第30、60、90天,试验1组乳蛋白率、乳蛋白产量显著或极显著高于2组和对照组,体细胞数也低于后二者,且在第90天达极显著水平。结果表明,在日粮中添加陈皮和酸甜剂能够不同程度提高奶牛干物质采食量和产奶量,提高牛奶乳蛋白率,降低牛奶体细胞数,进而提高奶牛的生产性能,而且添加陈皮的效果比酸甜剂更好。     

能提高牛乳品质的饲料添加剂

1添加脂肪酸钙奶牛日粮中添加脂肪酸钙300g/d·头,使奶牛奶量提高19.29%,乳脂率提高13.16%;奶中悬脂、亚油酸、亚麻酸、钙分别增加18.20%、25.55%、29.6%、17.25%,其他干物质略有增加。表明脂肪酸钙既能提高奶产量,又能提高奶的营养品质(高士争等,1998)2添加烟酸日本、法国、荷兰等9个国家的研究结果表明,添加烟酸能使奶牛的产奶量提高2.3%～11.7%,乳脂率提高2.0%～13.7%。国内进行的研究也表明,添加6g/头·d烟酸能显著提高泌乳早期奶牛的产奶量和乳脂率。3添加膨润土张凡(1996)在奶牛饲料中添加2%膨润土,饲喂90d,奶牛产奶量提高23.41%,乳脂…     

饲喂苜蓿干草对引入澳大利亚奶牛生产性能的影响

为探讨日粮中添加不同比例苜蓿干草,对引入纯种澳大利亚荷斯坦奶牛的影响,选择48头产奶量、膘情、年龄,泌乳阶段一致的引入纯种奶牛进行完全随机单位组设计,分为试验Ⅰ组(对照组)、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组。分别饲喂苜蓿干草2.5kg/d、5kg/d、7.5kg/d,3kg精料基础料加每产4kg奶补1kg产奶料,玉米青贮自由采食。测定产奶量、干物质采食量、乳成分和试验前后奶牛体重。结果对照组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组干物质采食量、产奶量、乳脂率、4%标准乳日产量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和干物质含量差异不显著(P>0.05);乳脂和乳蛋白的平均日产量均随苜蓿喂量增加而显著增加(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组体细胞数量比对照组显著减少(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组比对照组和试验Ⅱ组极显著减少(P<0.01)。增加苜蓿干草喂量,对提高引入澳大利亚高产荷斯坦奶牛的产奶量和奶品质有一定提高作用。     

Meta分析研究饲粮中性洗涤纤维和淀粉比对奶牛生产性能和乳成分组成的影响

本试验旨在采用Meta分析方法研究饲粮中性洗涤纤维(NDF)与淀粉比值对奶牛生产性能和乳成分合成的影响。试验整理了27篇有关奶牛碳水化合物营养的研究,共计123个处理,运用Meta分析方法研究饲粮NDF、淀粉含量以及NDF与淀粉比值与奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量和乳成分的相关性,并进行相应的回归分析。结果显示:相较于饲粮NDF和淀粉含量,饲粮NDF与淀粉比值与奶牛的干物质采食量(R2=-0.799,P0.01)、产奶量(R2=-0.730,P0.01)、乳脂率(R2=0.664,P0.01)和乳蛋白率(R2=-0.788,P0.01)的相关性更强;饲粮NDF与淀粉比值与奶牛的干物质采食量(P=0.02)、产奶量(P0.01)、乳脂率(P0.01)、乳蛋白率(P0.01)、乳蛋白产量(P0.01)和乳糖产量(P0.01)存在显著的一元线性回归关系,饲粮NDF与淀粉比值每增加1,奶牛的干物质采食量、产奶量、乳蛋白产量和乳糖产量分别降低0.81、1.36、0.06和1.50 kg,乳脂率和乳蛋白率分别增加0.11%和0.07%。M eta分析结果表明,饲粮NDF与淀粉比值可作为反映奶牛饲粮碳水化合物组成的营养评价指标,用于指导奶牛的生产和调控乳成分的组成。     

Meta分析研究饲粮中性洗涤纤维和淀粉比对奶牛生产性能和乳成分组成的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在采用Meta分析方法研究饲粮中性洗涤纤维(NDF)与淀粉比值对奶牛生产性能和乳成分合成的影响。试验整理了27篇有关奶牛碳水化合物营养的研究,共计123个处理,运用Meta分析方法研究饲粮NDF、淀粉含量以及NDF与淀粉比值与奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量和乳成分的相关性,并进行相应的回归分析。结果显示:相较于饲粮NDF和淀粉含量,饲粮NDF与淀粉比值与奶牛的干物质采食量(R2=-0.799,P<0.01)、产奶量(R2=-0.730,P<0.01)、乳脂率(R2=0.664,P<0.01)和乳蛋白率(R2=-0.788,P<0.01)的相关性更强;饲粮NDF与淀粉比值与奶牛的干物质采食量(P=0.02)、产奶量(P<0.01)、乳脂率(P<0.01)、乳蛋白率(P<0.01)、乳蛋白产量(P<0.01)和乳糖产量(P<0.01)存在显著的一元线性回归关系,饲粮NDF与淀粉比值每增加1,奶牛的干物质采食量、产奶量、乳蛋白产量和乳糖产量分别降低0.81、1.36、0.06和1.50 kg,乳脂率和乳蛋白率分别增加0.11%和0.07%。M eta分析结果表明,饲粮NDF与淀粉比值可作为反映奶牛饲粮碳水化合物组成的营养评价指标,用于指导奶牛的生产和调控乳成分的组成。     

不同类型过瘤胃脂肪对泌乳前期奶牛体况及生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究添加3种过瘤胃脂肪(脂肪酸钙、氢化脂肪和分馏脂肪)对泌乳前期奶牛体况、生产性能和经济效益的影响。试验选用处于分娩后,年龄、胎次、体重相近且上一胎次平均日泌乳量为33 kg的健康荷斯坦奶牛48头,随机分为4组,每组12头。对照组饲喂基础TMR日粮,3个试验组分别在奶牛分娩后于基础日粮中每头牛每天添加脂肪酸钙、氢化脂肪和分馏脂肪500 g,试验期为90 d。结果表明:泌乳前期各组奶牛干物质采食量差异均不显著(P0.05);产后60 d、90 d各试验组奶牛的体况评分均极显著地高于对照组(P0.01);各试验组奶牛泌乳前期产奶量有提高的趋势(0.05P0.1);各组乳脂率差异均不显著(P0.05);与对照组相比,日粮中添加脂肪酸钙和分馏脂肪极显著地降低了泌乳前期的乳蛋白率(P0.01),而氢化脂肪组差异不显著(P0.05);3个试验组泌乳前期的经济效益平均每头牛每天分别增加15.75、15.70和16.62元。因此,3种过瘤胃脂肪产品的添加在一定程度上改善了泌乳前期奶牛体况,提高了产奶量,增加了经济效益。     

瘤胃保护共轭亚油酸和亚油酸对奶牛产奶性能的影响

选择健康、泌乳月份与产奶量相近的多胎荷斯坦泌乳牛20头,随机分成5组,每组4头,研究日粮中添加商业来源的瘤胃保护共轭亚油酸钙盐(Ca-CLA)同时添加自然来源亚油酸(葵花油)对奶牛生产性能的影响。试验期为52d。对照组基础日粮为60%粗饲料(苜蓿、羊草、青贮)和40%精料(以DM为基础),处理组在对照组日粮基础上分别添加Ca-CLA100g/d·头(CLA)、葵花油350g/d·头(Sunf);Ca-CLA100g/d·头 葵花油350g/d·头(CLA Sunf),Ca-CLA50g/d·头 葵花油175g/d·头(1/2CLA 1/2Sunf)。结果表明:在奶牛日粮中,单独添加自然来源亚油酸产奶量较对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),而单独添加共轭亚油酸钙盐或与自然来源亚油酸高低不同剂量添加产奶量较对照组都分别显著提高2.20%、9.95%、11.16%,无论单独添加自然来源亚油酸或Ca-CLA或二者以高低不同剂量同时添加,牛奶的乳脂率较对照组都分别显著降低15.0%,6.24%,21.74%,14.35%。总之,奶牛日粮中同时添加Ca-CLA和自然来源亚油酸能显著提高产奶量,降低乳脂率,并且,减少Ca-CLA的添加量同时添加自然来源亚油酸可以达到高剂量添加Ca-CLA相同的效果。     

糊化羟甲基蛋氨酸钙对泌乳中期奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

选用15头泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛，研究糊化羟甲基蛋氨酸钙对泌乳中期的奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响。将试验牛分为3组，分别饲喂糊化羟甲基蛋氨酸钙（A组）、羟甲基蛋氨酸钙（B组）和对照组（C组）,A组和B组的添加量分别为400 g和20 g。试验结果表明：A组和B组产奶量比C组分别提高4.97%和3.99%，差异显著(P<0.05)；3组试验牛的采食量差异不显著(P>0.05)；A组和B组乳脂率比C组提高5.26%和3.99% (P<0.05)；3组试验牛乳蛋白率、非脂固形物、全脂固形物、乳糖都差异不显著(P>0.05)。本研究结果表明，补饲糊化羟甲基蛋氨酸钙能增加产奶量，提高乳脂率含量，提高奶牛的养殖经济效益。     

饲粮中添加黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶牛产奶性能及乳脂中共轭亚油酸含量的影响

本文旨在研究饲粮中添加黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶牛产奶性能及乳脂中共轭亚油酸(CLA)含量的影响。试验选取体重(600±29)kg、胎次2~3胎、泌乳期(158±3)d及泌乳量(22.8±1.8)kg/d的泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛15头,采用完全随机区组设计分为3组,每组5头,进行为期40 d的饲养试验,其中1~9 d为预试期,10~40 d为正试期。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组和试验2组分别在基础饲粮中添加96和160 g/(d·头)的黄花蒿乙醇提取物。结果表明:整个试验期间,2个试验组的产奶量(第24、31和40天)、乳脂率、乳脂产量、乳蛋白率、乳蛋白产量、非脂固形物含量以及乳脂中的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、短链脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸和长链脂肪酸含量与对照组相比均无显著差异(P0.05);2个试验组的乳脂中CLA含量分别比对照组提高了30.7%和38.6%,其中试验2组与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。由此得出,饲粮中添加适量的黄花蒿乙醇提取物对奶牛产奶性能没有明显影响,但可以提高其乳脂中CLA含量,从而优化乳脂中脂肪酸的比例。     

饲粮全棉籽比例对奶牛泌乳性能及乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮全棉籽比例对奶牛泌乳性能和乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响.试验采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,选择8头泌乳早期的经产中国荷斯坦奶牛(产奶量、胎次、产犊日期接近,健康无疾病),分为4组,每组2个重复,每个重复1头牛.A组饲喂基础饲粮,B、C和D组分别饲喂含5％、10％、15％全棉籽的试验饲粮.每期试验28 d,其中预试期为7d,正试期为21 d.结果表明:随着饲粮全棉籽比例的增加,奶牛产奶量有提高趋势(P＞0.05),校正乳产量极显著提高(P＜0.01).全棉籽极显著地提高了奶牛的乳脂率(P＜0.01),对乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳非脂固形物率无显著影响(P＞0.05).全棉籽极显著降低了饱和脂肪酸( SFA)的含量(P＜0.01),不同程度地提高了乳中多不饱和脂肪酸( PUFA)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)的含量(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);短链脂肪酸和中链脂肪酸含量都显著降低(P＜0.05),长链脂肪酸含量有不同程度的提高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结果提示,饲粮中添加全棉籽可以提高奶牛产奶量,优化乳脂脂肪酸组成,改善乳脂品质,并以10％为泌乳早期奶牛最佳饲粮全棉籽比例.     

Effect of raw soya bean particle size on productive performance and digestion of dairy cows

Differing soya bean particle sizes may affect productive performance and ruminal fermentation due to the level of fatty acid (FA) exposure of the cotyledon in soya bean grain and because the protein in small particles is more rapidly degraded than the protein in large particles, which influence ruminal fibre digestion and the amounts of ruminally undegradable nutrients. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of raw soya bean particle size on productive performance, digestion and milk FA profile of dairy cows. Twelve Holstein cows were assigned to three 4 × 4 Latin squares with 21‐day periods. At the start of the experiment, cows were 121 days in milk (DIM) and yielded 30.2 kg/day of milk. Cows were fed 4 diets: (i) control diet (CO), without raw soya bean; (ii) whole raw soya bean (WRS); (iii) cracked raw soya bean in Wiley mill 4‐mm screen (CS4); and (iv) cracked raw soya bean in Wiley mill 2‐mm screen (CS2). The inclusion of soya beans (whole or cracked) was 200 g/kg on dry matter (DM) basis and partially replaced ground corn and soya bean meal. Uncorrected milk yield and composition were not influenced by experimental diets; however, fat‐corrected milk (FCM) decreased when cows were fed soya bean treatments. Soya bean diets increased the intake of ether extract (EE) and net energy of lactation (NE_L), and decreased the intake of DM and non‐fibre carbohydrate (NFC). Ruminal propionate concentration was lower in cows fed WRS than cows fed CS2 or CS4. Cows fed cracked raw soya bean presented lower nitrogen in faeces than cows fed WRS. The milk of cows fed WRS, CS2 and CS4 presented higher unsaturated FA than cows fed CO. The addition of raw soya bean in cow diets, regardless of the particle size, did not impair uncorrected milk yield and nutrient digestion, and increased the concentration of unsaturated FA in milk. Cows fed cracked raw soya bean presented similar productive performance to cows fed whole raw soya bean.     

Effects of calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics and ruminal metabolism of steers

Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of calcium soaps of long-chain fatty acids (calcium soap) on feedlot performance, diet digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal metabolism of steers fed diets (85% concentrate:15% corn silage) containing 0, 2, 4 or 6% calcium soap. In Trial 1, increasing calcium soap decreased (P less than .05) DM, CP and gross energy intake but increased total fatty acid intake. Feed to gain ratio tended to improve with increased calcium soap; gross energy conversion was not affected (P greater than .05) by diet. Average daily gain and hot carcass weight decreased (P less than .05) with addition of calcium soap; other carcass characteristics were not affected (P greater than .05). Apparent digestibilities of DM, N, energy and ash were not affected (P greater than .05) by calcium soap. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility increased linearly (P less than .08) with increasing calcium soap, whereas digestibility of total fatty acids was affected quadratically (P less than .05); fatty acid digestibility was similar among 0, 2 and 4% calcium soap diets but decreased for the 6% calcium soap diet. In Trial 2, increased calcium soap did not affect (P greater than .05) ruminal VFA concentrations, pH or in sacco NDF disappearance of orchardgrass following 12, 24 and 48 h of incubation. Calcium soap increased (P less than .07) ruminal concentrations of calcium soap fatty acids at 1, 2, 4 and 8 h postfeeding. Calcium soap did not improve performance of feedlot cattle fed high-concentrate diets. Further, calcium soap did not affect ruminal fermentation and did not dissociate significantly even when ruminal pH was below 6 for extended periods of time.     

利用乳汁体细胞研究共轭亚油酸钙对奶牛乳腺基因表达的作用

8头泌乳中期的奶牛被随机分为2组，分别是对照组（每头牛：基础日粮＋棕榈酸钙200g／d）和试验组（每头牛：基础日粮＋共轭亚油酸钙200g／d），试验期14d，检测了奶产量、乳成分，分析奶牛的血液变化，并采用荧光定量PCR对乳汁体细胞中脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACACA）的基因表达进行检测。结果显示，与对照组相比，试验组奶牛的乳产量、乳蛋白、乳糖和乳汁体细胞含量没有显著影响，但是显著降低了乳脂肪含量（P〈0．05），对照组和试验组奶牛乳脂肪含量分别为0．0326g／mL和0．0244g／mL。检测血液指标发现，共轭亚油酸钙显著升高了奶牛血液中高密度脂蛋白的含量（P〈0．05）。基因分析发现，试验组奶牛乳汁体细胞中LPL、ACA—CA的基因表达显著下调，表明共轭亚油酸钙抑制了奶牛乳腺细胞脂肪酸合成酶的基因表达。     

Chemical Composition and Energy Value of Different Fat Sources for Growing Pigs

The chemical composition, digestibility and energy value of eight animal and vegetable fat batches was determined (animal fat, soya oil, palm oil, palm oil, palm oil mix and vegetable oil byproduct). To a basal diet, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30% dietary fat was added, and digestibility and balance experiments with each fat batch were carried out with three litters of six female pigs, weighing 50-75 kg. The digestibility was determined by multiple regression analysis. The content of HCl-extracted fat and the amount of gross energy was nearly equal for all the fat sources and as such not related to the variation in fatty acid composition or digestibility. Inclusion of soya oil, which is high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, enhanced protein digestibility, whereas inclusion of the other fat sources did not influence protein digestibility. A curvilinear function of fat digestibility (% of intake) to dietary fat concentration was found, thus reflecting the significance of the endogenous fat losses on the determined digestibility value. In contrast, the relationship of digested fat (g day     

Effect of amino acid deficiency on precaecal amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens

In this study, we determined whether deficient dietary amino acid (AA) concentrations influence the precaecal (pc) AA digestibility when determined using the regression approach. We mixed two basal diets. Basal diet 1 was deficient in essential AAs, whereas adequate AA concentrations were ensured in basal diet 2 by adding free AAs. Rapeseed cake and full‐fat soya beans as test ingredients were included in the basal diets at levels of 100 and 200, and 150 and 300 g/kg, respectively, at the expense of maize starch. Each diet was tested with six replicates of 10 broiler chickens each. The feed intake of the chickens that were fed diets based on basal diet 2 was similar, whereas the feed intake of the chickens that were fed diets based on basal diet 1 differed considerably. The numerical differences in pc AA digestibility determined with basal diet 1 or 2 ranged from 2.6 percentage points to 20.8 percentage points in rapeseed cake and from 0.5 percentage points to 15.2 percentage points in soya beans. Across all measured AAs, the average differences were 10.1 percentage points and 5.4 percentage points in rapeseed cake and soya beans, respectively. The differences in the estimated pc AA digestibility between the basal diets were probably caused by different basal endogenous AA losses in the digesta between treatments as a consequence of different feed intake. Adequate AA concentrations and test ingredient levels that are specifically adjusted to avoid a negative effect on feed intake are recommended for future studies.     

Effect of brewer's grain on rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition in lactating dairy cows

Six lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups (n = 3) and used in a double reversal trial with three periods of 14 days each to evaluate the rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition of cows fed brewer's grain (BG). The control diets contained 14% chopped Sudangrass hay, 24% corn silage, 18% alfalfa hay cube, 34% concentrate mixture‐1 and 10% concentrate mixture‐2 (wheat bran, soybean meal and cottonseed). In the experimental diet, wet BG replaced the concentrate mixture‐2. The protozoal population, concentration of ammonia‐N and volatile fatty acids in the ruminal fluid did not differ between the control and BG diets. The molar percentage of acetic acid was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the BG diet at 5 h after feeding. The milk yield, the percentage of protein, lactose, solids not‐fat and somatic cell counts of milk did not differ between the two diets. The percentage of milk fat tended to increase with the BG diet. The BG diet significantly increased the proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 in milk fat (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively) and tended to increase that of conjugated linoleic acid.