水分胁迫及VA菌根接种对绿豆生长的影响

本文采用土培试验研究了水分胁迫下接种VA菌根真菌Glomusmosseae,G .sp .和G .caledonium对绿豆生长及代谢活动的影响。结果表明 ,水分胁迫严重抑制了植株的生长 ,但对VA菌根真菌的侵染能力影响不大。接种VA菌根真菌不仅有利于植株对土壤中磷和氮的吸收 ,而且明显改善了植株的水分状况 ,降低了植株叶片的脯氨酸含量 ,提高了接种株叶片的光合效率 ,显著增加了植株干物质量 ,增强了绿豆的抗旱性或耐旱性。 3种真菌中 ,以Glomusmosseae的接种效果最好。     

VA菌根对冬小麦利用养分和水分的影响

本文采用土培试验研究了水分胁迫状况下接种VA菌根真菌对冬小麦生长发育、养分吸收和水分利用的影响 .试验结果表明 :水分胁迫严重地抑制了植株地上部及根系的生长 ,影响了植株对养分的吸收利用 ;接种VA菌根真菌的植株体内氮磷营养状况得到改善 ,减轻了水分胁迫对植株生长的抑制程度 ,提高了干物质的累积 .因此 ,接种VA菌根真菌提高了冬小麦的抗旱性、促进了植株生长 ,并增加了根 /冠比值 .试验结果还表明 ,接种VA菌根真菌可增加冬小麦对水分的有效利用 ,提高了水分利用效率     

VA菌根对植物耐旱、涝能力的影响

以黄淮海壤质黄潮土为供试土壤,在盆栽条件下研究不同水分条件对VA菌根侵染白三叶草的影响以及菌根的抗旱能力。结果表明,在所有水分处理中,接种VA菌根后,可促进菌根的侵染和植物对氮、磷的吸收,增加植物的生长量,并显著地增强了白三叶草的抗旱能力。干旱条件下,VA菌根的侵染、菌丝的发育均良好,而过高的水分不利于菌根的侵染和菌丝的发育。     

植物泡囊丛枝菌根及其应用展望

阐述了植物泡囊丛枝菌根(VA菌根)的形态特征、对植物的营养作用及其与根瘤菌等微生物的关系,分析了环境条件、栽培管理和耕作制度等对VA菌根的影响.提出应加强VA菌根的基础研究,试验接种外来菌源以及利用土壤的原有菌源,以充分利用VA菌根这一潜在的生物资源使农作物持续稳定增产.     

VA菌根对蚕豆吸收钼、磷营养的研究

在肥力较低的灰棕紫泥土上,研究了VA菌根(Glomus epigaeum)对蚕豆(Vicia faba)的钼、磷营养及其效应。盆裁试验结果表明,接种VA菌根不仅有利于植物对磷的吸收,而且还有利于钼的吸收。并能促进根系生长和根瘤形成,进而促进地上部分生长,植株健壮,抗赤斑病能力和抗衰老能力增强,从而使产量和品质等都优于未接种VA菌根处理的植株。其中以Mo+P+VA处理的植株最好,Mo+VA处理的植株次之.     

两株细菌与丛枝菌根真菌联合接种对红壤中DEHP降解的影响

采用绿豆为供试植物,通过温室盆栽试验研究接种邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)降解菌与丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌对DEHP污染土壤的修复作用以及对植物生长的影响。试验土壤中添加DEHP浓度为100mg kg-1,试验设AM真菌Acaulospora 90034、降解菌Bacillus sp.DW1和Gordonasp.DH3单独接种以及互相组合的联合接种处理,同时设置不接种的对照处理(CK)。苗后60d收获植株。结果表明,AM真菌能很好地侵染绿豆的根系。菌根侵染提高了绿豆植株的干重,同时也促进了绿豆的磷营养,但接种DW1与DH3对菌根侵染率与绿豆生长都没有显著影响。三种菌剂无论是单独或者联合接种都能显著促进土壤中DEHP的降解,但三种菌剂同时接种对DEHP的降解能起到最好的协同作用。同时,接种AM真菌也减少了DEHP在绿豆地上部分的累积,这些都为DEHP污染农田土壤的生物修复提供了理论依据。     

干旱生境中VA菌根对宿主植物的影响及其机制

试验研究证明VA菌根可以影响宿主植物的水分关系。文章综述了VA菌根在干旱胁迫条件下对宿主植物形态、代谢、渗透适应的影响以及VA菌根可能提高宿主抗/耐旱性的机制。文章认为,VA菌根有利于宿主植物抗/耐旱性的作用是由于物理的、化学的、生理的、细胞的综合作用的结果。     

菌剂与肥料配施对矿区复垦土壤白三叶草生长的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了矿区复垦土壤菌剂与肥料的不同配施对白三叶草(Trifolium repens Linn)生长的影响。结果表明: 双接种VA 菌根真菌(Glomus mossea)和根瘤菌(Rhizobium)能显著提高白三叶草根瘤数、根瘤鲜重和固氮酶活性, 根瘤数在有机肥双接种与无机肥双接种处理之间差异不显著, 而根瘤鲜重和固氮酶活性差异显著; 肥料与各菌剂组合处理中, 有机肥双接种处理的白三叶草分枝数、干物质重最大; 在白三叶草生长40 d 和150 d 时, 双接种处理的叶片数均为各处理中最大值; 接种VA 菌根真菌、根瘤菌和双接种均可增加白三叶草根系的菌根侵染率和土壤孢子数, 总体表现为双接种处理＞接种VA 菌根真菌＞接种根瘤菌, 有机肥相应处理＞无机肥相应处理＞对照; 肥料与菌剂的配合施用可有效提高植物对土壤氮、磷、钾养分的吸收。在矿区复垦土壤上有机肥与VA 菌根真菌和根瘤菌菌剂配施能显著促进白三叶草的生长, 是提高矿区复垦土壤植被恢复中比较适宜的组合方式。     

VA菌根菌丝对紧实土壤中磷的吸收

本文采用三室隔网盆栽试验方法,选择三种土壤容重(1.3;1.6;1.8g/cm3)来模拟自然条件下不同紧实度对植物根系生长的抑制情况,探讨了接种VA菌根真菌Gmosseae对三叶草植株生长和对土壤磷吸收的影响。结果表明随着土壤容重的增加,三叶草根系生长受到抑制的程度随之加重。当土壤容重为1.8g/cm3时,根系基本不能生长,而菌丝却能在其中伸展并吸收养分。表现为1.8土壤容重的处理菌根植物的含磷量明显高于无菌根植物。而在低容重的处理中两者却没有显著差异。说明VA菌根真菌能缓解甚至消除土壤机械阻力对植物生长的胁迫。     

在非灭菌土壤条件下施用磷肥对VA菌根效应的影响

本文对中国科学院黄淮海平原综合治理封丘试区的四种不同类型潮土作了田间调查、微区试验以及盆裁试验.试验结果一致表明在这四种类型土壤中施用相当于每亩8斤P₂O₃的过磷酸钙最有利于VA菌根真菌的侵染,在适磷条件下接种菌根后可促进菌根菌侵染,缩短其侵染迟缓期,促进了植物对磷的吸收,从而也增加了植物地上和地下部分的生长.     

丛枝菌根真菌对羊草气体交换和δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N的组成影响

采用盆栽方法研究接种两种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus intraradices,Glomus claroidum对内蒙古典型草原优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)的气体交换和稳定性同位素组成的影响,对羊草生长第45、60和75天的测定结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌能提高植株的含磷量、叶片的气孔导度和光合速率,降低植株δ15N值,但对羊草的内在水分利用效率和δ13C的组成未产生显著影响;植株生长的不同时期对其气体交换和稳定性同位素δ13C、δ15N均产生显著影响;时间和接种的相互作用显著影响植株的光合速率、δ13C和δ15N;羊草气孔导度和光合速率的提高归因于菌根真菌改善植株磷营养和增加根系碳分配所致;而植株内在水分利用效率和δ13C无显著性差异是因为气孔导度和光合速率总是发生同方向变化造成的;菌根植物具有较低δ15N是源于菌根真菌吸收N,并富集15N,转运给植株贫化的15N所致。试验结果为认识草原植物的碳水平衡和N循环提供了新的思路和借鉴。     

干旱胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生理生化特性的影响

在土壤有效磷含量较高的条件下,研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, AMF）对不同水分处理梯度（田间最大持水量的70%、 45%和20%）条件下玉米生长和抗旱性的影响。结果表明,在三种不同水分处理条件下,接种AMF显著提高了玉米植株地上部的生物量,且对玉米地上部、 地下部全磷含量有显著提高作用。水分胁迫显著降低了玉米叶片水势,增加了玉米叶片脯氨酸、 丙二醛、 过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶含量,而不同水分梯度条件下接种AMF均显著提高了植株叶片水势,降低了脯氨酸含量,提高了叶片保护酶（过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶）活性从而减少丙二醛的积累,减轻植物叶片膜脂过氧化的伤害。由此说明,接种AMF在土壤有效磷含量较高的条件下能够与玉米根系形成良好的共生关系,提高玉米的抗旱性。     

Interaction Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi and Soil Applied Herbicides on Plant Growth

Interaction between mycorrhizal fungi and herbicide application and their effects on plant growth are issues around which there is little information. Therefore, to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus in alleviating the effects of herbicide stress on growth of maize and barley, two pot experiments were conducted in Shahrood University of Technology in 2009 and 2010. Factorial experiments were arranged in completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors were a combination of two factors: (1) non-mycorrhiza (control) and Glommusmosseae, Glommusintraradices and Glommusfasciculatum as mycorrhizal inoculums; (2) herbicide treatments, which included three levels of metribuzin (0, 175 and 350 g a.i. ha^?1). In the second experiment, factors examined were inoculated soil with mycorrhiza fungi at two levels (with and without Glommusintraradices) and four rates of metribuzin (0, 175, 350 and 525 g a.i. ha^?1) and two levels of iron (0 (control) and 20 mg pot^?1). The results showed that soil inoculated with mycorrhiza had significantly increased dry weight, height and chlorophyll content of maize and barley in the low herbicide concentrations (175 g a.i. ha^?1) compared to non-inoculated treatments. Based on our results, mycorrhiza fungi can alleviate crop stress due to low doses of metribuzin injury through increase in plant growth.     

不同营养液栽培方式对黄瓜生长发育影响的研究

营养液栽培是一种新的农业栽培技术,是现代化农业生产的一个重要方面 。目前,它在很多国家的蔬菜、花卉、牧草等生产中得到应用,起着越来越大的作用。本文从生理、生态、解剖、产量等方面对黄瓜在水培、砂培及土培盆栽条件下的生育效果进行了比较研究,并对试验结果给予了生理上的解释,同时提出了与国外同类研究不同的观点。     

Susceptibility and effectiveness of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in wheat cultivars under different growing conditions

Summary Wheat cultivars assumed to be non-susceptible to vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae became colonized, and this effect persisted under different growth conditions. Colonization of all cultivars was similar regardless of the amount of inoculum and the time interval of inoculation. Different plant growth temperatures and the support given by the culture media, inoculation with different endophytes, and inoculation with sterilized and unsterilized spores affected VA colonization levels, although the level of colonization reached in cv. Champlein was similar to that reached in cv. 7-Cerros under each condition. VA mycorrhizal colonization was also affected by different plant growth conditions. After VA reinoculation, the plant dry weight of Castan and 7-Cerros increased, but not Negrillo and Champlein cultivars. VA mycorrhizae increased the shoot dry weight of 7-Cerros only, but not of Champlein, when grown at 35/24°C, and had no effect on the dry weight of either cultivar grown at 18/12°C and 42/24°C. Inoculation with Glomus mosseae increased the dry weight of the cultivars more than inoculation with G. fasciculatum or G. agregatum. The effect on the plant dry weight was greater in plants grown in soil than in sand/vermiculite pots. Inoculation with sterilized and unsterilized spores of G. mosseae, either in soil pots or in sand/vermiculite tubes, did not increase the plant dry weight. Our results indicate that there was no close relationship between the level of root colonization and the effect on plant growth. The effects of accompanying microorganisms in the VA inoculum on VA mycorrhizal symbiosis are discussed.     

Mycorrhizal Inoculation and High Arsenic Concentrations in the Soil Increase the Survival of Soybean Plants Subjected to Strong Water Stress

Soybean (Glycine max L.) cropping is increasing in marginal environments, including water-limited lands, some of which are loaded with arsenic (As). Plants inoculated with mycorrhiza increased their tolerance to water stress. We studied the effect of a sudden and severe water stress on soybean inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in soils with increasing concentrations of As. Soybean plants were grown in greenhouse with adequate water supply for 60 days. Irrigation was stopped completely and soil abruptly reached the permanent wilting point. Most inoculated plants survived under such limiting water stress, but noninoculated plants were clearly affected. Arsenic showed a negative effect on plant growth but improved plant survival under this severe water stress. It seems that the negative effects of As on plant water equilibrium explain why plants affected by As survived extreme water stress events.