浅谈鹿结核病的防制体会

鹿结核病是由结核分枝杆菌引起的一种慢性传染病,对养鹿生产危害极大。2008年春,新民市某鹿场2只马鹿死亡,该场是一家马鹿和梅花鹿的专业饲养场,近期引进马鹿7只、梅花鹿20只,现存栏80余只。经现场临床检查疑似结核病,现将防制情况综述如下。     

浅谈鹿结核病的防制体会

鹿结核病是由结核分枝杆菌引起的一种慢性传染病,对养鹿生产危害极大.2008年春,新民市某鹿场2只马鹿死亡,该场是一家马鹿和梅花鹿的专业饲养场,近期引进马鹿7只、梅花鹿20只,现存栏80余只.经现场临床检查疑似结核病,现将防制情况综述如下.     

牛结核病防控技术措施

正牛结核病(Bovine Tuberculosis)是由牛型结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium bovis)引起的一种人兽共患的慢性传染病,以组织器官的结核结节性肉芽肿和干酪样、钙化的坏死病灶为特征。结核分枝杆菌主要分三个型:即牛分枝杆菌(牛型)、结核分枝杆菌     

人用卡介苗对牛抗结核感染的效果观察

结核分枝杆菌分为人型、牛型和禽型3种分枝杆菌。牛结核病是由牛型结核分枝杆菌引起的人畜以及其他不同种属动物的一种慢性经过为主的人畜共患传染病。由于本病可在牛群之间,牛与野生动物和已驯化动物之间,牛与人之间、人与人之间相互交叉传染感染,所以本病在公共卫生学上具有     

卡介苗与结核菌野毒株的基因差异的研究进展

人类结核已经存在数千年之久,无一个国家能幸免于难,尤其是第三国家。人们在感染结核病的同时也能感染艾滋病,这给人类的健康带来了巨大的挑战。现阶段,预防结核病的唯一方法就是接种BCG-减毒牛型结核分枝杆菌活疫苗。该疫苗是在1908年,由Leon Calmette和Camile Guerin将一株牛型结核分枝杆菌强毒株经历13年230次传代培养,使其毒力发生变异,成为对人无致病性,而保持了良好的免疫原性的菌株。本文主要是探讨结核分枝杆菌,牛型结核分枝杆菌和卡介苗之间的基因的差异。为卡介苗的改良和结核病的检测提供有益借鉴。     

牛结核病的流行与防控技术

一、牛结核病的防控概述1.结核病是人兽共患的慢性消耗性传染病。病原是分枝杆菌中的结核分枝杆菌复合群,其中人结核病是由结核分枝杆菌(人型菌)引起,牛结核病是由牛分枝杆菌(牛型菌)引起。2.人感染牛结核的情况。(1)发达国家。美国牛奶巴氏消毒前(1908年),10%～30%的人结核病例是由牛分枝杆菌感染所     

奶牛结核病的诊断及防控措施

1流行病学本病可侵害多种动物,其中对牛型结核分枝杆菌最易感的是奶牛,其次是黄牛、水牛、牦牛。另外,还可感染猪、山羊、猫等家养哺乳动物和野猪、野牛、猴等50种温血脊椎动物和20多种禽类,人也不例外。结核病病牛和开放性结核病人是本病的主要传染源。牛型结核分枝杆菌是通过开放性病牛的鼻汁、     

猪结核病的诊治

结核病是由结核分枝杆菌引起的一种人畜共患的慢性消耗性传染病,主要特征是在猪扁桃体和颌下淋巴结部位形成不平整的肉芽肿块或钙化硬结,即结核结节病灶。猪对禽型、牛型和人型三型结核杆菌都有易感性,且对禽分枝杆菌的易感性较其他哺乳动物高,但牛分枝杆菌比其他两型的结核菌引起的病更严重,呈进行性感染,常导致死亡。本病广泛     

奶牛结核病的检测方法及防控措施

1发病特征 奶牛结核病是由牛型结核分枝杆菌或结核分枝杆菌所引起的人畜共患的慢性消耗性传染病。本病无季节流行性,常年均可发生。在临床上多表现慢性过程,以干咳、消瘦、产乳量下降等为主要特征。     

浅谈牛结核病的防制措施

结核病是由结核分枝杆菌引起的人畜共患传染病,也是牛群中最常见的一种慢性传染病。在临床上以病牛贫血、消瘦、体虚乏力、精神萎靡不振和生产力下降等为特征。在牛的多种组织器官上形成结核结节和干酪样钙化病灶。1病原结核病病原菌为结核分枝杆菌,分为3型,即人型、牛型和禽型。其中以牛型对奶牛群致病力最强。牛型分枝杆菌长     

Farm and slaughter survey of bovine tuberculosis in captive deer in Switzerland

In 1998, a survey was conducted by postal questionnaire to gather basic knowledge about the management, health and productivity of captive deer in Switzerland. In addition, lymph nodes were collected from slaughtered deer from 124 of the 262 holdings surveyed, and tested for Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The total farmed deer population was 8389 animals kept on 485 holdings; 87 per cent were fallow deer, 8 per cent red deer, 4 per cent sika deer, and there were small numbers of other species. The median herd sizes were 12 for fallow deer and eight for red deer. Few owners had handling facilities or crushes. In none of the lymph nodes examined were lesions typical of bovine tuberculosis observed, and neither M bovis nor M tuberculosis was cultivated from any of the samples.     

Mycobacteria isolated from deer in New Zealand from 1970-1983

Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 504 deer from 1970 to 1983. It was first isolated from feral red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand in 1970, and from farmed deer in 1978. Cervine tuberculosis has emerged as a significant problem in farmed deer and in 1983 M.bovis was found on 40 different farms. Thirty-five isolates of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare have been cultured from deer but were associated with clinical disease in only four cases. Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, Mycobacterium diernhoferi, Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium chelonei, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium vaccae were isolated from deer but were not considered to be pathogenic.     

Patterns of lesions of bovine tuberculosis in wild red deer and wild boar

The data obtained from a survey of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) conducted in France in the 2005/06 hunting season were used to describe and quantify the pathological findings in the two species. The red deer had caseous abscessed lesions in their organs and lymph nodes, whereas in the wild boar the lesions were predominantly caseocalcareous and occurred mainly in the lymph nodes. The severity of the gross tuberculosis-like lesions was estimated on the basis of a numerical score. The significant difference between the distribution of the scores in the two species indicated that the disease was more serious in the red deer than in the wild boar. Unlike the red deer, the wild boar did not show a generalised pattern of disease. Among the lymph nodes examined systematically, gross lesions were most frequently observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes in the red deer and in the retropharyngeal lymph nodes in the wild boar. In both species, the presence of gross lesions showed the closest agreement with the isolation of M bovis from the same lymph nodes. The different patterns of the lesions of tuberculosis in the two species suggest that red deer might play an important role in the intraspecies and interspecies dissemination of the infection, whereas in wild boar the spread of the infection would be more likely to be restricted to other wild boar.     

Mycobacterial diseases of deer

The most significant mycobacterial diseases of free-living, captive and farmed deer are bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (basonym M. paratuberculosis), and avian tuberculosis, caused principally by M. avium subsp avium. The first case of M. bovis infection in farmed deer was identified in New Zealand in 1978. In 1983, a voluntary scheme was introduced in New Zealand to control tuberculosis in farmed deer, followed by a compulsory tuberculosis control scheme in 1990. The primary control measure is the slaughter of infected animals, detected by skin testing and blood testing, together with movement control and vector control. The number of infected deer herds peaked in the mid 1990s at over 160 herds, but by 30 June 2002 this had been reduced to 79 (1.45%), and to 67 (1.23%) by June 2003. Deer-to-deer transmission occurs, but the majority of herd breakdowns are believed to be from infected vectors. Factors likely to affect the susceptibility of deer include age, environment, population density, exposure and genetics. Avian tuberculosis occasionally causes clinical disease in wild, captive and farmed deer in New Zealand and overseas. Mycobacterium intracellulare, and subspecies of M. avium other than M. paratuberculosis, are widespread throughout New Zealand and are thought to be largely responsible for the high level of sensitisation to avian purified protein derivative (PPD), which is used for comparison purposes in tuberculosis skin testing of deer in this country. Infections with these organisms are usually subclinical in farmed deer, although M. avium subsp avium commonly causes lesions in retropharyngeal, mesenteric and ileocaecal lymph nodes. These lesions cause problems because of their gross and microscopic similarity to those due to M. bovis infection. Birds and domestic animals are most likely to become infected via environmental contamination of food, water, bedding litter or soil, while carnivores or scavengers may also become infected by ingesting infected carcasses. Johne's disease has been reported in deer in the wild and in zoos, especially in North America, the United Kingdom (UK) and Europe. Since first being confirmed in farmed deer in New Zealand in 1979, the incidence of Johne's disease has increased steadily. To date, M. paratuberculosis has been identified in >600 farmed deer on 300 properties. The majority of cases have been identified from suspected tuberculous lesions submitted from deer slaughter plants. Clinically, Johne's disease in deer is similar to the disease in sheep and cattle, with typical signs of loss of weight and condition, and diarrhoea. However, outbreaks of Johne's disease frequently occur in young red deer, 8-15 months of age, whereas the clinical disease in sheep and cattle is sporadic and usually affects adults 3-5 years of age. The disease is characterised by a chronic granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis, especially affecting the jejunum and ileum and the mesenteric lymph nodes. Deer affected subclinically may have lesions in these lymph nodes at slaughter, which are grossly indistinguishable from those due to bovine tuberculosis. Because of the antigenic similarity between M. intracellulare and all the subspecies of M. avium, including M. paratuberculosis, the diagnostic tests for Johne's disease lack sensitivity and specificity, making control difficult.     

Mycobacteria isolated from deer in New Zealand from 1970–1983

Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 504 deer from 1970 to 1983. It was first isolated from feral red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand in 1970, and from farmed deer in 1978. Cervine tuberculosis has emerged as a significant problem in farmed deer and in 1983 M. bovis was found on 40 different farms. Thirty-five isolates of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare have been cultured from deer but were associated with clinical disease in only four cases. Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, Mycobacterium diernhoferi, Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium chelonei, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium vaccae were isolated from deer but were not considered to be pathogenic.     

Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis infection of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in New Zealand

AIMS: This study was initiated to investigate aspects of the epidemiology, pathogenesis and transmission of tuberculosis in wild red deer, with the aim of determining whether this species may be considered a reservoir host of Mycobacterium bovis in New Zealand. METHOD: One hundred and six wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) carcasses from the Castlepoint and Hauhungaroa Range areas, which are endemic for bovine tuberculosis, were examined for the presence of M. bovis infection. Samples were also examined from 46 skin test-positive farmed deer killed at two deer slaughter premises. Where possible, a standard set of tissues and excretion site samples was collected for mycobacteriological examination. RESULTS: Fifty-eight infected deer were identified, and of these 28% showed no gross lesions. The prevalence of tuberculosis confirmed by culture in the wild deer was 32%. Only one of 18 deer younger than 1 year was infected. Mature deer (>2 years) were 12 times more likely to be infected than those under 1 year of age. Infected older deer were less likely to show typical gross lesions than younger animals. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from the oropharyngeal tonsil of 34 of 56 (61%) of the infected deer, and this was the most commonly infected site. Gross lesions were found in 18 of the 34 infected tonsils and only one of these showed a purulent tonsillitis. Mycobacterium bovis was recovered from four of 53 nasopharyngeal tonsils, four of 53 oropharyngeal swabs, one of 53 tracheal and nasal swabs, and one of 46 faecal samples, but not from any urine specimens. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that significant bacillary excretion from infected deer was uncommon, and is more likely to occur in severely affected animals. This study has confirmed the importance of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), particularly the oropharyngeal tonsil, in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in deer. The findings justify investigation of the hypotheses that the prevalence of tuberculosis in wild deer in New Zealand is high due to transmission of infection from possums, and that in the absence of an infected possum population, the prevalence of tuberculosis in deer is likely to be low, and spatially patchy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results suggest that about one quarter of infected deer show no detectable gross lesions. This implies that many infected carcasses may enter the food chain unrecognised and that the estimated sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests may be erroneous if there is a difference in test performance between those conducted on deer with or without gross lesions. Diagnostic sensitivity following slaughter may be improved by routine culture of oropharyngeal tonsils and careful examination of lungs for adhesions and small subpleural tubercles.     

Tuberculosis in imported red deer (Cervus elaphus)

An outbreak of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in farmed red deer imported from an eastern European country is described. Twenty-six of the 106 deer examined at autopsy were found to be infected and 19 had visible lesions of tuberculosis. Single comparative intradermal tuberculin tests on 51 deer showed that the test had a specificity of 61.3 per cent and a sensitivity of 80 per cent relative to subsequent biological and cultural tests on tissues taken at autopsy. Three hundred and seventy eight culled fallow and sika deer which had been running in a park in contact with some of the infected animals were found to be free of tuberculosis.     

Management practices and their association with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex prevalence in red deer populations in Southwestern Spain

Intensification of game management may increase the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) in wildlife despite eradication programs implemented in cattle herds in the same areas. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the association between wild game management practices and the presence of tuberculosis in red deer populations in Southwestern Spain. Five hundred and fifty-one animals were examined by necropsy to detect tuberculosis-like lesions in the main lymph nodes. Prevalence, as determined by TB-like lesions, was estimated to be 5.1% of animals, with 77% of TB-like lesions confirmed by PCR. Our results suggest that population density, in addition to factors which promote the local aggregation of animals, is factors associated with increased prevalence of TB in red deer populations. We suggest that management practices including supplementary feeding, fencing, water ponds and interaction with domestic livestock should be revised in order to prevent TB in wild deer both.     

Malignant catarrhal fever: experimental transmission of the 'sheep-associated' form of the disease from cattle and deer to cattle, deer, rabbits and hamsters

Attempts to transmit malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) from 16 bovine cases of the 'sheep-associated' form of the disease are described. On two occasions disease was transmitted to bovine calves but transmission to red deer (Cervus elaphus) was not achieved. In addition, MCF was transmitted from one experimentally affected calf to a rabbit and on another occasion directly to rabbits with material from a field case which failed to transmit to a bovine calf or red deer. Subsequently each of these isolates was readily passaged through rabbits and one was also passaged to Syrian hamsters. Tissue from MCF-affected red deer consistently produced disease on inoculation into rabbits and deer but failed to cause disease in bovine calves. Contact infection between red deer occurred once and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) were also shown to be susceptible to infection by inoculation. Passage of MCF in rabbits with an isolate from red deer failed to produce evidence of further adaptation even after 125 serial passages. Despite the failure to transmit disease from cattle to deer or from deer to cattle it is considered probable that there is only one sheep-associated agent which causes MCF in both species. The reasons for the anomalies in transmission of this form of the disease are discussed.     

Paratuberculosis and avian tuberculosis infections in one red deer farm studied by IS900 and IS901 RFLP analysis

As the attempt to eradicate paratuberculosis in one red deer (Cervus elaphus) farm failed, all 167 red deer of different age groups were slaughtered and examined by culture for mycobacteria, and the farm was closed down. Spleen and hepatic lymph nodes, mediastinal lymph node, ileocecal lymph node, and ileum were collected from each animal and examined (a total of 835 organs). Neither tuberculosis lesions nor pathognomic signs of paratuberculosis were detected. Among all microscopically negative for mycobacteria organs, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis alone was isolated from 165 organs, M. a. avium alone from 41 organs, and both pathogens from four organs. M. a. paratuberculosis alone was detected in 71 red deer, M. a. avium alone in 13 red deer and both pathogens in 18 red deer. Using standardised RFLP methods, three IS900 RFLP types B-C1, B-C16, and B-C32 were identified among 40 M. a. paratuberculosis isolates and four IS901 RFLP types N-B1, N-B3, N-B4, and P-B3 among 17 M. a. avium isolates.