养好哺乳仔猪的几个关键技术

(一)哺乳仔猪的生理特点 1.生长发育快,物质代谢旺直.仔猪初生重只占成年猪体重的1%以下,10日龄时为初生重的2倍,30日龄时为6倍,60日龄时达14倍,生后20日龄的仔猪每千克体重每天要沉积蛋白质9～14克,而成年猪只沉积0.3～0.4克,相当于成年猪的30～35倍,能量、矿物质需求高于成年猪,这说明仔猪物质代谢旺盛,更需要营养配合平衡的全价日粮.     

提高仔猪成活率和断奶体重的技术措施

1新生仔猪的特点 新生仔猪生长发育快和生理上的不成熟,导致易病难养,增重慢,死亡率高,其主要特点： 1.1生长发育快,物质代谢旺盛 仔猪出生重一般为1.2kg左右,不到成年猪体重的1%,但生长发育迅速,10日龄体重可达出生时的2~3倍,30日龄达5~6倍。仔猪的强烈生长,是以旺盛的物质代谢为基础,20日龄的仔猪,每千克体重需沉积蛋白质9~14g,相当于成年猪的30多倍,每千克体重所需代谢净能为成年猪的3倍左右,矿物质代谢也高于成年猪。可见,仔猪对营养物质的需要,在数量和质量上都相当高,对营养不全极为敏感。     

温度对猪的影响与猪舍采暖设施

1 温度对猪的影响 成年猪怕热，仔猪怕冷，这并不是说成年猪不怕冷、仔猪不怕热。超过适宜的范围，冷应激对成年猪和热对仔猪都会产生不良影响。一般情况下，随着日龄的增大，猪需要的环境温度逐渐降低。温度对生长猪的影响，主要体现在生长速度与饲料利用率上。温度过高或过低都会使猪生长速度减慢，饲料利用率降低。     

新必妥对仔猪体液免疫效果的影响

本试验选取21日龄的健康仔猪12头，随机分为3组，分别肌肉注射猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗1头份（对照组）、猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗1头份＋猪脾转移因子0．15mL／kg体重（试验1组）和猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗1头份＋猪脾转移因子0．25mL／kg体重（试验2组），分别于21、60日龄各免疫1次．以研究猪脾转移因子对仔猪猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗免疫效果的影响。结果表明．首免后14～35d试验组的免疫效果均显著优于对照组，二免后5～15d试验2组显著优于对照组。另外，选取35日龄的健康仔猪12头，随机分为3组，分别肌肉注射猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗1头份（对照组）、猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗1头份＋猪脾转移因子0．15mL／kg体重（试验1组）和猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗1头份＋猪脾转移因子0．25mL／kg体重（试验2组），以研究猪脾转移因子对仔猪蓝耳病弱毒疫苗免疫效果的影响。结果表明，免疫后14～35d试验组的免疫效果均显著优于对照组，42～60d试验2组显著优于对照组。表明猪脾转移因子对仔猪体液免疫有一定的增强作用。     

美国猪传染性胃肠炎的防治措施

猪传染性胃肠炎（ｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｂｌｅ　ｇａｓｔｒｏｅｎｔｅｒｉｔｉｓ　ｏｆｓｗｉｎｅ，ＴＧＥ），又称幼猪的胃肠炎，是一种高度接触性传染病，以呕吐、严重腹泻、脱水为特征。 ＴＧＥ对首次感染的猪群造成的危害尤为严重，在短期内能引起各种年龄的猪１００％发病，死亡率却因发病猪的年龄而异，日龄越小，病情愈重，死亡率也愈高。尤以１０日龄以内的仔猪发病率和致死率最高，可达９０％－１００％，但对５周龄以上仔猪的危害逐渐降低，成年猪几乎没有死亡。康复仔猪往往发育不良，生长迟缓。 ＴＧＥ在美国、加拿大、欧洲、亚…     

哺乳仔猪传染性胃肠炎的治疗

寒冷季节猪传染性胃肠炎 (ＴＧＥ)多发 ,呈明显的季节性流行 ,抗菌素治疗效果不佳。成年猪多呈良性经过 ,几乎没有死亡。幼龄猪有不同程度的死亡 ,以 2 0日龄以下哺乳仔猪死亡率最高 ,如治疗不当或不及时 ,死亡率可达 90 %以上。笔者近几年诊治 2 0 0多例仔猪ＴＧＥ ,初步探索出一条效果显著的治疗措施 ,治愈率 85 %以上。发病特点ＴＧＥ是病毒性、急性、高度接触性传染病。莒县东莞镇近年发生的仔猪ＴＧＥ除具备ＴＧＥ的一般症状外 ,还具有新的特点。第一、发病日龄趋小 ,2日龄就有发病的。第二、水泻严重 ,脱水明显 ,恶化迅速。临床如见有…     

仔猪伪狂犬病诊断

伪狂犬病（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｒａｂｉｅｓ简称ＰＲ）是由伪狂犬病病毒（ＰＲＶ）引起的家畜及野生动物的急性传染病。成年猪常为隐性感染,可有流产、死胎及呼吸系统症状,新生仔猪除神经症状外可侵害消化系统。江苏省某市新猪场发生新生仔猪成窝死亡的疾病,送４头仔猪来我院门诊,经诊断为猪伪狂犬病,现报告如下。１　病史和临床症状该场有繁殖母猪百余头,育肥猪若干。１９９７年１１～１２月份发生１６窝３～７月龄仔猪陆续发病、死亡。表现为：１～３日龄全活,４日龄突然发病,精神萎顿,体温４０５～４１℃,犬坐发抖,呼吸急促,呈腹…     

一日龄断奶仔猪人工饲喂试验

一日龄断奶仔猪人工饲喂试验李明张宗义何成柱王朝军（北京市ＳＰＦ猪育种管理中心１０００９５）前言进行１日龄断奶仔猪人工饲喂试验，目的有两个，一是为培育初级ＳＰＦ仔猪寻找新的途径；二是为了研究仔猪早期断奶技术，为非ＳＰＦ猪场仔猪早期断奶净化猪病提供参考依...     

脾脏转移因子对粤黄鸡免疫机能的影响

１２０只１日龄雌性粤黄鸡随机分为四组，每周三个实验组胸肌注射０．５ｍｌ不同浓度的鸡脾脏转移因子（ＳＴＦ）提取液，对照组注射０．５ｍｌ灭菌ＰＢＳ。第４、８周龄时分别采集血样，用酯酶染色法检测外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞百分率，用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法检测血清中鸡新城疫（ＮＤ）抗体滴度，同时取出胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊称重。结果表明：注射ＳＴＦ能提高粤黄鸡外周虫Ｔ淋巴细胞百分率，并提高鸡血清中ＮＤ的抗体滴度，但脾脏与胸腺的相对     

疑似新生仔猪缺硒症

疑似新生仔猪缺硒症邓绍基（广西贺县畜牧局，５４２８００）缺硒症随着养猪业的发展由少增多，但通常情况下只发生于２～４月龄的仔猪，成年母猪和育肥猪虽也有发生，但很少出现明显的临床症状，至于新生仔猪缺硒的突发病例报道就更少。１９９３年５月，广西贺县沙田镇某...     

Longitudinal Investigation of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Piglets

Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as an important public health concern and pigs have been implicated in human infections. Cross‐sectional studies have demonstrated that MRSA can be commonly found in pigs internationally, but little is known about age‐related changes in MRSA colonization. This study evaluated MRSA colonization in piglets in a longitudinal manner. Serial nasal swabs were collected from piglets born to 10 healthy sows. The prevalence of MRSA colonization on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 was 1% (1/100), 6.2% (3/97), 8.5% (8/94), 4.4% (4/91) and 20% (18/91) respectively, with an overall pre‐weaning prevalence of 34.5%. The prevalence on days 28, 42, 56 and 70 was 34% (31/91), 65% (57/88), 50% (44/88) and 42% (36/87) respectively, with an overall post‐weaning prevalence of 85%. Eighty‐four percent of piglets from negative sows and 100% of piglets from positive sows that survived at least until the time of weaning were colonized with MRSA at one or more times during the study. There was a significant association between sow and piglet colonization. The age of the piglet was significantly associated with the probability of colonization. No piglets or sows received antimicrobials during the study period. These results indicate that age must be considered when designing surveillance programmes and interpreting results of different studies on MRSA.     

Association of myocarditis with high viral load of porcine circovirus type 2 in several tissues in cases of fetal death and high mortality in piglets. A case study.

During a period of 1.5 months, a newly established pig herd experienced a high number of mummifications and stillbirths, a high neonatal mortality rate, and many piglets with congenital tremors or hind leg ataxia. After clinical and histological investigations, the submitted animals were divided into 4 groups: mummified or stillborn (N = 6), live born with myocarditis (N = 5) (average age 22.8 days), live born without myocarditis (N = 14) (average age 20.0 days), and control animals from a different herd (N = 5) (newborn). Statistically significant differences were observed in the mean porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) load among the 4 groups in the liver (P < 0.0001). The presence of PCV2 antigen within the myocardial lesions was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. A high load of PCV2 DNA was observed in myocardium, liver, and spleen from mummified or stillborn piglets (>1 x 10(7) copies per 500 ng DNA), lower in piglets with myocarditis (>1 x 10(5) copies per 500 ng DNA), and even further lower in pigs without myocarditis (<1 x 10(5) copies per 500 ng DNA), whereas no PCV2 DNA was detected in the control animals. Myocardium, liver, and spleen were well suited for routine testing of fetuses and young piglets by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Neither porcine parvovirus nor encepaholomyocarditis virus was detected. These results indicate that the PCV2 infection might have been of etiological importance for the fetal deaths and piglet mortality observed in this herd.     

The influence of additional fat in the diet of sows before and after parturition on piglet viability and performance

Two hundred and six mature sows were used to evaluate the effect of adding a total of 3 kg of fat to sow diets for an average of eight days before and seven days after parturition on piglet viability and performance.The addition of fat to the diet of sows had no effect on the percentage of piglets born alive, individual piglet birth weight, weight of the piglet at three weeks of age or the weaning to service interval in the sows. However, there was a significant increase in piglet survival (3.4%) between treated and control sows. Birth weight had a marked effect on piglet survival but there was no indication of a greater effect of added fat in the sows' diet on the survival of smaller piglets. A number of piglets were cross-fostered but fostering had no effect on piglet mortality. A comparison of the mortality of piglets born from sows receiving added fat and reared on controls and vice versa indicated that the major benefits of additional fat in the sow diet were effected in utero rather than via an increase in the quality of the sows' milk.     

Lower birth weight and attenuated adrenocortical response to ACTH in offspring from sows that orally received cortisol during gestation

Prenatal stress is known to affect several offspring characteristics, but its effects depend among other factors on the period of gestation in which it is applied. In the present study, oral administration of hydrocortisone-acetate (HCA) was used to elevate cortisol concentrations in pregnant sows to levels also observed after psychological stress. HCA was administered during three different periods of gestation (115 days in pigs): period 1: 21-50 (P1, n = 10), period 2: 51-80 (P2, n = 10) and period 3: 81-110 (P3, n = 10) days after insemination. Control sows (n = 11) received vehicle from 21-110 days after insemination. When P1-, P2- and P3-sows did not receive HCA, they also received vehicle. During gestation, weekly saliva samples were taken from the sows to determine salivary cortisol concentrations. Treatment effects on sow, litter and piglet characteristics were determined. In addition, two female piglets per litter were subjected to an ACTH-challenge test at 6 weeks of age to determine the adrenocortical response to ACTH. Pigs were slaughtered at 6 months of age and slaughter weight, back fat thickness and percentage of lean meat were analysed. During the period of treatment with HCA, salivary cortisol concentrations were increased in P1-, P2- and P3-sows compared to control sows (P < 0.01). The total number of piglets born per litter did not differ among treatment groups (P > 0.30), but pooled HCA-litters had a higher percentage of live born piglets (P < 0.05) and fewer mummies than control litters (P < 0.05). Gestation length did not differ among treatment groups (P = 0.21), but did affect treatment effects on birth weight. Overall, HCA-piglets weighed less at birth, and remained lighter until weaning (P < 0.05). The salivary cortisol concentrations after i.m. injection of ACTH (2.5 IU/kg) were lower in P1- and P3-piglets compared to control piglets. At slaughter, HCA-treatment indirectly decreased lean meat percentage and increased back fat thickness. In conclusion, elevated peripheral cortisol concentrations in pregnant sows affect both litter characteristics and piglet physiology, the latter depending on the period of gestation during which concentrations were elevated. Underlying mechanisms require further investigation.     

Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in experimentally infected conventional piglets.

A conventional nonmutant animal that could be experimentally infected with Helicobacter pylori isolates would be a useful animal model for human H. pylori-associated gastritis. Gnotobiotic and barrier-born pigs are susceptible to H. pylori infection, but attempts to infect conventional pigs with this bacterium have been unsuccessful. In the present study, a litter of eight 20-day-old crossbreed piglets were purchased from a commercial farm. Six of them were orally challenged two to five times at different ages, between 29 and 49 days, with doses of H. pylori inoculum containing approximately 10(9) bacterial cells. Two animals served as controls. The inoculation program began 2 days postweaning when the piglets were 29 days of age. Prior to every inoculation, the piglets were fasted and pretreated with cimetidine, and prior to the first and second inoculation each piglet also was pretreated with dexamethasone. The challenged piglets were euthanasized between 36 and 76 days of age. H. pylori colonized all six inoculated piglets. The pathology of the experimentally induced gastritis was examined macroscopically and by light and electron microscopy. H. pylori induced a severe lymphocytic gastritis in the conventional piglets and reproduced the large majority of the pathologic features of the human disease. Therefore, the conventional piglet represents a promising new model for study of the various pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of lesions of the human H. pylori-associated gastritis.     

Prevalence of congenital abnormalities in pigs

The prevalence of congenital defects in piglets in a large intensive piggery was determined by autopsy examination of piglets dying in the first week of life and from records kept by the farm staff. A total of 1908 piglets was examined at autopsy and 14,535 were born over the period of the survey. The prevalence of defects on this farm was estimated to be 2.9% of all piglets born, and at least one piglet with a congenital defect was found in 17.4% of litters. Of the piglets dying in the first week 9.5% had a defect and of these 8% had multiple anomalies. The mean litter size at birth for litters with a malformed piglet was 10.9 compared with 9.9 for litters without a malformed piglet. The total preweaning loss in litters containing a malformed pig was higher (29.8%) than that in litters without malformations (17.4%). The antepartum and parturient deaths in litters with a malformed piglet were 35% higher than normal litters. Parturient and anteparturient deaths amounted to 7.5% of piglets born and the total preweaning mortality was 19.9%. Sixty-six per cent of these mortalities occurred within the first week of life. The litter size at birth increased with parity as did the prevalence of litters containing malformed piglets. Neonatal loss was about 2 pigs per litter for all parities. Litter size at birth in litters containing a malformed pig was consistently higher by one pig per litter from all parities, but parturient (7.1%) and anteparturient (1.4%) deaths were also higher in these litters than in litters without malformations (5.1% and 1.2% respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Change of porcine circovirus 2 target cells in pigs during development from fetal to early postnatal life

Change of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) target cells during development from fetal to postnatal life in pigs was examined. PCV2 inoculation was performed in fetuses in utero at either 57, 75 or 92 gestational days and in piglets at 1 day of age. Twenty-one days after virus inoculation, PCV2-infected cells in the heart, lungs, liver, spleen and inguinal lymph nodes were localized and immuno-phenotyped by double-immunofluorescence labeling using different cell markers and PCV2-antibodies. During fetal life, viral antigens were detected in cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes and macrophages and infected cell numbers decreased with increasing fetal age at inoculation. The heart contained the highest number of infected cells and cardiomyocytes were the main target cell. Postnatally, macrophages were the only target cell type in different organs and infected cell numbers were similar to those of fetuses inoculated at 92 days of gestation. One piglet showed exceptionally high number of infected cells in different organs with values 13-513-fold higher compared to littermates. In this piglet, the majority of infected cells in lymphoid tissues could not be typed. This study reveals that PCV2 target cells change from cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes and macrophages during fetal life to only macrophages postnatally.     

Causes of preweaning mortality on a large intensive piggery

Causes of preweaning mortality were examined on a large intensive piggery. Diagnosis was made using comprehensive clinical histories combined with post-mortem data. Two thousand four hundred and twenty-six piglets were born in 238 litters. Pre-parturient and parturient losses were 2.9% and 5.4% of the total numbers of piglets born. Birth to weaning mortality was 11.3%. Among piglets born alive, overlaying was the most frequent cause of death (2.1%), followed by deaths due to diarrhoea (1.7%), anaemia (1.2%), savaging (1.1%) and losses of small weak piglets (0.9%). Most deaths, including stillbirths, were associated with below average birth weight, and two-thirds of all deaths of liveborn pigs occurred within 4 days of birth. Increased litter size resulted in decreased birth weights, an increased percentage of stillborn piglets and mummified foetuses, but duration of parturition was not affected. Stillborn piglets were born late in the litter and after a longer interval between pigs born (interpig interval). Over 70% of deaths due to overlay were in previously healthy piglets, but some were associated with illness of the sow (18%) or both sow and piglet (3%). Savaging was confined mainly to first parity sows and was responsible for 20% of all deaths in these litters. Sixty-two per cent of all piglets with a birth weight of less than 800g were stillborn or died before weaning compared with 18.7% mortality for all piglets. Anaemia in piglets was considered to be due to umbilical haemorrhage. Anaemic piglets had a 36% mortality to weaning compared with 10% for non-anaemic piglets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

铁过量或缺乏对新生仔猪血清生化指标及肝脏hepcidin mRNA表达量的影响

本试验旨在研究铁过量或缺乏对新生仔猪血清生化指标及肝脏hepcidin mRNA表达量的影响.挑选新出生的“杜长大”三元杂交仔猪15头[平均体重为(1.22±0.13)kg],随机分为3组,即缺铁组、正常组和铁过量组,每组5个重复,每个重复1头猪.3和7日龄时,缺铁组分别注射1 mL生理盐水,正常组分别注射1 mL右旋糖酐铁(含铁150 mg),铁过量组分别注射3 mL右旋糖酐铁(含铁450 mg).7日龄时,将所有仔猪全部处死,采集血清,并分离肝脏和脾脏,以测定血清生化指标、机体铁含量和肝脏hepcidin mRNA表达量.结果表明:肝脏、脾脏和血清中铁的含量均随着注射铁量的增加而显著或极显著增加(P ＜0.05或P＜0.01).与正常组相比,铁过量组血清中血红蛋白、球蛋白、总蛋白、丙二醛含量以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化物酶活性显著或极显著升高(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),超氧化物歧化酶活性显著降低(P＜0.05);而缺铁组血清中血红蛋白、球蛋白、总蛋白、丙二醛含量以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活性则显著或极显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),超氧化物歧化酶活性显著升高(P＜0.05).与正常组相比,铁过量组仔猪肝脏中hepcidin mRNA表达量极显著升高(P＜0.01),而缺铁组则极显著降低(P＜0.01).由此得出,铁过量或缺乏均会影响新生仔猪机体的免疫功能和抗氧化功能;铁过量可提高新生仔猪机体铁含量和肝脏中hepcidin mRNA表达量,铁缺乏则会降低新生仔猪机体铁含量和肝脏中hepcidin mRNA表达量.     

Effect of supplementing sows' feed with alpha-tocopherol acetate and vitamin C on transfer of alpha-tocopherol to piglet tissues, colostrum, and milk: aspects of immune status of piglets

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of sows with alpha-tocopherol acetate (ATA) and vitamin C on deposition of alpha-tocopherol (AT) in piglet lymphoid organs, such as bone marrow, thymus, and spleen at birth and at weaning, as well as on indicators of immune response in piglets. Sows were given the following treatment diets: control, vitamin C 10 g/day, ATA 500 mg/kg feed, and combined vitamins (ATA 500+Vit-C 10). Supplementation with vitamins started at the beginning of pregnancy and lasted until weaning at 21+/-3 days of age. AT was determined in colostrum, milk, piglet plasma (cord blood) and tissues at birth and on day 21. Immunoglobulins were measured in piglet plasma, milk, and colostrum. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to PHA and ConA was determined in sow and piglet blood. ATA supplementation resulted in a significant increase (P<0.001) in the AT content of colostrum, milk, piglet plasma, liver, thymus, bone marrow, and spleen at weaning. The AT content of colostrum and milk significantly (P<0.001) influenced the AT content of piglet plasma and tissues at weaning (day 21). Total Ig and IgG concentrations in piglet plasma were significantly increased in piglets given the combined vitamin treatment. No effect of AT supplementation was observed on IgG and IgA in colostrum and milk. In sows, vitamin C given alone significantly increased lymphocyte response to ConA and PHA; whereas, in piglets, there was no significant effect of treatments on lymphocyte response to PHA and ConA.