红壤侵蚀区崩岗土壤养分化学计量特征分异规律

以福建省西南部长汀县濯田镇黄泥坑崩岗群内植被盖度分别为2%,20%和95%的3处相邻崩岗为研究对象,对各崩岗内集水坡面、崩壁(顶部、中部及底部)、崩积体(上部和下部)和沟道出口7个典型部位0—10,10—20,20—30cm土壤基本理化性质进行测定,分析了各植被盖度崩岗不同深度及部位土壤化学计量比的空间分异规律。结果表明:随着植被盖度的升高,土壤养分含量及化学计量比显著增加(除全磷含量和P/K以外);随着土壤深度的增加,有机碳、全氮和全钾含量以及C/N、C/P、C/K和N/P总体上呈减少趋势,全磷含量以及N/K和P/K基本维持稳定;沿集水坡面→崩壁→崩积体→沟道出口,有机碳、全氮和全钾含量以及C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P和N/K基本表现为先减少再增加最后亦降低的变化趋势,全磷含量和N/P无明显差异;土壤化学计量特征与土壤养分含量、粉粒含量、容重、含水量和pH具有较强的相关关系。崩岗系统土壤物理结构较差,养分含量普遍较低,其中有机碳、全氮和全磷含量存在不同程度的限制。     

崩岗侵蚀对土壤速效养分质量分数及化学计量比的影响

为揭示崩岗侵蚀对土壤速效养分及化学计量比的影响,选取福建省长汀县黄泥坑崩岗群微度、中度和强度崩岗3处为研究对象,测定和分析了0 ～ 30 cm土层集水坡面、崩壁、崩积体以及沟道部位的土壤基本物理性质、速效养分及化学计量特征.结果表明:1)随着侵蚀强度的增加,硝态氮和速效磷质量分数表现为强度＞中度＞微度,中度侵蚀崩岗铵态氮质量分数最低,速效钾质量分数最高;从水平方向上,各速效养分质量分数表现为速效钾(AK)＞铵态氮＞硝态氮＞速效磷(AP);垂直方向上,各速效养分质量分数大致随着土层深度而降低,但同一侵蚀强度内各质量分数差异较小.2)土壤速效氮为铵态氮与硝态氮的总和(AN),AN/AP比表现为微度＞强度＞中度,微度与中度差异显著(P ＜0.05);AK/AN比为中度＞微度＞强度,中度与强度差异显著(P ＜0.05);AK/AP比为微度＞中度＞强度,微度与中度差异显著(P＜0.05).3)从集水坡面、崩壁、崩积体至沟道,3种类型崩岗的铵态氮和硝态氮平均值都呈降低的趋势,速效磷逐渐升高,速效钾在崩积体处最低,其他3个部位变化不大;土壤AN/AP、AK/AP比呈降低的趋势,AK/AN比在沟道处最高.4)速效养分化学计量比与砂粒、粉粒、pH和有机质皆密切相关,黏粒、容重和含水率对其影响相对较小.     

不同修复年限下稀土矿区芒萁与土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

芒萁是我国南方离子型稀土矿区生态修复的重要指示性植物,通过探究不同生态修复年限下的离子型稀土矿区内芒萁的生态化学计量特征,为矿区的生态修复策略提供科学参考。本文选取3处不同修复年限的稀土矿区和1处未开采地为研究样地,采集样地内芒萁的叶片和地下茎根,探究其化学计量特征及其与土壤养分之间的关系。结果表明:①叶片C、N和P含量的变化范围分别为444.62～454.30g/kg、6.87～10.68g/kg、0.31～0.46g/kg;根茎C、N和P含量的变化范围分别为368.36～424.63g/kg、3.31～4.23g/kg、0.16～0.26g/kg;②芒萁叶片养分与土壤养分(除P外)的相关性强于根茎,与0～10cm土层土壤相关性强于10～20cm土层土壤;③不同生态修复年限下芒萁叶片N/P均大于16且该研究区土壤严重缺磷,芒萁生长受磷限制,因此,离子型稀土矿区的生态修复期应增加磷肥施用量以促使芒萁更好地生长。     

赣南崩岗的发育阶段及部位对土壤水力性质的影响

为探究赣南典型崩岗侵蚀区不同发育阶段崩岗对土壤水力性质的影响,采用圆盘入渗仪对3种不同发育阶段崩岗(初期、活跃期和稳定期)以及3个部位(集水区、边坡和沟道)的土壤进行了4个压力水头(0、-3、-6和-9 cm)下的圆盘入渗试验。结果表明,崩岗发育阶段和部位显著影响着土壤的理化性质。随着压力水头的减小,3种不同发育阶段崩岗的土壤稳定入渗率逐渐减小,土壤砂粒含量显著影响土壤的入渗参数。3种不同发育阶段崩岗与土壤导水率和Gardner常数α之间差异不显著。除了-9 cm压力水头下的导水率以外,崩岗的部位显著影响土壤导水率和Gardner常数α值。不同发育阶段崩岗的大孔隙对水流贡献率随着崩岗受侵蚀程度的增加而增加,不同发育阶段崩岗各部位土壤大孔隙、中等孔隙2以及小孔隙对水流贡献率影响显著,其中活跃期崩岗沟通处大孔隙对水流的贡献率最高。研究结果可为南方不同发育阶段崩岗的土壤侵蚀过程提供一定的参考。     

闽西南崩岗土壤理化性质及可蚀性分异特征

崩岗是南方红壤区侵蚀沟在水力和重力交互作用下沟头遭受坍塌、陷蚀作用而形成的围椅状地貌,是该区域土壤侵蚀及生态系统退化的最高表现形式之一.为揭示崩岗侵蚀对土壤理化特性及可蚀性的影响,以福建省长汀县濯田镇黄泥坑崩岗群内植被盖度分别为2％,20％,95％的3个典型崩岗为研究对象,分别对崩岗系统内的集水坡面、崩壁、崩积体和沟口进行采样和理化特性的测定,并运用EPIC模型测算土壤可蚀性(K).结果表明:1)从集水坡面到崩壁、崩积体至沟口,3个崩岗的土壤砂粒质量分数、pH值和土壤密度呈升高趋势,粉粒、砂粒的质量分数和含水量呈下降趋势.2)1号和2号崩岗,集水坡面的土壤有机质质量分数最高,在崩壁最低;3号崩岗土壤有机质质量分数在崩壁处急剧下降,在崩积体中又明显上升.3)各崩岗中集水坡面、崩壁和崩积体的土壤颗粒组成、土壤密度和含水量差异较小,各土壤理化特性指标在沟口与集水坡面、崩壁和崩积体之间存在显著差异.4)崩岗系统内的集水坡面、崩壁、崩积体和沟口4个子系统的K值差异显著,1、2号崩岗呈现崩壁＞崩积体＞沟口＞集水坡面的变化规律,而3号崩岗则表现为沟口＞崩积体＞崩壁＞集水坡面的趋势.5)崩岗系统内的黏粒质量分数、pH值和有机质质量分数与土壤可蚀性关系密切,可以作为表征崩岗土壤可蚀性的有效指标.崩岗侵蚀造成土壤理化特性不断恶化,砂化严重,研究崩岗系统的土壤理化特性与可蚀性空间变化规律,对指导崩岗的恢复与重建具有重要意义.     

南方红壤侵蚀区芒萁生长特征及其对环境因子的响应

采用样方法,调查了福建省长汀县红壤侵蚀区马尾松林下芒萁的生物量、覆盖度和高度生长特征,并与地形、土壤养分和土壤侵蚀强度等环境因子进行相关性分析.结果表明,不同坡向上的芒萁生物量差异较为明显,其中位于东坡的样地生物量最大(1 967.65 g/m2),位于南坡的生物量最小(1 230.28 g/m2).各样地的芒萁覆盖度和高度随着坡位的升高而逐渐降低.芒萁总生物量、覆盖度和高度与有机质和全氮呈显著的正相关性.土壤侵蚀程度与芒萁的生物量、覆盖度和高度都达到极显著的负相关性.该地区芒萁的生长主要受侵蚀程度、土壤有机质和全氮等因素的影响.芒萁对控制水土保持有着重要的作用,因而可作为南方红壤侵蚀区水土保持与生态修复的先锋植被.     

薄层黑土区流域尺度土壤养分对侵蚀-沉积的响应

分析薄层黑土区流域尺度土壤养分与土壤侵蚀速率之间的空间分布关系,可为土壤侵蚀退化评价提供重要的科学依据。基于土壤样品采集与分析测定,结合~(137)Cs示踪技术,对比了典型薄层黑土区流域侵蚀区和沉积区的土壤养分含量,明确了流域尺度土壤养分含量及其空间分布对侵蚀—沉积速率的响应。结果表明:(1)在流域尺度土壤侵蚀对土壤养分含量有重要影响,侵蚀部位土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3—N)和速效磷(AP)含量较之沉积部位分别降低27.4%,21.1%,29.2%和54.1%,SOC和TN含量在侵蚀部位和沉积部位存在极显著差异,AP含量在侵蚀部位和沉积部位存在显著差异,而NO_3—N含量在侵蚀部位和沉积部位无显著差异。(2)土壤SOC、TN和AP含量与土壤侵蚀速率呈极显著负相关关系。(3)流域尺度土壤SOC和TN含量空间分布与土壤侵蚀—沉积速率的空间分布呈相反的变化趋势,表明在研究流域土壤侵蚀是造成土壤质量退化的关键驱动因子。     

赣南崩岗侵蚀区不同部位土壤抗剪强度及影响因素研究

为明确南方崩岗侵蚀区不同部位土壤抗剪强度的分布规律,探索在崩岗发育过程中土壤基本性质对抗剪强度指标的影响,以不同发育阶段崩岗各部位表层土(0～20cm)为研究对象,对土壤基本性质和抗剪强度的差异进行对比研究。结果表明:(1)随着崩岗的发育,表层土壤基本性质逐渐恶化,容重逐渐减小,颗粒组成粗骨质化现象明显,土壤有机质的含量与根系密度的变化,均随崩岗的发育呈现出典型的退化特征;(2)崩岗各部位黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化规律相似,集水区部位达到峰值,沟道部位达到最小值,随崩岗的发育呈明显下降趋势;(3)根系密度与黏聚力有良好的线性相关关系,砾石含量、粉粒含量和黏粒含量对崩岗土体内摩擦角有显著影响,可以用幂函数表示它们之间的关系;(4)试验以根系密度、砾石含量、粉粒含量和黏粒含量来表征土壤饱和状态下的抗剪强度,建立了在崩岗发育过程中饱和抗剪强度的预测方程(R2=0.891,P0.01),结果显示方程可信程度较高,预测效果较好。研究结果揭示了南方花岗岩崩岗区不同发育阶段抗剪强度的控制因素,为进一步防治水土流失提供理论依据。     

黄河三角洲自然保护区植被与土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

为阐明黄河三角洲自然保护区生态系统的元素含量水平和化学计量特征并判断该区域植被生长的限制因子,选择保护区5种典型植物群落翅碱蓬、碱蓬、芦苇、柽柳和白茅为研究对象,测定植物不同器官和土壤剖面中有机碳、全氮、全磷含量,分析保护区植物群落与土壤的C、N、P化学计量特征。结果显示:5种群落中典型植物各器官C和P含量规律大体一致,除白茅和柽柳外,均表现为叶根茎,白茅茎的C和P含量高于根。不同植物器官N含量则表现出一致的变化规律,均为叶茎根。各植被类型叶片N∶P值均小于12,且与根系的N∶P值接近。土壤C、N含量的平均值分别为4.78 g?kg~(-1)、0.32 g?kg~(-1),均低于全国水平。P含量的平均值为0.53 g?kg~(-1),略低于全国水平。不同土层之间土壤元素含量差异不显著。不同群落土壤C∶N∶P值不同,同一群落不同土层的土壤C∶N∶P值变异性较小。植物叶片C、N、P含量以及C∶N、C∶P与0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~40 cm土层土壤C、N含量之间均存在显著的相关关系(P0.05)。以上结果表明,黄河三角洲自然保护区不同土层土壤C、N、P含量相对稳定,总体低于全国水平,土壤N的匮乏引起了C∶N和C∶P值的变化。植物叶片和根系的C∶P值接近,说明生态系统元素循环相对稳定,同时叶片N∶P值小于12,进一步说明土壤中N的匮乏使其成为植物生长的限制因子。     

黄土高原不同植被带刺槐生态化学计量特征

为阐释刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)人工林在不同植被带下的化学计量特征,明确气候因素对其的影响,采用样地调查与实验室分析结合处理的方法对黄土高原森林带、森林草原带、草原带中刺槐人工林的叶片、枯落物及土壤进行C,N,P含量测定,分析了化学计量比,同时剖析了气候因子与各元素之间的关系。结果表明:(1)不同组分C,N,P含量差异均显著,表现为叶片枯落物土壤,各植被带内养分含量表现各异,其中森林草原带叶片与土壤养分含量处于最高水平。(2)同植被带C/P与N/P均呈现出叶片与枯落物显著高于土壤的趋势,而植被带间各组分化学计量比差异程度不同。(3)各植被带养分含量在叶片—枯落物—土壤间均具有一定的相关性,表明养分在生态系统内持续流动。(4)叶片C,N,P含量随着年均降水(MAP)和年均温度(MAT)的升高而降低,而枯落物与之表现出相反的趋势,土壤养分随年均太阳辐射量(MASR)增大而降低。研究结果为深入探索黄土高原刺槐人工林养分在空间上的耦合机制提供一定的参考依据。     

Carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics of ant mounds (Formica rufa group) in managed boreal forests of different successional stages

Wood ants (Formica rufa group) are ubiquitous in European boreal forests and their large long-lived mound nests, which mainly consist of forest litter and resin, accumulate carbon (C) and nutrients. The C and nutrient dynamics of wood ant mounds in response to forest succession have received minor attention in boreal forests. We aimed to study whether the C, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and the bulk density of ant mounds differ from those of the surrounding forest soil, to estimate the C, N and P pools in ant mounds, and to test whether the concentrations and pools change with forest age. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands on medium-fertile sites in 5-, 30-, 60- and 100-year stand age classes were studied in eastern Finland. Carbon and P concentrations in the above-ground mound material were higher than those in the surrounding organic layer. The C, N and extractable P concentrations were higher in the soil under the ant mounds than in the surrounding mineral soil (0–21 cm). The low bulk densities in the ant mounds and the soil below them could be a result of the porous structure of ant mounds and the soil-mixing activities of the ants. The C/N ratios were higher in the mounds than in the organic layer. Carbon concentrations in the ant mounds increased slightly with stand age. Carbon, N and P pools in the ant mounds increased considerably with stand age. Carbon, N and P pools in ant mounds were <1% of those in the surrounding forest soil. Nevertheless, the above- and belowground parts of the ant mounds contained more C, N and P per sampled area than the surrounding forest soil. Wood ants therefore increase the spatial heterogeneity in C and nutrient distribution at the ecosystem level.     

水蚀风蚀交错带灌丛沙堆形态演替及水养特征变化

灌丛沙堆是水蚀风蚀交错带典型的风积地貌景观。在黄土高原典型水蚀风蚀交错带,选择4种常见不同大小级的灌丛沙堆(小、中、大型和枯死灌丛沙堆),对灌丛沙堆的基本形态、土壤特性、差异性及相关性进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)灌丛演替变化显著影响沙堆发育,随着灌丛生物量的增加,沙堆体积也增大,当灌丛演替到稳定阶段时灌丛沙堆的发育也趋于稳定(P0.05)。(2)灌丛沙堆的固沙量、高度及土壤容重因位置而异,灌丛沙堆主根处的固沙量和高度均为最大,边缘处相对较小,土壤容重反之。(3)枯死、大、中和小型灌丛沙堆土壤的有机质含量分别是裸地的1.54,1.92,1.46,1.30倍;土壤湿度分别是裸地的2.05,1.93,1.79,1.52倍。(4)灌丛沙堆边缘与主根3/4处水分、养分含量高于灌丛内其他位置。     

Chemical,physical and micromorphological properties of termite mounds and adjacent soils along a toposequence in Zona da Mata,Minas Gerais State,Brazil

Little is known about the effects of neotropical mound-building termites in soil chemical and physical properties. The influence of soil termite activity on soil characteristics was studied by assessing chemical, physical and micromorphological properties of a toposequence of Latosols (Oxisols). Soil samples were collected from the walls and inner parts of termite mounds and also from adjacent soil. A high diversity of termite genera was found in the mounds along the toposequence, together with the inquiline termites and other soil-dwelling arthropods. Chemical analyses showed that pH and the contents of organic C and N, P, Ca and Mg were significantly higher in termite mounds compared with adjacent areas, with an inverse trend for Al content. Significant differences in pH and exchangeable Al were observed between soil and mound across the slopes. The mound density across the landscape was higher at the upper slope segment, followed by the hill top, middle slope and lower slope segments. Considering a lifespan of 30 years and dimensions of termite mounds found in the toposequence we conclude that the textural and chemical uniformity of Latosols may be increased, following the pedobiological turnover during mound building, with local rates varying from 2.1 to 7.5 m³ ha^− 1.     

Physicochemical and morphological properties of termite (Macrotermes bellicosus) mounds and surrounding pedons on a toposequence of an inland valley in the southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria

Abstract

Termites play a significant role in soil-forming processes of the tropics. The influence of termites on pedogenesis as affected by the toposequence, however, has rarely been explored. We investigated the soil physicochemical and morphological characteristics of epigeal mounds constructed by Macrotermes bellicosus (Smethman) compared with those of surrounding pedons along a toposequence (bottom, fringe and upland sites) of an inland valley in central Nigeria. The physicochemical and morphological properties of the mound soils varied according to structural units but were generally different from those of the adjacent pedons. The differences included finer texture, higher electrical conductivity, total N, exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg and K) and effective cation exchange capacity and lower C/N ratio and exchange acidity in the mound than the pedon at each toposequence position. This tendency to modify the soil properties was more prominent in the nest body where the termites actually live, that is, in the hives, royal cell and base-plate, than in the soils below the nest and the other mound parts, that is, the external wall, internal wall and pillars. We found this trend to a greater or lesser degree at all toposequence positions. Our findings suggest that: (1) M.?bellicosus can manipulate the mound soils according to functional applications of structure units or environmental requirements for its livelihood, regardless of local soils; (2) M.?bellicosus makes ecological patches (hot spots) at all toposequence positions in the same measure; (3) the influence of M.?bellicosus on the pedogenesis is reduced in the lowlands compared with the uplands because the number and volume of the mounds were substantially lower in the bottom and fringe sites compared with the upland site.     

两种工程堆积体坡面细沟形态与产沙关系对比研究

为探究不同土壤类型工程堆积体坡面细沟形态与水动力学参数及侵蚀产沙间的关系,选取沟宽、沟深、宽深比等作为细沟形态参数,在放水流量8、12、16、20 L·min^-1和坡度32°条件下,对红土和塿土工程堆积体进行冲刷试验。结果表明:(1)两种堆积体坡面细沟沟宽、沟深在前24 min均发育迅速;随放水流量增大,沟宽和沟深均呈增大趋势,红土沟宽均值(较8 L·min^–1)分别增加0.8%、19.3%、27.2%,沟深均值分别增加24.5%,126.2%,95.1%,而塿土则为3.7%、62.4%、108.2%和18.2%、87.9%、95.5%;红土沟宽、沟深与冲刷历时均呈极显著线性函数关系(R2>0.858,P<0.01),而塿土则为极显著对数函数关系(R2>0.689,P<0.01);(2)两种堆积体坡面细沟宽深比呈先波动(0~24 min)后(25~45 min)平稳的变化趋势;放水流量增至16 L·min^-1,两种堆积体宽深比均值减幅最大(较8 L·min^-1),红土最大减少了1.15,塿土最大减少了0.20;(3)两种堆积体坡面细沟水流剪切力、水流功率与沟宽、沟深均呈现幂函数关系(R2>0.602,P<0.01);径流剪切力更适合描述红土沟深的发育状况,而径流功率更能体现塿土沟宽的发育过程;(4)两种堆积体坡面累计产沙量与沟宽和沟深均呈极显著线性函数关系(R2>0.897,P<0.01);沟宽、沟深对红土坡面累计产沙量的贡献率分别为84.9%、15.1%,对塿土则为22.5%和77.5%;该研究可为不同土壤类型工程堆积体坡面水土保持措施合理配置提供理论依据。     

鄂东南崩岗剖面土壤水分特征曲线及模拟

崩岗是我国南方花岗岩地区破坏性极强的水土流失类型。以鄂东南地区两个典型的崩岗剖面为对象,探讨崩岗剖面包括表土层、红土层、斑纹层和碎屑层的土壤水分特征及方程拟合过程,明确崩岗发生的水分运动机理。结果表明:崩岗土壤释水量伴随吸力呈规律性变化,其中斑纹层和砂土层低吸力时脱水能力大于表土层和红土层,高吸力时各个层次土壤水分特征曲线趋于平缓。利用当量孔隙的计算发现不同土层的孔隙变化也存在变化规律,均体现为由表土层至碎屑层土壤大孔隙比例增加而毛管孔隙减少。选取van Genuchten方程和Gardner方程对崩岗剖面土壤实测数据进行了曲线拟合,同时进行了两个方程的拟合评价,R2基本在0.9以上,同时残差平方和的数量级在10-3和10-5之间。研究表明,van Genuchten方程参数能够较好地拟合崩岗表土层和红土层土壤水分特征曲线的实测数据,误差相对较小,而Gardner方程适用于斑纹层和碎屑层土壤。     

High performance liquid chromatography studies on the polysaccharides in the walls of the mounds of two species of termite in Senegal,Cubitermes oculatus and Macrotermes subhyalinus: their origin and contribution to structural stability

 The origin, nature and quantity of polysaccharides in the walls of the epigeal mounds of a species of soil-feeding termite, Cubitermes oculatus, and a fungus-growing termite, Macrotermes subhyalinus, found in Senegal, and of soil not considered to be under the influence of termites, were studied to obtain a clearer picture of the structural stability of these materials. The compounds were extractedand analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. We found that the walls of mounds made by soil-feeding species were very rich in sugars soluble in aqueous acid or hot water. Most of the sugars originated from cellulose and hemicellulose, and only a small proportion from microorganisms. There were also significant amounts of stachyose in the mound walls and in the reference soil. This sugar was probably formed by the surrounding vegetation, which was mainly leguminous crops. Comparison of the mineral and organic-mineral particle sizes of samples confirmed that the walls of soil-feeding termite mounds where there is the greatest redistribution of clay have the best aggregating capacity. The results therefore show that the polysaccharides in mound walls of soil-feeding termites are mostly of plant origin. Their influence on the stability of these structure is discussed. The walls of fungus-growing termite mounds contain little organic matter and hence low levels of polysaccharides, which are mainly of plant origin. Received: 19 July 1999     

高寒草甸区高原鼢鼠新生土丘水土流失特征

高原鼢鼠是青藏高原的优势地下啮齿动物,掘洞造丘是其独特的行为之一。高原鼢鼠新生土丘属于次生裸地容易导致水土流失,研究高原鼢鼠新生土丘水土流失对于合理评价其对生态系统的影响具有重要意义。利用径流小区法和风蚀桥法,测定不同地形(平地和坡地)、不同直径大小(大土丘:直径75 cm,中等土丘:直径50～75 cm,小土丘:直径50 cm)单位面积新生土丘年土壤流失量和有机质流失量,并比较经过1年侵蚀后的土丘与无土丘草地表层(0—10 cm)土壤粒径组成、含水量和营养成分,旨在明确高原鼢鼠不同大小和不同分布的土丘的水土流失状况。结果表明:(1)研究区平地和坡地新生土丘单位面积年均土壤流失量分别为4 039.91,3 731.79 g/m~2,单位面积年均土壤有机质流失量分别为266.83,252.76 mg/m~2,土壤侵蚀级别为中度侵蚀;(2)土丘表层土壤粒径0.25 mm和5 mm的团聚体含量均显著小于无土丘草地(P0.05),0.25 mm的团聚体含量显著大于无土丘草地(P0.05);(3)土丘表层土壤肥力和土壤含水量均显著小于无土丘草地表层土壤(P0.05);(4)雨季坡地新生土丘单位面积泥沙流失量显著高于平地新生土丘(P0.05)。风季平地风蚀厚度大于坡地风蚀厚度,分别为4.33,3.62 cm;(5)风季不同丘型土丘的侵蚀厚度表现为大土丘小土丘中土丘,分别为5.50,3.59,2.82 cm。研究认为高原鼢鼠新生土丘会导致高寒草甸风蚀和水蚀发生,且不同地形和不同大小的土丘水土流失情况各异。     

Nutrient storage in termite (Macrotermes bellicosus) mounds and the implications for nutrient dynamics in a tropical savanna Ultisol

The role of mounds of the fungus-growing termite Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman) in nutrient recycling in a highly weathered and nutrient-depleted tropical red earth (Ultisol) of the Nigerian savanna was examined by measuring stored amounts of selected nutrients and estimating their rates of turnover via the mounds. A study plot (4?ha) with a representative termite population density (1.5?mounds?ha^?1) and size (3.7?±?0.4?m in height, 2.4?±?0.2?m in basal diameter) of M. bellicosus mounds was selected. The mounds were found to contain soil mass of 9249?±?2371?kg?ha^?1, composed of 7502?±?1934?kg?ha^?1 of mound wall and 1747?±?440?kg?ha^?1 of nest body. Significant nutrient enrichment, compared to the neighboring topmost soil (Ap1 horizon: 0–16?cm), was observed in the nest body for total nitrogen (N) and exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), and in the mound wall for exchangeable K only. In contrast, available (Bray-1) phosphorus (P) content was found to be lower in both the mound wall and the nest body than in the adjacent topmost soil horizon. Consequently, the mounds formed by M. bellicosus contained 1.71?±?0.62?kg?ha^?1 of total N, 0.004?±?0.003?kg?ha^?1 of available P, 3.23?±?0.81?kg?ha^?1 of exchangeable Ca, 1.11?±?0.22?kg?ha^?1 of exchangeable Mg and 0.79?±?0.21?kg?ha^?1 of exchangeable K. However, with the exception of exchangeable K (1.2%), these nutrients amounted to less than 0.5% of those found in the topmost soil horizon. The soil nutrient turnover rate via M. bellicosus mounds was indeed limited, being estimated at 1.72?kg?ha^?1 for organic carbon (C), 0.15?kg?ha^?1 for total N, 0.0004?kg?ha^?1 for available P, 0.15?kg?ha^?1 for exchangeable Ca, 0.05?kg?ha^?1 for exchangeable Mg, and 0.06?kg?ha^?1 for exchangeable K per annum. These findings suggest that the mounds of M. bellicosus, while being enriched with some nutrients to create hot spots of soil nutrients in the vicinity of the mounds, are not a significant reservoir of soil nutrients and are therefore of minor importance for nutrient cycling at the ecosystem scale in the tropical savanna.     

芒萁侵入红壤退化裸地对土壤理化性质和细菌组成的影响

芒萁是最早侵入红壤退化裸地的先锋植物,其侵入过程对土壤环境的改变在退化裸地生态恢复进程中具有重要意义。以福建省长汀县红壤侵蚀裸地为研究对象,分析测定退化裸地中芒萁侵入区和非侵入区土壤理化性质和细菌组成及多样性。结果表明：芒萁侵入裸地显著提高土壤最大持水量、土壤含水率、全碳、全氮、全钾、有机质和pH,并显著降低土壤容重;芒萁侵入区增加根瘤菌目和慢生根瘤菌属等14种土壤优势细菌,变形菌门和甲型(α)变形杆菌的相对丰度显著提高(p<0.05),而土壤绿弯菌门和AD3菌纲的相对丰度显著降低(p<0.05),这些土壤细菌主要功能为化能异养、好氧化能异养和纤维素分解;芒萁侵入裸地显著提高土壤细菌群落结构多样性(p<0.05);芒萁侵入区和非侵入区土壤细菌群落结构差异显著(p<0.05);土壤细菌群落结构的主要影响因子是土壤含水率、全碳、有机质、土壤容重和pH。这些影响因子与疣微菌门、变形菌门、疣微菌纲和甲型(α)变形杆菌纲正相关。综上所述,芒萁侵入后可显著改善红壤侵蚀退化裸地的土壤理化性质,改善土壤细菌群落组成,增加土壤细菌群落多样性和优势菌群,对土壤细菌群落有积极效应。