寄生于杨潜叶跳象的3种金小蜂(膜翅目:金小蜂科)及1新种记述

对北京市密云县杨潜叶跳象(鞘翅目:象甲科)寄生蜂进行调查,发现杨潜叶跳象幼虫期寄生小蜂天敌共3种,属金小蜂科金小蜂属(包括1新种与1中国新记录种):密云金小蜂新种,皮金小蜂新记录种及瑟茅金小蜂.寄生蜂总自然寄生率达12.27%(±2.16%),是杨潜叶跳象生物防治的有效天敌资源.详细描述3种寄生蜂的外部形态特征,附有新种部分特征图,并列出寄生杨潜叶跳象3种金小蜂及新种近缘种的检索表.模式标本保存于中国林业科学研究院昆虫标本室.     

中国寄生于竹瘿广肩小蜂的金小蜂一新种：（膜翅目：小蜂总科,金小蜂科）

记述了我国金小蜂科角金小蜂属一新种－－竹瘿长角金小蜂Ｎｏｒｂａｎｕｓ ａｉｏｌｏｍｏｒｐｈｉ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。新种寄生在我国南方为害毛竹的竹瘿广肩小蜂Ａｉｏｌｏｍｏ－ｒｐｈｕｓ ｐｈｏｐａｌｏｉｄｅｓ Ｗａｌｋｅｒ的幼虫及蛹上，寄生率达３６．６％，在控制这种害虫上具有重要意义。新种的模式标本保存在西北林学院天敌昆虫室及中南林学院昆虫标本室。     

竹瘿长角金小蜂的研究

竹瘿长角金小蜂的研究莫建初，王问学，王德良，龙水琼（中南林学院株洲４１２００６）关键词竹广肩小蜂．竹瘿长角金小蜂，寄生蜂，生活习性，空间分布竹瘦长角金小蜂ＮｏｒｂａｎｕｓａｉｏｌｏｍｏｒｐｈｉＹａｎｇｅｔｗａｎｓ属膜翅目、金小峰科、长角金小蜂属，是近...     

外来有害生物刺槐叶瘿蚊在中国的地理分布

为摸清外来有害生物刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae在我国的地理分布,根据刺槐叶瘿蚊的主要寄主树种刺槐的分布范围和刺槐叶瘿蚊的潜在分布范围,对全国23个省、市、自治区的38个地区(市)进行摸查采样。结果表明,共有17个省、市、自治区的30个地区(市)采集到刺槐叶瘿蚊的成(幼)虫,其余8个地区(市)未采集到,分别为兰州、昆明、南宁、茂名、广州、泉州、杭州、哈尔滨。在这8个地区(市)中,兰州的五泉山公园、白塔山公园和昆明的植物园均有寄主刺槐,长势较好,但未发现刺槐叶瘿蚊的危害状;广州华南植物园的药用植物园中也有刺槐,树势较弱,未发现刺槐叶瘿蚊的危害状;余下5个地区(市)的采集地未发现刺槐树,故也未采集到样品。现有调查数据表明,刺槐叶瘿蚊大致分布于我国N 26.33°~43.53°,E 104.07°~125.16°的范围内,海拔高度5~1460 m,这与其寄主树种刺槐的分布范围(N 25°~44°,E 102°~125°,海拔5~1460 m)一致。     

基于新型最大熵模型预测刺槐叶瘿蚊(双翅目:瘿蚊科)在中国的适生区

【目的】基于对刺槐叶瘿蚊在全国的普查情况,利用最大熵模型MaxEnt软件的互补双对数输出方式对刺槐叶瘿蚊在中国当前和未来(2050年)的适生区进行预测,为林业和海关检疫部门对刺槐叶瘿蚊当前与未来的防控与检疫工作提供重要参考依据。【方法】使用MaxEnt、ArcGIS、R软件对刺槐叶瘿蚊危害点,气候图层,模型参数这3方面进行科学的优化选择,确保模型的科学性、有效性。当前气候适生区的预测使用WorldClim网站全球气候数据Version 1.4,未来数据则采用通用气候系统模型CCSM4下3种外排情景(RCP26、RCP45、RCP85)。【结果】最终确定52个危害点,7个主导气候图层,运用互补双对数输出方式对适生区进行预测。模拟结果的测试遗漏率与理论遗漏率基本吻合,ROC曲线即AUC值为0.919,标准差为0.023,表明所使用的数据无空间自相关,构建的模型达到"极好"的标准。通过刀切图分析,对刺槐叶瘿蚊分布影响最大的3个气候图层分别为Bio1(年平均气温)、Bio12(年降水量)、Bio5(最热月的最高温度)。对当前气候刺槐叶瘿蚊适生区进行划分,刺槐叶瘿蚊在中国的适生范围为22.08°—48.42°N,39.39°—135.06°E,达国土面积的31.90%。除西藏、青海、海南、台湾4省区外,其余省份均包含其适生区,其高度适生区以西南(四川、重庆)和华北(北京、天津、河北、山东、陕西)为主。对未来(2050年)适生区的预测,3种外排情景RCP26、RCP45、RCP85的总适生区均比当前气候的总适生范围大,以高度、中度适生区面积的增大为主,新疆和我国北部区域面积显著扩增。RCP85情景下的刺槐叶瘿蚊适生区面积最大,达国土面积的39.71%,比当前预测的多出75万km~2。【结论】结合实际调查情况,新型MaxEnt模型预测结果可信度高,阐明影响刺槐叶瘿蚊分布的主导气候因子,预测出刺槐叶瘿蚊当前与未来的分布范围及适生程度情况,对刺槐叶瘿蚊的防控具有重要意义。     

寄生青海草原毛虫的金小蜂一新种(膜翅目:金小蜂科)

【目的】草原毛虫(鳞翅目:毒蛾科)是我国三江源自然保护区的重大害虫,取食危害多种高山草甸植物。为了保护自然保护区植被,无公害防治草原毛虫十分重要。调查草原毛虫天敌昆虫区系,以期为利用天敌控制草原毛虫打下基础。【方法】在三江源自然保护区核心区调查采集青海草原毛虫蛹,带回室内饲养出寄生蜂成虫,随后统计寄生率,并进行天敌分类研究。【结果】发现1种寄生青海草原毛虫的金小蜂新种——三江源草原毛虫金小蜂Pteromalus sanjiangyuanicus Yang,详细描述该寄生蜂新种的形态特征,提供清晰的形态特征彩色照片;并记述其生物学、分布等基础信息;列出区分新种与相近种——草原毛虫金小蜂Pteromalus qinghaiensis Liao 1987的检索表。【结论】为生物防治青海草原毛虫和其他种草原毛虫这种重大害虫找到1种新天敌,在生物防治上具有重要价值。     

刺槐叶瘿蚊的发生规律及防治对策

刺槐叶瘿蚊是我国新发现的外来林业有害生物,2004年在河北省秦皇岛市首次发现。国内外对该害虫的研究文献极少,仅有形态学描述文献可以查阅,无法满足生产需要。本文综述了近年来刺槐叶瘿蚊形态特征、生活史、生活习性及危害特点等方面的研究进展,并提出针对性的防治对策,以促进对刺槐叶瘿蚊的进一步认识。     

刺槐叶瘿蚊的发生及防治对策

刺槐叶瘿蚊是我国新发现的外来林业有害生物,2004年在河北省秦皇岛市首次发现。国内外对该害虫的研究文献极少,仅有形态学描述文献可以查阅,无法满足生产需要。本文综述了近年来刺槐叶瘿蚊形态特征、生活史、生活习性及危害特点等方面的研究进展,并提出针对性的防治对策,以促进对刺槐叶瘿蚊的进一步认识。     

刚竹瘿蚊形态及生物学研究

刚竹瘿蚊 Procystiphora sp:在天津1a 发生1代,以蛹在竹小枝内越冬.成虫出现在4月上旬,产卵于早园竹 Phyllostachys propinqua McClure的新芽中,幼虫孵化后钻蛀取食虫瘿内物质,于10月上旬化蛹.刚竹瘿蚊有1种内寄生天敌:瘿蚊柄腹姬小蜂Pediobius sp.;2种外寄生天敌:刺胫广肩小蜂Eurytoma setigera Mayr和栗瘿旋小蜂 Eupelmus urozonus Dalman.另有3种伴生昆虫:竹瘿广肩小蜂 Aiolomorphus rhopaloides Walker、纹黄枝瘿金小蜂 Homoporus japonicus Ashmead和秆蝇金小蜂Gastrancistrus sp..     

几种杀虫剂对刺槐叶瘿蚊的田间药效试验

用40%甲基异柳磷乳油800、1500和2000倍;50%辛硫磷乳油1000、2000和3000倍;25%阿克泰可分散粒剂2500、5000和7500倍;0.3%苦参碱水剂500、1000和1500倍,在刺槐叶瘿蚊初瘿期均匀喷雾,结果表明:施药后7d后,甲基异柳磷防治效果达88.87%~94.11%;阿克泰防治效果在82.63%~94.61%;苦参碱防治效果为67.42%~85.75%,说明这三种杀虫剂对刺槐叶瘿蚊幼虫有较好防治效果,但各浓度辛硫磷防治效果均低于20%,表明辛硫磷不适于防治刺槐叶瘿蚊幼虫。     

杨小舟蛾生物学与生态学研究进展

杨小舟蛾是我国杨树人工林的重要食叶害虫,笔者对其分类地位、生物学和生态学研究进展作了较为系统的综述。     

危害杉木球果种子的织叶蛾一新种(鳞翅目:织叶蛾科)

在我国长江以南杉木产区的一种织叶蛾危害杉木的球果和种子。经研究为Ｍａｃｒｏｂａｔｈｒａ属一新种，命名为杉木球果织蛾ＭａｃｒｏｂａｔｈｒａｆｌａｖｉｄｕｓＱｉａｎｅｔＬｉｕ．这个种与日本产木包树织蛾ＭａｃｒｏｂａｔｈｒａｑｕｅｒｃｅａＭｏｒｉｕｔｉ，１９７３相似［１］，但在雌，雄外生殖器上却有着明显的差异。     

记述3种鳞翅类油茶新害虫

记述了危害油茶的3种鳞翅类新害虫,包括竹红举肢蛾、竖鳞小瘤蛾和间掌舟蛾。竹红举肢蛾和竖鳞小瘤蛾为湖南省新记录种;竖鳞小瘤蛾所属瘤蛾科为我国油茶害虫名录中新记录科,竹红举肢蛾和间掌舟蛾所属科分别在已知油茶名录中暂记录1种。同时,对该3种害虫的寄主、分布、为害部位和发生时间作了简述。     

Redescription of the Genus Cladiucha（Hymenoptera：Tenthredinidae） and Descriptions of Two New Species from China

ＲｅｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＧｅｎｕｓＣｌａｄｉｕｃｈａ（Ｈｙｍｅｎｏｐｔｅｒａ：Ｔｅｎｔｈｒｅｄｉｎｉｄａｅ）ａｎｄＤｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＴｗｏＮｅｗＳｐｅｃｉｅｓｆｒｏｍＣｈｉｎａＸｉａｏＧａｎｇｒｏｕＦｏｒｅｓｔＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩ...     

浅析加强天牛检疫的重要性

天牛作为一种林木主要害虫，正随大量进口的木材和日益增多的货物木质包装涌入我国，仅2000年江苏口岸就截获国外天牛多达22种。该文列举了口岸截获的具有危险性的国外天牛种类，并提出了应密切关注的天牛种类。     

取食危害粉单竹的额垠叶蝉属一新种(半翅目:叶蝉科:角顶叶蝉亚科:额垠叶蝉族)（英文）

记述采自海南省尖峰岭国家级自然保护区、取食危害竹子的额垠叶蝉属( Mukaria Distant)1新种:海南额垠叶蝉( M. hainanensis Yao, Yang & Chen, sp. nov.)。新种与危害慈竹的白斑额垠叶蝉( M. ablinotata Cai & Ge, 1996)相似,但新种的前翅为黄褐色;雄虫尾节侧瓣腹面突起长而波曲,腹面观其端部明显外弯;阳茎基部中央分叉处无突起,亚端部内侧突起粗而直。文中详细描记了新种的外部形态特征,编制了额垠叶蝉属中国种类检索表,绘制了雄性外生殖器特征图,提供了新种的生态照片,以及新种和近缘种白斑额垠叶蝉的整体与局部特征照片。新种模式标本保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所。     

Parasitoids of Saperda populnea (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on aspen (Populus tremula L.) in Bulgaria

The parasitoids of Saperda populnea (L.) (Col.: Cerambycidae) were studied in Bulgaria during the period 1997?–?2001. Galls with pest larvae were collected from young aspen trees at eight locations (Sofia, Kokaliane, Plana, Churek, Gorni Lom, Gintzi, Dolno Kamartzi and Klisura) and examined under laboratory conditions. Four species were reared from 1118 galls containing overwintering pest larvae: Iphiaulax impostor (Scop.) (Hym.: Braconidae), Dolichomitus populneus (Ratz.), Schreineria populnea (Gir.) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) and Billaea irrorata (Meig.) (Dipt.: Tachinidae). All of the parasitoids were solitary. Schreineria populnea was found as a new parasitoid of the host in Bulgaria. B. irrorata emerged mainly from late-stage S. populnea larvae; the remaining species from both early- and mid-stage larvae. In the parasitoid complex of S. populnea, the most numerous were B. irrorata (59.8?%) and D. populneus (29.4?%). The percentage of host larval parasitism varied from 2.4 to 33.3, with an average of 9.7?%. B. irrorata was the most important in reducing the pest number. The average mortality of S. populnea caused by the tachinid was 5.8?%, and the highest mortality observed in individual study was 20.2?%.     

入侵害虫红棕象甲的风险分析

红棕象甲是我国林业检疫性害虫.运用国际植物检疫措施实施标准(ISPM)的有害生物风险分析(PRA)程序,建立红棕象甲传入风险分析评估模型,采用定性分析和多指标综合评估相结合的方法进行分析.结果显示,红棕象甲综合评判值(R)为2.18,属高风险有害生物,在我国很多地区易定殖,对我国的棕榈科植物威胁很大.据此,提出相应的风险管理措施.     

Abundance and pest classification of scolytid species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) follow different patterns

Scolytids have been studied more than any other group of forest insects, but most investigations have been restricted to only a few pest species. This bias hampers our understanding of variation in abundance and pest status. Even the simple question whether the abundance of scolytids can predicted by the same independent variables as their pest status is still a matter of debate. To explore this issue, we estimated their abundance using non-attracting flight-interception traps set in a wide range of forests across Czech Republic, Germany, and France. Pest status was taken from current literature. As independent variables, we considered host range, host abundance, and several traits of the considered species in linear models using generalized least squares with a correlation structure derived from the phylogenetic tree of the beetles. Host range was calculated as the root phylogenetic diversity index. The variation in the abundance across scolytids was well explained by resource-related parameters (R² = 0.53). In contrast to abundance, the pest status was significantly related to species-specific traits, such as body size and maximum number of generations. However, the explained variance was much lower (R² = 0.19). Although our analysis showed that abundance and pest score follow different patterns, we stress the importance of monitoring all species using non-selective traps. Considering the increasing global trade and the rapidly changing climate, such a broad ecological monitoring is necessary to detect new interactions and/or invading species that may influence our forests ecosystems.     

Studies on the parasitoids of Gelechia senticetella (Stgr.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Bulgaria

The parasitoids of Gelechia senticetella (Stgr.) (Lepid.: Gelechiidae), a pest of Juniperus excelsa M.?B., were studied in the “Tissata” reserve in Bulgaria. They were reared in laboratory conditions from pest larvae and pupae collected in 1991, 1992 and 2000. As a result of this study, 16 species of parasitoids of G. senticetella were recorded: Habrobracon stabilis Wesm., Hormius moniliatus (Nees), Phanerotoma tritoma Marsh. (Hym.: Braconidae), Diadegma consumptor (Grav.), Liotryphon cydiae (Perk.), Scambus pomorum (Ratz.), Scambus foliae (Cush.), Pimpla turionellae (L.), Eudelus simillimus (Tasch.), Mesochorus sp. (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), Sympiesis acalle Walk., Aprostocetus sp. (Hym.: Eulophidae), Eupelmus urozonus Dalm. (Hym.: Eupelmidae), Copidosoma thompsoni Merc. (Hym.: Encyrtidae), Calliprymna bisetosa Grah., and Mesopolobus sp. (Hym.: Pteromalidae). H. stabilis and P. tritoma were discovered as new species for the fauna of Bulgaria. Three species (E. simillimus, Mesochorus sp. and Aprostocetus sp.) are hyperparasitoids, and the remaining species are primary parasitoids. Most of the parasitoid species attack the larvae of G. senticetella and kill the hosts before pupation. In the studied parasitoid complex, D. consumptor and H. moniliatus were the dominant species. In 1991, the level of total parasitism of the host in the “Tissata” reserve was 24.3?%, in 1992 – 57.9?% and in 2000 – 12.7?%. D. consumptor was the most important parasitoid destroying 26.6?% of the pest larvae in 1992.