中国荷斯坦奶公牛肉用研究进展

奶公犊资源的充分利用,不仅能缓解国际市场上牛肉供应不足的紧张局面,而且可以满足广大消费者对高品质牛肉的需求。如何利用现有的奶公犊资源,借鉴国外先进的产业模式和饲养技术,构建我国特色的肉牛产业,成为当前养牛人关注的焦点。我国在奶公犊育肥利用上起步较晚,但随着牛源紧缺,围绕奶公牛生产的相关研究已经陆续展开,在犊牛肉生产技术、小牛肉生产技术、普通牛肉生产技术以及高附加值牛肉生产技术等4个方面取得了长足进展。本文就近几年中国荷斯坦奶公牛在这4方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

奶牛犊低奶量早期断奶试验报告

当前牛肉在国内外市场十分走俏,导致架子牛脱销。我省奶公犊牛资源丰富、但由于犊牛阶段耗奶量多,培育成本高,奶公犊多被杀掉用来生产生物制品及蛋白饲料,即使不被杀掉,饲养粗放,病死率高,为保护奶公犊资源,满足市场的需求,我们在安达市进行了奶公犊牛低奶量早期断奶的试验,现将试验结果报告如下。     

浅述奶公犊牛的利用兼论增补中国犊牛肉分级体系的意义

简要介绍了犊牛肉的营养特性、国外利用犊牛的一些经验和国外犊牛肉产业的发展情况。通过对我国奶公犊牛利用现状的剖析，提出尽快完善中国牛肉等级标准，增补犊牛肉分级体系是解决我国目前解决奶公犊牛利用问题的关键。     

荷斯坦公犊牛生产小牛肉的研究进展

国外利用荷斯坦公犊牛乳饲、谷饲生产小牛肉的技术已经十分成熟,为满足我国消费者对高档牛肉日益增长的需求,借鉴国内外经验技术,合理利用我国丰富的奶公犊资源生产高附加值牛肉,既能提高奶牛养殖经济效益又能解决我国高档牛肉进口量逐年增加的问题。现从小牛肉的分类、荷斯坦公犊牛生产小牛肉品质的影响因素、生产犊牛白肉的犊牛代乳品研究、生产犊牛红肉的饲料日粮研究四方面展开综述,以期为我国利用荷斯坦公犊牛生产小牛肉技术提供参考。     

奶公犊资源开发利用研究进展

近年来,我国肉牛短缺,肉牛和牛肉价格上涨,奶公犊资源开发利用能有效解决肉牛业的困局。本文通过对奶公犊的饲喂方式及不同类型品质牛肉的开发利用的研究进展做一综述。     

利用奶公犊生产小白牛肉的关键技术

随着我国奶牛养殖业的快速发展,奶牛存栏量逐渐上升,奶公犊的产量也逐渐增加。如何对这些奶公犊进行有效利用成了一个亟待解决的问题。针对这些现实情况,本文介绍了小白牛肉的分类及特点;生产小白牛肉时的牛舍和牛栏、漏缝地板、系绳等饲养设备;牛奶、代乳粉、干草和颗粒料以及铁元素等饲料的需要量;初乳、装卸和运输等饲养管理要点;光照、风速、温湿度等环境控制点。本文旨在提高我国小白牛肉的生产水平,为合理有效利用我国的奶公犊资源提供科学依据。     

荷斯坦奶公犊生产小牛肉技术研究进展

荷斯坦奶公犊是奶牛生产的副产物,对其进行育肥不仅可以缓解肉牛牛源危机,而且具有前期增重快和营养价值高等优势。国外关于荷斯坦奶公犊生产小牛肉技术相对比较成熟,已被发达国家广泛采用;但我国相关基础研究力量薄弱,小牛肉生产技术体系尚未健全。因此,合理利用奶公犊资源生产高档小牛肉,对完善我国牛肉产业链体系、提高奶牛养殖经济效益具有一定的现实意义。文章综述了国内外小牛肉的分类、消费及营养价值,进行了小牛肉研究的文献计量分析,并对奶公犊生产小牛肉技术和生产中存在的问题及未来进行了展望。     

甘肃省奶公犊资源利用现状探讨

针对目前甘肃省奶牛饲养量较多,奶公犊利用技术薄弱,而肉牛牛源又相对紧张的问题,对甘肃省奶公犊资源生产利用现状进行了分析,就目前甘肃省奶公犊资源利用中存在的主要问题,提出甘肃省奶公犊资源利用的前景与发展对策。     

中国乳公犊利用刍议

本文对目前国内外利用乳公犊的不同方法进行了剖析，探讨了我国利用乳公犊生产牛肉存在的一些问题，同时，结合我国国情，提出了一些利用乳公犊资源的新思路。     

奶牛公犊育肥趋势明显

我国奶公犊传统的处理方式是出生后直接卖给药厂抽提血清或直接宰杀卖肉,几十年来造成牛肉资源的巨大浪费。当前,部分地区奶公犊的用途逐渐向育肥方向转变,这意味着奶牛的归宿     

Epidemiology of Norwalk-like virus infections in cattle in The Netherlands

"Norwalk-like viruses" (NLVs) are the most common cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. Cattle may be a reservoir of NLVs although never bovine NLVs have been found in humans. To gain more insight into the epidemiology of NLV, infections in cattle in The Netherlands were studied. Individual faecal samples from a large dairy herd and 243 pooled samples from veal calf farms were analysed for NLV by RT-PCR. Calves under 3 months of age in the dairy herd were sampled three to five times with 3-week intervals, whereas dairy cattle were sampled twice with a 2-month interval. In 31.6% (77/243) of the veal calf farm samples and in 4.2% (13/312) of the individual dairy cattle samples NLV was detected. The mean age of virus positive dairy cattle was 2.5 months. The highest numbers of NLV positive veal calf farms in The Netherlands were found in the regions with the highest number of veal calf farms. NLV infected veal calf farms were detected in every month throughout the study period. Cattle appeared to be hosts of NLVs, and virus shedding was weakly associated with diarrhoea. Complete ORF2 sequences were obtained from two calf NLVs and phylogenetic analyses suggested that these strains belong to a distinct cluster (GGIII/2) in between GGI and GGII NLVs of humans. Overall, genetic variation between strains as determined by sequence analysis of the P1/P2 capsid region was limited to 14.6%. Our data shows that NLV is endemic in the cattle population in The Netherlands and genetically distinct from NLVs in humans.     

欧盟犊牛福利养殖措施及其效果分析

小白牛肉为高档肉品,深受欧美一些国家消费者青睐。本文介绍了在小白牛肉生产中,传统的犊牛养殖方式在动物福利方面的弊端,欧盟国家为保障犊牛的基本福利采取的措施及取得的成效。对于有效利用我国丰富的小公犊牛资源,发展小白牛肉产业具有一定的参考价值。     

Effects of housing and feeding systems on performance of neonatal Holstein bull calves

As the dairy industry continues to grow, more dairy calves are available for dairy, beef, and veal purposes. Rearing systems must be highly efficient to make this industry cost efficient, making the evaluation of rearing methods important to establish the most practical method. A study was designed and conducted to evaluate effects of housing and feeding systems on performance of neonatal Holstein bull calves. Treatments (2 × 2 factorial arrangement) consisted of: 1) individually housed, bottle-fed (n = 5 bull calves); 2) individually housed, bucket-fed (n = 5 bull calves); 3) group-housed, bottle-fed (n = 5 pens; 4 bull calves/pen); and 4) group-housed, bucket- (trough) fed (n = 5 pens; 3 or 4 bull calves/pen). Feeding treatments began on d 7 when calves had been acclimated to their new environment. Body weight measurements were collected every 7 d and blood samples were collected on d 0, 28, 55, and 66 for β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentration as a gross indicator of ruminal development. No housing × feeding interactions or feeding treatment effects were observed (P > 0.10). Average DMI (dry feed plus milk replacer) was increased (P < 0.05) for group-housed vs. individual animals after d 41, and final BW was greater (P < 0.05) for group-housed calves compared with individually housed calves. Feed efficiency and ADG, however, remained similar (P > 0.10) for all treatments. Fecal scores (P > 0.26), CV for BW (P > 0.26), and BHBA concentrations (P > 0.14) showed no differences among treatments. Housing system had greater effect on calf performance compared with milk feeding regimen.     

育成荷斯坦奶公牛与其他3个品种牛的肉品质比较研究

通过对育成荷斯坦奶公牛与西门塔尔牛、新疆褐牛及新疆土种牛肉品质部分指标的比较分析研究,旨在探讨荷斯坦奶公牛的肉品质。选择在相同营养模式下18月龄左右4个品种牛各3头进行屠宰,取右半边胴体的背最长肌作为肉品质试验样品,分别对牛肉的肉品质、常规营养成分及氨基酸含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,荷斯坦奶公牛肉色、失水率、系水力、熟肉率、大理石花纹等指标均优于新疆褐牛、新疆土种牛,次于西门塔尔牛;荷斯坦奶公牛嫩度优于新疆土种牛;粗蛋白质、粗灰分含量分别为20.14%、1.11%,且各品种间差异均不显著(P>0.05),干物质含量为26.30%,显著高于新疆褐牛和新疆土种牛(P<0.05),低于西门塔尔牛(P>0.05),粗脂肪含量为10.04%,显著高于其他品种牛(P<0.05);荷斯坦奶公牛含有人体需要的各种氨基酸,其中蛋氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、牛磺酸等含量丰富,氨基酸组成比例良好。     

日粮中添加不同水平黄芪多糖对奶公犊生产性能的影响

本试验选择30头1月龄短途运输后奶公犊,随机分为A、B和C 3组,A和B组在日粮中分别添加5和10 g/(头·d)黄芪多糖,C组为对照组,不添加黄芪多糖,以探讨日粮中添加不同水平黄芪多糖对育肥奶公犊生产性能的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加5和10 g/(头·d)黄芪多糖均可显著提高奶公犊的采食量和日增重(P<0.05),降低腹泻频率,促进体尺指标发育。考虑成本等因素,建议生产上采用5 g/(头·d)黄芪多糖的添加量。     

Influence of arrival weight, season and calf supplier on survival in Holstein beef calves on a calf ranch in California, USA

On a yearly basis, large calf ranches rear thousands of neonatal cattle for replacement heifers, veal or dairy beef. Dairy beef ranches obtain bull-calves from multiple sources and with questionable colostrum intake histories. Such ranches accumulate large amounts of data that could be used to help them with calf purchasing and on-farm management practices to avoid losses. Our purpose was to describe some calf purchase factors associated with mortality in neonatal calves raised on a single large calf ranch. Computerized records describing 120,197 bull-calves purchased between January 1997 and November 1998 were used in a survival analysis. Risk factors for mortality within the first 4 weeks after arrival on the ranch included body weight on arrival, month of arrival, and the calf supplier. The strength of the effects was conditional on the week after arrival to the ranch.     

Scientific Veal Production and Opposition Legislation in New Jersey

Recent efforts by animal rights groups to limit livestock production practices have focused on veal production. Legislation has been introduced in California, Illinois, and New Jersey that would ban or limit certain aspects of veal production. The legislation in New Jersey would ban tethering, mandate the feeding of iron supplements shortly after birth, and mandate the feeding of “digestible fiber” beginning at 14 d of age. All of these requirements may be contraindicated for optimal veal calf health. In addition, they invite more extreme measures. For example, the tethering ban may be extended to all dairy and beef animals up to 340 kg (750 lb) and could extend to adult and junior cattle shows and exhibitions as well. This paper describes the effects of these practices (tethering, controlling iron intake, and limiting fiber intake) on calf health and management. Portions of this paper were written to provide the New Jersey legislature with a science-based perspective on veal-raising practices addressed in the legislation. Finally, this paper will seek to point out implications of this and other legislative approaches to limit livestock management practices.     

Dairy and Veal Producer Assessment of Changes in Care,Handling, and Transportation Factors

The data for this study were questionnaires from 280 dairy and 143 veal producers. The objective was to determine producer evaluations of the amount and importance of changes in the past 10 yr and those projected in the near future related to several animal management and facility factors. A part of the survey emphasized handling and transportation changes. Dairy producers indicated that nutrition (diet), herd health, quality assurance, ventilation/housing, and breeding management were the most important changes over the past 10 yr. These same management factors were projected to be the most important in the future, although the top-ranked factor was milking facilities/equipment, which was ranked only of moderate importance with regard to changes in the past. Veal producers identified calf health, medication use, quality assurance, nutrition, and veterinary use as the most important changes over the past 10 yr. Most important future changes were the above-mentioned factors (with exception of nutrition), with biosecurity and waste management becoming highly-ranked factors. The most important factors to reduce animal stress, prevent animal losses, and to improve on-farm management were identified by dairy producers as nonslip flooring, facilities to restrain and move calves, loading expertise, seasonal venting on transport vehicles, and biosecurity. Veal producers identified seasonal truck venting, market/packer personnel, driver expertise, and overloading as the most important factors in reducing stress and preventing losses, with overloading being of little importance in improving management. Loading expertise was the third-ranked factor in improving on-farm management. These results indicate that both dairy and veal farmers are cognizant of factors influencing animal well-being. Both dairy and veal producers also believe they have improved their level of animal care. In addition, dairy and veal producers feel that public opinion of their methods and industries has improved in the past 10 yr.