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1.
In fragmented landscapes, plant species persistence depends on functional connectivity in terms of pollen flow to maintain
genetic diversity within populations, and seed dispersal to re-colonize habitat patches following local extinction. Connectivity
in plants is commonly modeled as a function of the physical distance between patches, without testing alternative dispersal
vectors. In addition, pre- and post-dispersal processes such as seed production and establishment are likely to affect patch
colonization rates. Here, we test alternative models of potential functional connectivity with different assumptions on source
patch effects (patch area and species occupancy) and dispersal (relating to distance among patches, matrix composition, and
sheep grazing routes) against empirical patch colonization rates at the community level (actual functional connectivity),
accounting for post-dispersal effects in terms of structural elements providing regeneration niches for establishment. Our
analyses are based on two surveys in 1989 and in 2009 of 48 habitat specialist plants in 62 previously abandoned calcareous
grassland patches in the Southern Franconian Alb in Bavaria, Germany. The best connectivity model S
i
, as identified by multi-model inference, combined distance along sheep grazing routes including consistently and intermittently
grazed patches with mean species occupancy in 1989 as a proxy for pre-dispersal effects. Community-level patch colonization
rates depended to equal degrees on connectivity and post-dispersal process. Our study highlights that actual functional connectivity
of calcareous grassland communities cannot be approximated by structural connectivity based on physical distance alone, and
modeling of functional connectivity needs to consider pre- and post-dispersal processes. 相似文献
2.
Johnson Chris J. Boyce Mark S. Mulders Robert Gunn Anne Gau Rob J. Cluff H. Dean Case Ray L. 《Landscape Ecology》2004,19(8):869-882
Multiscale analyses are widely employed for wildlife-habitat studies. In most cases, however, each scale is considered discrete and little emphasis is placed on incorporating or measuring the responses of wildlife to resources across multiple scales. We modeled the responses of three Arctic wildlife species to vegetative resources distributed at two spatial scales: patches and collections of patches aggregated across a regional area. We defined a patch as a single or homogeneous collection of pixels representing 1 of 10 unique vegetation types. We employed a spatial pattern technique, three-term local quadrat variance, to quantify the distribution of patches at a larger regional scale. We used the distance at which the variance for each of 10 vegetation types peaked to define a moving window for calculating the density of patches. When measures of vegetation patch and density were applied to resource selection functions, the most parsimonious models for wolves and grizzly bears included covariates recorded at both scales. Seasonal resource selection by caribou was best described using a model consisting of only regional scale covariates. Our results suggest that for some species and environments simple patch-scale models may not capture the full range of spatial variation in resources to which wildlife may respond. For mobile animals that range across heterogeneous areas we recommend selection models that integrate resources occurring at a number of spatial scales. Patch density is a simple technique for representing such higher-order spatial patterns. 相似文献
3.
Chris J. Johnson Mark S. Boyce Robert Mulders Anne Gunn Rob J. Gau H. Dean Cluff Ray L. Case 《Landscape Ecology》2005,19(8):869-882
Multiscale analyses are widely employed for wildlife-habitat studies. In most cases, however, each scale is considered discrete and little emphasis is placed on incorporating or measuring the responses of wildlife to resources across multiple scales. We modeled the responses of three Arctic wildlife species to vegetative resources distributed at two spatial scales: patches and collections of patches aggregated across a regional area. We defined a patch as a single or homogeneous collection of pixels representing 1 of 10 unique vegetation types. We employed a spatial pattern technique, three-term local quadrat variance, to quantify the distribution of patches at a larger regional scale. We used the distance at which the variance for each of 10 vegetation types peaked to define a moving window for calculating the density of patches. When measures of vegetation patch and density were applied to resource selection functions, the most parsimonious models for wolves and grizzly bears included covariates recorded at both scales. Seasonal resource selection by caribou was best described using a model consisting of only regional scale covariates. Our results suggest that for some species and environments simple patch-scale models may not capture the full range of spatial variation in resources to which wildlife may respond. For mobile animals that range across heterogeneous areas we recommend selection models that integrate resources occurring at a number of spatial scales. Patch density is a simple technique for representing such higher-order spatial patterns. 相似文献
4.
We hypothesized that the spatial configuration and dynamics of periurban forest patches in Barcelona (NE of Spain) played
a minor role in determining plant species richness and assemblage compared to site conditions, and particularly to both direct
(measured at plot level) and potential (inferred from landscape metrics) human-associated site disturbance. The presence of
all understory vascular plants was recorded on 252 plots of 100 m2 randomly selected within forest patches ranging in size from 0.25 ha to 218 ha. Species were divided into 6 groups, according
to their ecology and conservation status. Site condition was assessed at plot level and included physical attributes, human-induced
disturbance and Quercus spp. tree cover. Landscape structure and dynamics were assessed from patch metrics and patch history. We also calculated
a set of landscape metrics related to potential human accessibility to forests. Results of multiple linear regressions indicated
that the variance explained for non-forest species groups was higher than for forest species richness. Most of the main correlates
corresponded to site disturbance variables related to direct human alteration, or to landscape variables associated to indirect
human effects on forests: Quercus tree cover (a proxy for successional status) was the most important correlate of non-forest species richness, which decreased
when Quercus tree cover increased. Human-induced disturbance was an important correlate of synanthropic and total species richness, which
were higher in recently managed and in highly frequented forests. Potential human accessibility also affected the richness
of most species groups. In contrast, patch size, patch shape and connectivity played a minor role, as did patch history. We
conclude that human influence on species richness in periurban forests takes place on a small scale, whereas large-scale effects
attributable to landscape structure and fragmentation are comparatively less important. Implications of these results for
the conservation of plant species in periurban forests are discussed. 相似文献
5.
Nicholas J. Berry Oliver L. Phillips Robert C. Ong Keith C. Hamer 《Landscape Ecology》2008,23(8):915-929
Selective logging of tropical forests imposes spatial pattern on the landscape by creating a mosaic of patches affected by
different intensities of disturbance. To understand the ecological impacts of selective logging it is therefore necessary
to explore how patterns of tree species composition are affected by this patchy disturbance. This study examines the impacts
of selective logging on species composition and spatial patterns of vegetation structure and tree diversity in Sabah, Borneo.
We compare tree diversity between logged and unlogged forest at three scales: species richness within plots, species turnover
among plots, and total species richness and composition of plots combined. Logging had no effect on tree diversity measured
at the smallest scale. Logged forest had a greater rate of species turnover with distance, so at a large spatial scale it
supported more tree species than the relatively homogeneous unlogged area. Tree species composition also differed significantly
between the two types of forest, with more small dipterocarps and large pioneers in logged forest, and more large dipterocarps
in unlogged forest. Our results emphasize the importance of sampling at a sufficiently large scale to represent patterns of
biodiversity within tropical forest landscapes. Large areas of production forest in SE Asia are threatened with conversion
to commercial crops; our findings show that selectively logged forest can retain considerable conservation value. 相似文献
6.
A comprehensive understanding of variables associated with spatial differences in community composition is essential to explain
and predict biodiversity over landscape scales. In this study, spatial patterns of bird diversity in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia,
were examined and associated with local-scale (habitat structure and heterogeneity) and landscape-scale (logging, slope position
and elevation) environmental variables. Within the study area (c. 196 km2) local habitat structure and heterogeneity varied considerably, largely due to logging. In total 9747 individuals of 177
bird species were recorded. Akaike's information criterion (AIC) revealed that the best explanatory models of bird community
similarity and species richness included both local- and landscape-scale environmental variables. Important local-scale variables
included liana abundance, fern cover, sapling density, tree density, dead wood abundance and tree architecture, while important
landscape-scale variables were elevation, logging and slope position. Geographic distance between sampling sites was not significantly
associated with spatial variation in either species richness or similarity. These results indicate that deterministic environmental
processes, as opposed to dispersal-driven stochastic processes, primarily structure bird assemblages within the spatial scale
of this study and confirm that highly variable local habitat measures can be effective means of predicting landscape-scale
community patterns. 相似文献
7.
Jin Yao Debra P. C. Peters Kris M. Havstad Robert P. Gibbens Jeffrey E. Herrick 《Landscape Ecology》2006,21(8):1217-1231
Factors with variation at broad (e.g., climate) and fine scales (e.g., soil texture) that influence local processes at the
plant scale (e.g., competition) have often been used to infer controls on spatial patterns and temporal trends in vegetation.
However, these factors can be insufficient to explain spatial and temporal variation in grass cover for arid and semiarid
grasslands during an extreme drought that promotes woody plant encroachment. Transport of materials among patches may also
be important to this variation. We used long-term cover data (1915–2001) combined with recently collected field data and spatial
databases from a site in the northern Chihuahuan Desert to assess temporal trends in cover and the relative importance of
factors at three scales (plant, patch, landscape unit) in explaining spatial variation in grass cover. We examined cover of
five important grass species from two topographic positions before, during, and after the extreme drought of the 1950s. Our
results show that dynamics before, during, and after the drought varied by species rather than by topographic position. Different
factors were related to cover of each species in each time period. Factors at the landscape unit scale (rainfall, stocking
rate) were related to grass cover in the pre- and post-drought periods whereas only the plant-scale factor of soil texture
was significantly related to cover of two upland species during the drought. Patch-scale factors associated with the redistribution
of water (microtopography) were important for different species in the pre- and post-drought period. Another patch-scale factor,
distance from historic shrub populations, was important to the persistence of the dominant grass in uplands (Bouteloua eriopoda) through time. Our results suggest the importance of local processes during the drought, and transport processes before and
after the drought with different relationships for different species. Disentangling the relative importance of factors at
different spatial scales to spatial patterns and long-term trends in grass cover can provide new insights into the key processes
driving these historic patterns, and can be used to improve forecasts of vegetation change in arid and semiarid areas. 相似文献
8.
Gradient modeling of conifer species using random forests 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Landscape ecology often adopts a patch mosaic model of ecological patterns. However, many ecological attributes are inherently
continuous and classification of species composition into vegetation communities and discrete patches provides an overly simplistic
view of the landscape. If one adopts a niche-based, individualistic concept of biotic communities then it may often be more
appropriate to represent vegetation patterns as continuous measures of site suitability or probability of occupancy, rather
than the traditional abstraction into categorical community types represented in a mosaic of discrete patches. The goal of
this paper is to demonstrate the high effectiveness of species-level, pixel scale prediction of species occupancy as a continuous
landscape variable, as an alternative to traditional classified community type vegetation maps. We use a Random Forests ensemble
learning approach to predict site-level probability of occurrence for four conifer species based on climatic, topographic
and spectral predictor variables across a 3,883 km2 landscape in northern Idaho, USA. Our method uses a new permutated sample-downscaling approach to equalize sample sizes in
the presence and absence classes, a model selection method to optimize parsimony, and independent validation using prediction
to 10% bootstrap data withhold. The models exhibited very high accuracy, with AUC and kappa values over 0.86 and 0.95, respectively,
for all four species. The spatial predictions produced by the models will be of great use to managers and scientists, as they
provide vastly more accurate spatial depiction of vegetation structure across this landscape than has previously been provided
by traditional categorical classified community type maps. 相似文献
9.
Context
Urbanization has altered many landscapes around the world and created novel contexts and interactions, such as the rural–urban interface.Objectives
We sought to address how a forest patch’s location in the rural–urban interface influences which avian species choose to occur within the patch. We predicted a negative relationship between forest bird richness and urbanization surrounding the patch, but that it would be ameliorated by the area of tree cover in the patch and matrix, and that total tree-cover area would be more influential on forest bird species richness than area of tree cover in the focal patch alone.Methods
We conducted bird surveys in 44 forest patches over 2 years in Southeast Michigan and evaluated bird presence and richness relative to patch and matrix tree cover and development density.Results
We observed 43 species, comprised of 21 Neotropical migrants, 19 residents, and three short-distance migrants. Focal-patch tree-cover area and the matrix tree-cover area were the predominant contributors to a site’s overall forest-bird species richness at the rural–urban interface, but the addition of percent of over-story vegetation and percentage of deciduous tree cover influenced the ability of the patches to support forest species, especially Neotropical migrants. Development intensity in the matrix was unrelated to species richness and only had an effect in four species models.Conclusions
Although small forest patches remain an important conservation strategy in developed environments, the influence of matrix tree cover suggests that landscape design decisions in surrounding matrix can contribute conservation value at the rural–urban interface.10.
A daily model of terrestrial productivity is used to simulate the annual productivity of heterogeneous vegetation structure at three savanna/woodland sites along a large moisture gradient in southern Africa. The horizontal distributions of vegetation structural parameters are derived from the three-dimensional canopy structure generated from detailed field observations of the vegetation at each site. Rainfall and daily climatic data are used to drive the model, resulting in a spatially explicit estimate of vegetation productivity in 100 m2 patches over an area 810,000 m2 (8,100 patches per site). Production is resolved into tree and grass components for each subplot. The model simulates the relative contribution of trees and grasses to net primary productivity (NPP) along the rainfall gradient. These simulated production estimates agree with previously published estimates of productivity in southern African savannas. Water-use efficiency of each site is directly related to the structural composition of the site and the differing water-use efficiencies for tree and grass functional types. To assess the role of spatial scale in governing estimates of vegetation productivity in heterogeneous landscapes, spatial aggregation is performed on the canopy mosaic at the northern-most (wettest) site for 625 m2, 2500 m2 and 5625 m2 resolutions. These simulations result in similar overall patterns of average NPP for both trees and grasses, but drastically reduced distributions of productivity due to reduced structural heterogeneity. In particular, the aggregation of the detailed spatial mosaic to coarser resolutions is seen to eliminate information regarding demographic processes such as regeneration and mortality, and the dependence of grass productivity on over-story density. These results indicate that models of system productivity in savanna/woodland ecosystems must retain high spatial resolution to adequately characterize multi-year structural responses and to accurately represent the contribution of grass biomass to overall ecosystem production.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
Environmental factors at different spatial scales governing soil fauna community patterns in fragmented forests 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pedro Martins da Silva Matty P. Berg Artur R. M. Serrano Florence Dubs José Paulo Sousa 《Landscape Ecology》2012,27(9):1337-1349
Spatial and temporal changes in community structure of soil organisms may result from a myriad of processes operating at a hierarchy of spatial scales, from small-scale habitat conditions to species movements among patches and large-sale landscape features. To disentangle the relative importance of spatial and environmental factors at different scales (plot, patch and landscape), we analyzed changes in Collembola community structure along a gradient of forest fragmentation, testing predictions of the Hierarchical Patch Dynamics Paradigm (HPDP) in different European biogeographic regions (Boreal, Continental, Atlantic, Mediterranean, Alpine). Using variance partitioning methods, based on partial CCAs, we observed that the independent effect of environmental processes was significantly explaining Collembola community variance in all regions, while the relative effect of spatial variables was not significant, due to the observed high levels of landscape heterogeneity along the gradient. Environmental factors at the patch and plot scales were generally significant and explained the larger part of community changes. Landscape variables were not significant across all study sites. Yet, at the landscape level, an increase in forest habitat and proximity of forest patches were showed to have an indirect influence on local community changes, by influencing microhabitat heterogeneity at lower spatial scales in all studied regions. In line with HPDP, large-scale landscape features influenced spatio-temporal changes in soil fauna communities by constraining small-scale environmental processes. In turn, these provided mechanistic understanding for diversity patterns operating at the patch scale, via shifts in community weighted mean of Collembola life-forms occurring in local communities along the fragmentation gradient. 相似文献
12.
Westphal Michael I. Field S.A. Tyre A.J. Paton D. Possingham H.P. 《Landscape Ecology》2003,18(4):413-426
We assessed how well landscape metrics at 2, 5, and 10 km scales could explain the distribution of woodland bird species in
the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. We considered 31 species that have isolated or partially isolated populations in
the region and used the Akaike Information Criterion to select a set of candidate logistic regression models. The 2 km distance
was the most appropriate scale for a plurality of the species. While the total amount of area of native vegetation around
a site was the most important determining factor, the effect of landscape configuration was also important for many species.
Most species responded positively to area-independent fragmentation, but the responses to mean patch isolation and mean patch
shape were more variable. Considering a set of candidate models for which there is reasonable support (Akaike weights > 0.10),
12 species responded negatively to landscapes with highly linear and isolated patches. No clear patterns emerged in terms
of taxonomy or functional group as to how species respond to landscape configuration. Most of the species had models with
relatively good discrimination (12 species had ROC values > 0.70), indicating that landscape pattern alone can explain their
distributions reasonably well. For six species there were no models that had strong weight of evidence, based on the AIC and
ROC criteria. This analysis shows the utility of the Akaike Information Criterion approach to model selection in landscape
ecology. Our results indicate that landscape planners in the Mount Lofty Ranges must consider the spatial configuration of
vegetation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Responses of Chilean forest birds to anthropogenic habitat fragmentation across spatial scales 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Although it is recognized that anthropogenic forest fragmentation affects habitat use by organisms across multiple spatial
scales, there is uncertainty about these effects. We used a hierarchical sampling design spanning three spatial scales of
habitat variability (landscape > patch > within-patch) and generalized mixed-effect models to assess the scale-dependent responses
of bird species to fragmentation in temperate forests of southern Chile. The abundances of nine of 20 bird species were affected
by interactions across spatial scales. These interactions resulted in a limited effect of within-patch habitat structure on
the abundance of birds in landscapes with low forest cover, suggesting that suitable local habitats, such as sites with dense
understory cover or large trees, are underutilized or remain unused in highly fragmented landscapes. Habitat specialists and
cavity-nesters, such as tree-trunk foragers and tapaculos, were most likely to exhibit interactions across spatial scales.
Because providing additional sites with dense understory vegetation or large habitat trees does not compensate the negative
effect of the loss of forest area on bird species, conservation strategies should ensure the retention of native forest patches
in the mixed-use landscapes. 相似文献
14.
Mira Kattwinkel Barbara Strauss Robert Biedermann Michael Kleyer 《Landscape Ecology》2009,24(7):929-941
The importance of the spatial as well as the temporal structure of habitat patches for urban biodiversity has been recognised,
but rarely quantified. In dynamic environments the rate of habitat destruction and recreation (i.e. the landscape turnover
rate), the minimum amount of potential habitat, its spatial configuration as well as the environmental conditions determining
habitat quality are crucial factors for species occurrence. We analysed species responses to environmental parameters and
to the spatio-temporal configuration of urban brownfield habitats in a multi-species approach (37 plant and 43 insect species).
Species presence/absence data and soil parameters, site age, vegetation structure and landscape context were recorded by random
stratified sampling at 133 study plots in industrial areas in the city of Bremen (Germany). Based on the field data, we predicted
species occurrences by species distribution models using a multi-model inference approach. Predicted species communities were
driven by successional age both at the scale of a single building lot and at the landscape scale. Minimum average succession
time of brownfield habitats required to support all and especially regionally rare species depended on the proportion of available
open space; the larger the potential habitat area the faster the acceptable turnover. Most plant, grasshopper, and leafhopper
species modelled could be maintained at an intermediate turnover rate (mean age of 10–15 years) and a proportion of open sites
of at least 40%. Our modelling approach provides the opportunity of inferring optimal spatio-temporal landscape configurations
for urban conservation management from patch scale species-environment relationships. The results indicate that urban planning
should incorporate land use dynamics into the management of urban biodiversity.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
15.
The understanding and prediction of the responses of animal populations to habitat fragmentation is a central issue in applied
ecology. The identification of habitat variables associated to patch occupancy is particularly important when habitat quality
is affected by human activities. Here, we analyze the influence of patch and landscape characteristics on patch occupancy
by the subterranean herbivorous rodent Ctenomys porteousi. Patch occupancy was monitored in a network of 63 habitat patches identified by satellite imagery analysis which extends
along almost the whole distributional range for C. porteousi. Suitable habitat for the occurrence of C. porteousi is highly fragmented and represents <10% of the total area in its distributional range. The distribution of C. porteousi in the patch network is affected not only by characteristics of the habitat patches, but also by those of the surrounding
landscape matrix. Significant differences between occupied and empty patches were found in several environmental variables.
Overall, occupied patches were larger, less vegetated, more connected, and had larger neighbor patches than empty patches.
A stepwise procedure on a generalized linear model selected four habitat variables that explain patch occupancy in C. porteousi; it included the effects of habitat quality in the matrix surrounding the patch, average vegetation cover in the patch, minimum
vegetation cover in the matrix surrounding the patch, and the area of the nearest neighbor patch. These results indicate that
patch occupancy in C. porteousi is strongly influenced by the availability and quality of habitat both in the patch and in the surrounding landscape matrix. 相似文献
16.
Conservationists, managers, and land planners are faced with the difficult task of balancing many issues regarding humans
impacts on natural systems. Many of these potential impacts arise from local-scale and landscape-scale changes, but such changes
often covary, which makes it difficult to isolate and compare independent effects arising from humans. We partition multi-scale
impacts on riparian forest bird distribution in 105 patches along approximately 500 km of the Madison and Missouri Rivers,
Montana, USA. To do so, we coupled environmental information from local (within-patch), patch, and landscape scales reflecting
potential human impacts from grazing, invasive plant species, habitat loss and fragmentation, and human development with the
distribution of 28 terrestrial breeding bird species in 2004 and 2005. Variation partitioning of the influence of different
spatial scales suggested that local-scale vegetation gradients explained more unique variation in bird distribution than did
information from patch and landscape scales. Partitioning potential human impacts revealed, however, that riparian habitat
loss and fragmentation at the patch and landscape scales explained more unique variation than did local disturbances or landscape-scale
development (i.e., building density in the surrounding landscape). When distribution was correlated with human disturbance,
local-scale disturbance had more consistent impacts than other scales, with species showing consistent negative correlations
with grazing but positive correlations with invasives. We conclude that while local vegetation structure best explains bird
distribution, managers concerned with ongoing human influences in this system need to focus more on mitigating the effects
of large-scale disturbances than on more local land use issues.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
17.
The discipline of landscape ecology recognizes the importance of measuring habitat suitability variables at spatial scales
relevant to specific organisms. This paper uses a novel multi-scale hierarchical patch delineation method, PatchMorph, to
measure landscape patch characteristics at two distinct spatial scales and statistically relate them to the presence of state-listed
endangered yellow-billed cuckoos (Coccyzus americanus occidentalis) nesting in forest patches along the Sacramento River, California, USA. The landscape patch characteristics calculated were:
patch thickness, area of cottonwood forest, area of riparian scrub, area of other mixed riparian forest, and total patch area.
A third, regional spatial variable, delineating the north and south portions of study area was also analyzed for the effect
of regional processes. Using field surveys, the landscape characteristics were related to patch occupancy by yellow-billed
cuckoos. The area of cottonwood forest measured at the finest spatial scale of patches was found to be the most important
factor determining yellow-billed cuckoo presence in the forest patches, while no patch characteristics at the larger scale
of habitat patches were important. The regional spatial variable was important in two of the three analysis techniques. Model
validation using an independent data set of surveys (conducted 1987–1990) found 76–82% model accuracy for all the statistical
techniques used. Our results show that the spatial scale at which habitat characteristics are measured influences the suitability
of forest patches. This multi-scale patch and model selection approach to habitat suitability analysis can readily be generalized
for use with other organisms and systems. 相似文献
18.
Scaling properties in landscape patterns: New Zealand experience 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
In this paper we present a case study of spatial structure in landscape patterns for the North and South Islands of New Zealand. The aim was to characterise quantitatively landscape heterogeneity and investigate its possible scaling properties. The study examines spatial heterogeneity, in particular patchiness, at a range of spatial scales, to help build understanding on the effects of landscape heterogeneity on water movement in particular, and landscape ecology in general.We used spatial information on various landscape properties (soils, hydrogeology, vegetation, topography) generated from the New Zealand Land Resource Inventory. To analyse this data set we applied various methods of fractal analyses following the hypothesis that patchiness in selected landscape properties demonstrates fractal scaling behaviour at two structural levels: (1) individual patches; and (2) mosaics (sets) of patches.Individual patches revealed scaling behaviour for both patch shape and boundary. We found self-affinity in patch shape with Hurst exponent H from 0.75 to 0.95. We also showed that patch boundaries in most cases were self-similar and in a few cases of large patches were self-affine. The degree of self-affinity was lower for finer patches. Similarly, when patch scale decreases the orientation of patches tends to be uniformly distributed, though patch orientation on average is clearly correlated with broad scale geological structures. These results reflect a tendency to isotropic behaviour of individual patches from broad to finer scales. Mosaics of patches also revealed fractal scaling in the total patch boundaries, patch centers of mass, and in patch area distribution. All these reflect a special organisation in patchiness represented in fractal patch clustering. General relationships which interconnect fractal scaling exponents were derived and tested. These relationships show how scaling properties of individual patches affect those for mosaics of patches and vice-versa. To explain similarity in scaling behaviour in patchiness of different types we suggest that the Self-Organised Criticality concept should be used. Also, potential applications of our results in landscape ecology are discussed, especially in relation to improved neutral landscape models. 相似文献
19.
With return times between 20 and 100 years, ice storms are a primary disturbance type for temperate forests of eastern North
America. Many studies have been conducted at the forest patch and plot scales to examine relations between damage and variables
describing site, composition and structure. This paper presents results from a landscape scale study of fragmentation relations
with damage in eastern Ontario forests. Data previously collected for two independent and spatially non-overlapping patch
level damage studies were used. A Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was used to analyse relations between damage and fragmentation
metrics representing patch isolation, edge density, and the relative size and distribution of patches in the landscape. The
metrics were applied using spatial extents of 1 × 1 km and 4 × 4 km, following analyses of the variability of numbers of patches
and of the lacunarity of forest patterns over a range of extents. The results showed that patch isolation, as measured by
the mean Euclidean distance between patches (ENN) was significantly related to damage. 相似文献
20.
In this study, we investigated the environmental factors driving small mammal (rodents and shrews) assemblages in permanent
habitat patches in response to a gradient of agricultural intensification. Small mammals were sampled using a trapping standard
method in the hedgerow networks of three contrasted landscapes differing by their level of land-use intensity and hedgerow
network density (BOC1: slightly intensified; BOC2: moderately intensified and POL: highly intensified). We hypothesized that
habitat and landscape characteristics have to be considered to understand the structure of local community. In that way, we
carried out a multi-scale study using environmental variables ranging from local habitat (structure and composition of the
hedgerows) to hedgerows neighbourhoods in a radius of 300 m (land cover and connectivity around hedges) and to landscape units
(three sites). During 1 year, 24 hedgerows were sampled seven times, representing a total of 1,379 captures (86% of rodents
and 14% of shrews) and eight species, dominated by the wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) and the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). Inter-site variability was significant and accounted for 18% of total variation in small mammal species abundances. But
intra-site variability was also highlighted: species abundance profiles may differ greatly among hedgerows within a site.
The more explanatory variables were identified at the different scales of the study: the landscape unit POL was shown to be
an important factor in structuring the community, but the predominant factors explaining differences of abundances among hedgerows
were about local habitat. In fact, the width of hedges and the tree species richness appeared to be significant and explaining
the greatest part of the total variation of the small mammal community composition. 相似文献