不同溶剂提取的侧柏挥发物对双条杉天牛触角电位反应的影响

研究测定了侧柏的不同溶剂提取物对双条杉天牛的触角电位(EAG)反应。研究结果表明:双条杉天牛对4种溶剂提取物均有不同程度的EAG反应。乙醇提取物和二氯甲烷提取物的EAG反应活性较高于石油醚提取物和正己烷提取物,且用量为20μL时触角反应达到最大值。这表明乙醇和二氯甲烷提取的植物气味中含有较多的对双条杉天牛成虫具有生理活性的化学成分,在4种溶剂中,乙醇和二氯甲烷两种溶剂更适合于提取侧柏植物中的挥发性活性成分。     

双条杉天牛成虫对植物源引诱剂的选择性反应

利用"Y"形嗅觉仪、风洞法、笼养法及触角电位反应技术测定了双条杉天牛、Semanotus bifa-ciatus Motschulsky 对植物源引诱剂的生物活性.结果表明:双条杉天牛雌、雄成虫对侧柏木的植物源引诱剂TC-1,TC-2 表现出较高的趋性.雌、雄成虫间及TC-1,TC-2间各项反应无显著差异,诱集的雌雄比例与自然基本吻合,为1:1.1;而对侧柏叶的研制物TC-4的选择性较低.     

光肩星天牛对复叶槭挥发物的触角电位及行为反应

为明确复叶槭Acer negundo挥发物对光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis选择寄主的影响,采用触角电位仪(GC-EAD)测定光肩星天牛成虫对复叶槭在1 d中出现频数和相对含量都较高的10种挥发物1-戊烯-3-醇、β-蒎烯、乙酸-3-己烯酯、莰烯、环戊烯、己醛、D-柠檬烯、庚烯、3-戊醇和烯丙醇4个浓度的触角电位(EAG)反应。结果表明:光肩星天牛雌、雄成虫触角对10种挥发物均有EAG反应,特别是对2 mol/L和0.2 mol/L 2个浓度反应明显;雌、雄成虫触角对挥发物的EAG反应差异显著。用Y型嗅觉仪测定光肩星天牛雌雄成虫对挥发物4种浓度的行为反应,结果表明:0.2,2 mol/L的庚烯和乙酸-3-己烯酯对雌雄成虫具有驱避作用,且驱避率与引诱率之间差异显著;2 mol/Lβ-蒎烯对雌雄天牛具有引诱作用,且引诱率与驱避率之间差异显著;2 mol/L的3-戊醇对雌雄天牛的驱引作用相当,引诱率和驱避率之间差异不显著。     

两种针叶树种植株所含的挥发性物质及其与冷杉顶小卷蛾危害关系的研究

采用XAD2吸附法和GC/MS法,对急尖长苞冷杉球果、枝条及小果垂枝柏球果中所含挥发性物质的种类及其含量进行了分析测定。从急尖长苞冷杉球果中共检测到13种挥发性物质,其由10种单萜、1种酚、2种醇组成。并以ɑ-蒎烯、月桂烯、β-蒎烯和β-水芹烯4种化合物为优势组分,其中又以β-水芹烯的含量最高,且该成分在急尖长苞冷杉枝条和小果垂枝柏球果所含的挥发性物质中没有。急尖长苞冷杉枝条所含的挥发性物质由6种单萜、1种酚组成,且其酚的含量最高。小果垂枝柏球果所含的挥发性物质成分相对简单,由5种单萜组成,其优势成分为香桧烯和柠檬烯,而柠檬烯在急尖长苞冷杉球果所含的挥发性物质中未检测到。由此推测,在冷杉顶小卷蛾选择寄主植物及其危害的器官时,急尖长苞冷杉球果中所含的大量β-水芹烯挥发性物质对该虫起有引诱作用,而另两种器官所含的柠檬烯挥发性物质则对该虫起有驱避作用。     

华山松大小蠹对9种植物挥发物的EAG和行为反应

选取5种非寄主挥发性化合物水杨醛、壬醛、三氯乙烯、二氯甲基甲醚和顺-3-己烯-1醇,4种寄主挥发性化合物β-蒎烯、(+)-3-蒈烯、β-石竹烯和(+)-α-蒎烯,应用触角电位仪和Y型嗅觉仪初步研究了华山松大小蠹成虫对这9种化合物的EAG反应和趋向反应。结果表明:雌虫对三氯乙烯、(+)-3-蒈烯和β-石竹烯,雄虫对壬醛、二氯甲基甲醚、(+)-3-蒈烯和(+)-α-蒎烯有明显的EAG反应;β-蒎烯、(+)-3-蒈烯和(+)-α-蒎烯对华山松大小蠹雌成虫有较强的引诱作用;三氯乙烯对雄成虫有较高的引诱率,且显著高于对雌成虫的引诱率。试验结果可为华山松大小蠹的行为控制技术研究提供借鉴。     

虫害诱导的家榆挥发物对榆紫叶甲寄主选择行为的影响

采用动态顶空采样法结合气相色谱-质谱分析技术(GC-MS)研究受榆紫叶甲成虫危害的家榆挥发物的变化情况,并利用触角电位和"Y"型嗅觉仪比较分析榆紫叶甲雌雄成虫对主要成分的触角电生理和行为反应特点.结果表明:受榆紫叶甲成虫危害的家榆释放19种成分,其中顺-3-己烯醇、α-蒎烯、柠檬烯、顺-3-乙酸叶醇酯、芳樟醇、水杨酸甲酯、石竹烯、α-法尼烯和(E,E)-4,8,12-三甲基-1,3,7,11-十三碳四烯(TMTT)9种化合物与健康家榆相比有显著差异.除了TMTT,对其余8种化学标准品进行生测的结果表明:雌性成虫对顺-3-己烯醇、芳樟醇和α-法尼烯有较强的趋性反应,而雄性成虫对α-法尼烯和石竹烯的趋性反应较强.这可为应用引诱剂进行田间监测和控制榆紫叶甲的危害提供理论依据.     

松小蠹成虫对其聚集信息化合物的触角电位反应

采用昆虫触角电位(EAG)记录方法,测定了松小蠢(Tomicuspiniperda)成虫对18种松小蠢和云南松挥发性聚集信息化合物样品的EAG反应,分析了松小蠢雌、雄成虫触角对几种高活性化合物剂量的反应。EAG测定表明,松小蠹雌、雄成虫对虫体挥发性单组分聚集信息化合物MBXS和MBXT,以及由虫体和云南松挥发物为主组成的复组分化合物α-PX+MBXT和α-Px+β-PX+MBXS有较强的触角电位反应,其剂量反应曲线呈现"S"型,并且反应阈值较低,其中主要成分为α-PX和MBXT的复组分化合物引起松小蠹成虫触角的EAG反应最大。初步确定了松小蠢成虫聚集信息素的候选化合物。     

银杏大蚕蛾雄蛾触角对化学气味物质的反应

选取不同类别的挥发性化学气味物质作为刺激物,通过触角电位技术记录触角中电位的变化,测得引起银杏大蚕蛾触角中电位明显变化的化学气味物质是不饱和的碳链化合物,且终端带有醇、醛、酯的官能团。结合大蚕蛾科蛾类性信息素的主次要成分,确定这些化学气味物质可能为银杏大蚕蛾性信息素的类似物。     

云南松韧皮部、松褐天牛后肠及粪便挥发性化学成分的分析与比较

利用GC-MS联用技术和计算机检索对昆明林区的健康云南松、衰弱云南松和松褐天牛产卵刻槽云南松的韧皮部挥发性物质及松褐天牛的幼虫和成虫的粪便、松褐天牛雌、雄虫的后肠挥发性物质进行分析比较。结果表明,云南松健康木和衰弱木的韧皮部以及松褐天牛产卵刻槽韧皮部的挥发性物质的组成和含量存在较大差异。与健康木相比较,衰弱木和松褐天牛产卵刻槽韧皮部的挥发性物质中,α-蒎烯的相对含量减少,而β-月桂烯和3-蒈烯的相对含量增加;此外,衰弱木韧皮部的β-蒎烯的量也相对增加,并且发现含量很高的柠檬烯。松褐天牛产卵刻槽韧皮部、幼虫粪便、雌虫后肠均含有1-甲基-2-异丙烯基-环丁烷乙醇,表明该化合物与松褐天牛产卵行为有关。     

异种化感物对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集行为的影响

【目的】研究寄主、非寄主及近缘种的异种化感物对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集行为的影响,探讨不同信息素成分间的交互作用机制,为落叶松八齿小蠹大面积生物防治提供技术支持。【方法】从行为学的角度研究落叶松八齿小蠹对聚集信息素异构体、寄主挥发物、非寄主挥发物和近缘种云杉八齿小蠹主要聚集信息素成分的行为响应差异。【结果】通过野外试验确认落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素成分是S-(-)-小蠹烯醇和S-(+)-小蠹二烯醇,这2种成分复合体在林间生物测试时表现出非常高的引诱活性;电生理测试确认落叶松八齿小蠹雌雄虫触角对这2种成分的检测阈值都是0.1μg,饱和水平是100μg。进一步对具有触角电位活性的寄主、非寄主及近缘种成分进行行为测试研究。寄主单萜烯成分S-β-蒎烯和3-蒈烯对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素的引诱能力增效达1.45~1.65倍,而S-α-蒎烯和萜品油烯没有显著的增效作用。非寄主成分顺-3-己烯-1-醇表现出显著的行为抑制活性,能降低聚集信息素引诱力71%,里哪醇具有与顺-3-己烯-1-醇相似的抑制效果。其他非寄主成分如桃金娘烯醇、反-3-己烯-1-醇、反-2-己烯-1-醇、正己醇、3-辛醇和1-辛烯-3-醇对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素引诱效果没有显著影响。近缘种云杉八齿小蠹主要聚集信息素成分顺式马鞭草烯醇能完全抑制落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素的引诱活性,反式马鞭草烯醇也具有相同的作用效果,而马鞭草烯酮成分对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素活性没有抑制或增效作用。【结论】具有触角电位活性的寄主和非寄主成分对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素行为活性表现出增效、抑制或无显著影响;对近缘种化学信号响应表现出强烈的行为抑制效果。     

Comparison of host volatiles under different physiological states and electroantennogram responses of Semanotus bifasciatus （Motschulsky） to these volatiles

Based on an analytical TCT-GC/MS method, volatile compounds of branches of Platycladus orientalis under three physiological states （healthy, weak and baited trees） were analyzed. The results showed that α-pinene, β-phellandrene, 3-careen, limonene and thujopsene were released under all three physiological states. There were other kinds of volatiles released from branches of weak P. orientalis trees, such as camphene, γ-terpinene, （＋）-4-carene and cedrene, but these four volatiles compounds were not released from the branches of healthy P. orientalis. Volatile components from the physically damaged branches of P. orientalis had changed. β-terpinene, mycrene, isocaryophillene and caryophyllene were identified in both healthy and weak branches of P. orientalis. Only cedrene was identified in the baited wood. Electroantennogram （EAG） tests were conducted with nine volatile compounds from the branches of P. orientalis. Antennnae of male and female Semanotus bifasciatus （Motschulsky） were highly sensitive to these nine volatile compounds. Cedrene elicited the strongest response, whereas β-terpinene the lowest. Males and females showed no signifi-cant difference in their EAG responses to the nine volatile compounds.     

云杉八齿小蠹化学生态的研究进展(鞘翅目,小蠹科)

本文对云杉八齿小蠹化学生态的研究进展进行了综述。云杉八齿小蠹在中欧的大面积爆发激发了广大林业科学工作者对其化学生态学的广泛研究。在寻找寄主的过程中,雄性找到寄主后释放化学信息物质吸引雄性和雌性的聚集。开始发起进攻的小蠹在找寻寄主的过程中能利用寄主树脂作为利己素,并能够在体内解毒后合成可被利用的化学信息物质。在云杉八齿小蠹雄性的中肠中,我们发现9种单萜类化合物,主要是反式马鞭草烯醇和2-甲基3-己烯2-醇,这两种物质被认为是云杉八齿小蠹聚集信息素的主要成分。小蠹二烯醇的含量虽然很低但是能显著提高马鞭草烯醇和2-甲基3-己烯2-醇的野外诱集作用。马鞭草烯酮和小蠹烯醇是反聚集信息素,在调节攻击密度和树皮下的种群密度的过程中起着重要的作用。本文主要综述了寄主抗性、信息素成分和小蠹虫行为之间的关系。野外生测的结果证明利用信息素防治云杉八齿小蠹是行之有效的防治方法。     

光肩星天牛对干旱胁迫下复叶槭挥发物的嗅觉反应

对干旱胁迫下3a生复叶槭的挥发物进行了鉴定。当复叶槭受到干旱胁迫时，9种化合物释放量升高(包括：丁醇、戊醇、反—2—己烯—1—醛、顺—3—己烯—1—醇、戊醛、戊酸、己醛、己酸、苯乙酮)，而长叶烯释放量降低：复叶槭复水后苯乙酮升高，但其他挥发物释放量降低。通过GC—EAD检测了光肩星天牛对其中某些化合物的触角电位反应，并使用诱捕器和人工合成单体进行了田间生测实验。丁醇、戊醇和顺—3—己烯—1—醇能引起光肩星天牛的触角反应，这一结果在田间实验中得到了证实。这表明干旱胁迫在光肩星天牛选择寄主植物方面起着重要作用。     

A review： chemical ecology of Ips typographus （Coleoptera, Scolytidae）

Chemical ecology of the spruce bark beetle lps typographus （L.） was reviewed. The outbreak of 1.typographus in central Europe triggered extensive research on chemical ecology, Males initiate host location and produce semiochemicals which attract both males and females, A successful mass attack must first overcome the resistance of the host tree. Pioneer I. typographus evolved to use the resin flow of host trees as kairomones in host location, and synthesized semiochemicals initially to detoxify the resin. If small bark beetle populations infest healthy trees, mass attack is prevented by host resistance, Nine monoterpene alcohols were found in male hind-guts, including cis-verbenol （cV） and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol （MB） which are regarded as primary aggregation pheromones, and a low proportion of lpsdienol （ld） which increases attractiveness of cV and MB, Verbenone （Vn） and Ipsenol （le） are anti-aggregation pheromones, that play important roles in adjusting attack density and insect density under the bark. Non-host volatiles are repellent to L typographus, so that beetles do not waste energy boring into non-host trees. The relationship between host resistance, pheromone compounds and behavior, non-host volatiles, bioassays and mass trapping are reviewed, Results of field bioassays stressed that traps baited with specific pheromones could be used as a reasonable protection measure.     

Field attraction of Cerambyx welensii to fermentation odors and host monoterpenes

Cerambyx welensii Küster is one of the greatest threats to Quercus suber L. and Quercus ilex L. in Spain. Efficient control methods for this species are currently being tested, and the use of traps baited with food-related products for their monitoring and control has been proposed. Cerambyx welensii adults prefer to colonize old or decayed trees, in which cortical exudates frequently release fermentation odors. Fermentation-related compounds, such as ethanol, have been cited as attractants to various hardwood woodborers (as Cerambyx cerdo L.), used either alone or sometimes in combination with other host odors. In this work, we conducted field experiments to ascertain whether chemical blends mimicking fermentation odors were attractive for C. welensii. To this end, we used three types of traps (multiple funnel, cross-vane and single-funnel) baited with six synthetic blends including one or more fermentation-related chemicals (ethanol, ethyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetaldehyde, 2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol), various food-related products (beer, melon and red wine mixed with peach juice) and host monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, α-phellandrene and camphene). At high release rates (5–11 g/day), various synthetic blends proved attractive irrespective of trap type. Our results contribute to understand the impact of volatile organic compounds in host selection by woodborers infesting deciduous trees. The results hold promise for optimizing trapping strategies to control C. welensii within an integrated pest management framework.     

青海云杉(拟)齿小蠹聚集信息素研究进展

对危害青海云杉的光臀八齿小蠹、香格里拉齿小蠹及东方拟齿小蠹聚集信息素系统进行研究,并成功鉴定出3种(拟)齿小蠹的聚集信息素组分。光臀八齿小蠹聚集信息素由2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇,74%-(-)-小蠹二烯醇和(S)-顺式-马鞭草烯醇3种成分组成;香格里拉齿小蠹聚集信息素的有效组分为2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇,99%-(+)-小蠹二烯醇和(S)-顺式-马鞭草烯醇,东方拟齿小蠹聚集信息素由95%-(-)-小蠹烯醇和(S)-顺式-马鞭草烯醇2种成分组成。3种人工合成的小蠹虫聚集信息素已在害虫发生期及种群动态监测中进行野外试验,并取得预期效果。     

Behavioral responses of Callosobruchus maculatus to volatile organic compounds found in the headspace of dried green pea seeds

There is growing evidence that insects rely on chemical cues to locate food, hosts, predators, and potential mates. The pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus has been recognized for decades as the major post-harvest insect pest of legume seeds. In a previous study, we identified five volatile organic compounds in the headspace of dried green pea seeds as electroantennographically active in C. maculatus antennae: 1-pentanol, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-2-octenal, nonanal, and 3-carene. Some of these compounds used individually elicited attraction toward C. maculatus adults. However, since volatile compounds are generally perceived by insects as blends, we hypothesized that C. maculatus might particularly show attraction to different mixtures of the aforementioned compounds. To test this, we examined the behavioral response of C. maculatus toward a quinary, a quaternary, two ternary, and three binary mixtures in a dual choice Y-tube olfactometer. The results seem to indicate that in a dual choice situation, the first choice made by the beetles is an indication of the attractive or repellent properties of the mixture tested. In most cases, a positive response of C. maculatus to the mixtures of volatiles was observed. Females were attracted to five mixtures, while males were attracted only to two binary mixtures consisting exclusively of aldehydes. The other mixtures caused C. maculatus to respond negatively, suggesting they were repellent. Further investigations with the attractive mixtures should be done in real storage conditions with the aim of developing a trap for the pulse beetle, C. maculatus.     

红脂大小蠹诱导油松树干挥发性单萜相对含量的变化

使用Porapak Q吸附剂,采用动态顶空的吸附方法,连续抽取11个不同阶段的对照、损伤与虫害油松的挥发物成分.运用GC、GC-MS与图谱峰面积进行挥发物成分定性与单萜相对含量的定量分析.与对照和损伤油松相比,虫害油松含有高比率的(+)-α-蒎烯(超过90％)和月桂烯,但(+)-3-蒈烯,(-)-β-蒎烯,莰烯和柠檬烯含量较低.(+) -3-蒈烯含量对照和损伤油松高于虫害油松(低于4％).(+)-3-蒈烯含量从损伤4天后的最低水平逐渐恢复到对照油松中含量水平.(-)-β-蒎烯和柠檬烯在不同处理的油松中含量相近,但在接入雌雄虫后3个处理间存在显著差异.尽管目前不确定我国的红脂大小蠢是否在危害油松后释放信息素,但研究表明红脂大小蠢可能会利用各种单萜成分细节上的变化作为化学信号,从而实现寄主的选择和种群聚集.本研究对于揭示油松抗性机制,完善红脂大小蠢的监测与防控技术体系具有重要意义.     

女贞枝叶机械损伤前后挥发性物质的变化

本实验采用动态顶空吸附法和自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用技术(ATD-GC/MS)对女贞枝叶挥发物进行研究。结果表明:第一,女贞枝叶挥发性物质主要组分为酯、烯烃、醇和醛类化合物,相对含量超过5%的成分有乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸己酯、叶醇、1R-a-蒎烯,对人体有益的挥发性成分的总相对含量达到70%以上,说明女贞具有较高的保健功能,可以作为良好的绿化保健树种加以推广;第二,机械损伤前后女贞枝叶挥发物的主要组分相同,但挥发性物质的组成发生变化,与自然状态下相比,增加的组分包括二氢月桂烯醇、长叶环烯、对-薄荷-1,4(8)-孟二烯、2-甲基-丙酸丁酯、减少的组分包括糠醛、2-甲基-4-戊烯醛、庚醛、水杨醛、1-辛烯、苯乙烯、反-2-己烯醇、甲酸己酯、1-甲基萘、(1,1'-联环戊基)-2-酮;第三,机械损伤后女贞挥发物组成中,对人体有益的挥发性成分的总相对含量达77.36%,呈增加趋势,且对人体作用较大的萜烯类化合物在总挥发物中所占比例增大,总相对含量达24.67%,说明机械损伤后女贞释放出了更多对人体有益的挥发性成分。       

新疆圆柏叶挥发油化学成分变化的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对新疆圆柏(Sabina vulgaris Ant.)鲜叶和贮存1年的干燥叶中的挥发油化学成分进行检测,鲜叶中的成分鉴定了31种,干叶中的成分鉴定了23种,共有成分15种。与鲜叶比较,干叶中含量减少的成分是:2,7-二甲基-3-辛烯-5-炔(51.88%,15.29%,前者为鲜叶中的量,后者为干叶中的量,下同)、1-柠檬烯(1.65%,1.13%)、α-异松油烯(0.92%,0.58%)、3,7-二甲基-甲基酯-2,6-辛二烯酸(2.88%,0.50%)、α-长叶蒎烯(1.91%,1.46%)、α-雪松醇(12.69%,10.81%),含量增加的成分是:β-侧柏酮(1.01%,1.98%)、4-甲基-1-(1-甲基乙基)-3-环己烯-1-醇(0.22%,2.83%)、β-香茅醇(0.22%,10.83%)、乙酸香桧酯(4.37%,39.83%),新疆圆柏鲜叶和干叶中的挥发性成分及其含量差异甚大,但是特征成分种类基本一致,随着叶的干燥贮存时间的延长,其挥发性成分及其含量在逐渐减少。