两套水稻籼粳交DH群体的亲和性及其遗传分析

以两套水稻籼、 粳交DH群体为材料, 研究了籼、 粳程度及籼、 粳基因组的比例与亲和性 的关系, 结果 表明, 两套群体与籼、 粳测交F1小穗的育性与DH系的籼、 粳程度及基因组比例存在相 关, 但广亲和DH系(与籼和与粳测交F1小穗育性均大于70%)在籼、 粳程度及基因组比例 上的特异性不明显。 通过DH系与籼、 粳测交F1小穗育     

水稻亲本遗传分化程度与籼粳杂种优势的关系

本文利用两套材料,即来自一个籼／粳交（圭６３０／０２４２８）的双单倍体（ＤＨ）系和另一组由多种类型的籼、粳组成的对照组,从分子水平上研究了水稻亲本的遗传分化程度。在此基础上探讨了亲本的遗传分化程度与籼粳杂种优势的关系。两套测交Ｆ１群体的结果一致表明,亲本遗传分化程度对穗数和千粒重的影响相对较小,但是对每穗结实粒数和结实率这两项体现育性的指标影响较大。当亲本遗传分化综合指数ＴＤｊ值为２０￣２５时,育     

籼粳交加倍单倍体后代性状遗传的研究

对一个典型的籼/粳组合、窄叶青8号/京系17的F1花药进行培养,所获二倍体花粉植株除约20%自然结实率为0外,其余植株的结实率在1%至正常结实之间,65%株系在75%以上,并稳定地传至自交后代。对130多个加倍单倍体(DH)多种性状的遗传进行了研究与分析,结果表明,花药培养可以克服籼/粳后代包括育性在内的各种性状长期分离不易     

特异资源——粳稻矮秆突变体“武陵矮”

目前国内外水稻矮源多为籼型水稻,故此粳稻矮化育种只能从籼稻矮源转育。这样非但籼粳交后代不易稳定,而且矮秆基因也单一化。我们于1979年初通过台中育39幼穗切段外植体的组织培养,诱导产生一个粳型矮秆突变体“武陵矮”,株高18厘米左右,能正常开花结实,其穗形、粒形等与原品种相     

水稻籼粳交后代亚种特性的变化及其与维管束性状的关系

以七山占／秋光重组自交系群体为试材,研究亚种特性的变化及其与维管束性状的关系。结果表明,籼粳交后代亚种特征性状、维管束性状都呈现连续变异,表现数量性状的遗传特点。籼粳交后代程氏指数与大小维管束比,大维管束比的相关达到极显著。依程氏指数法与维管束数目比法对籼粳交后代亚种分类的符合度不高。     

水稻亚种间、品种间杂交揭示杂草稻的起源和进化

杂草稻是在稻田或可耕地周边生长的类似杂草并兼有野生稻和栽培稻特性的稻属植株或群体。迄今对杂草稻的发生和进化尚有很多的争论和假说,本研究通过水稻亚种间和品种间的杂交试验以及亲本与杂交后代籼粳分化分子标记的遗传分析,对杂草稻起源和进化途径进行了探讨并提出了相应的防控策略。研究结果显示:亚种间和品种间特定亲本杂交组合(7个籼/粳,4个籼/籼)的后代中均可分离出类似杂草稻的植株,其频率为籼/粳>籼/籼;籼粳交或籼籼交F2-F4代群体中产生类似杂草稻植株的频率随世代增加呈现递增趋势(F2最低为1.26%,F4最高为15.35%),这与双亲的遗传背景有密切关系,即籼、粳亚种的遗传背景差距越大,其杂交组合后代中产生杂草稻的机率越高;籼/粳交组合安山稻/9311F3代分离群体中类似杂草稻的植株以籼型为主(占52.8%);韩国粳稻品种安山稻在籼粳组合中不论作母本或父本,杂交后代都易产生类似杂草稻单株,这可能与其籼粳组分遗传异质性较高有关;粳/粳组合后代中未鉴定出类似杂草稻的植株,预示粳稻品种间杂交可能不易产生杂草稻。本研究为杂草稻的防控和利用研究提供参考依据。     

花药培养在水稻籼粳交恢复系选育上的应用

对6个籼粳单(复)交组合进行花药培养,所获花培后代株系用“三系”不育系与之测交,以鉴定各株系的恢复度及杂种优势。结果表明:120个单交花培株系中有27.50％的株系,35个复交花培株系中有44.00％的株系能使野败型不育系的育性恢复正常;在149个株系配制的“三系”组合的优势鉴定中,有12.08％的组合比对照汕优63增产10-38％;在130个“二系”组合的优势鉴定中,有4％左右的组合比对照汕优63增产18—41％。经与籼梗测验种及“三系”不育系的测交鉴定证实:通过花药培养可以在较短时间内(3-4年)获得性状稳定的新广亲和系和广亲和恢复系。讨论了花药培养技术在水稻籼粳交恢复系选育上的可利用性,及由此而展现了在“三系”或“二系”上逐步实现籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用的前景。     

栽培稻的基因型差异程度和分类

本文利用来自一个籼/粳交(圭630/02428)的双单倍体(DH)系和由多种类型的籼、粳品种(系)组成的对照组,从分子水平上研究亚洲栽培稻的基因型差异。结果表明,栽培稻中存在两种主要的差异类型,即质的差异和量的差异。前者主要存在于籼、粳分化程度比较高的对照组中,85%以上的有关位点已经发生了籼或粳的分化趋向;后者主要存     

36个水稻骨干系的分子聚类及其遗传育种学意义：I分子标记多态性与杂交亲和

对３６个水稻骨干系进行了ＲＦＬＰ分析，并对这些水稻材料的１６２个杂交组合育性进行了分组分类研究。杂种育性的遗传基础研究表明，亚种内杂交组合育性显著高于亚种间杂交组合育性。亚种间杂交不育性是由籼粳两个亚种间深刻的遗传分化引起的。     

水稻籼粳杂种不育性及其类型

克服栽培稻不同亚种间杂种F1的不育性是有效利用亚种间杂种优势的前提.本研究选择了籼粳两亚种不同生态型的19个水稻品种作为试验材料,研究了它们之间杂种不育性的表现特点及遗传特性.试验按p×q设计进行,以籼稻作为母本,共配置了90个籼粳交组合.调查了各组合F1的小穗育性和花粉育性.研究结果表明:(1)各组合的小穗育性和花粉     

Rye doubled haploids as a research and breeding tool – a practical point of view

Doubled haploid (DH) plants were produced using anther culture from out‐crossing rye, including breeders’ lines, cultivars and F₁ plants with DH parents, to examine the feasibility of using the DH technique for breeding and specifically for developing mapping populations. Only 10–36% of green regenerants produced via anther culture were suitable for research or breeding purposes because of low survival rate or low fertility. Spontaneously arising DH regenerants were more often fertile compared with the colchicine‐treated ones. The fertility of spontaneous DHs varied from sterile to half that found in a normal rye population, which has implications for the design of a crossing scheme and subsequent anther culture. In the reciprocal crosses within one DH population, fertility was the lowest observed, probably because of self‐incompatibility factors, whereas in the DH crosses with normal heterozygous cultivars fertility was the highest. Two mapping populations using DHs were established, the first for out‐crossing rye it would seem. These populations will be used for mapping two important traits, the semi‐dwarf growth habit and preharvest sprouting resistance in rye.     

Breeding for quantitative resistance to potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) in tetraploid potatoes using dihaploids and unreduced gametes

Summary Dihaploids were produced from tetraploids resistant to potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida (Stone)). High levels of resistance were found in the dihaploids and three were used to produce tetraploid progenies by crossing them with susceptible tetraploid cultivars. One dihaploid, PDH505, produced more highly resistant offspring than the other two, PDHs 417 and 418. The latter gave progenies whose levels of resistance were similar to those obtained from susceptible dihaploids crossed with resistant tetraploids.The differences between the progenies of the resistant dihaploids were probably due to different modes of unreduced gamete formation (PDH505 producing gametes by first division restitution (FDR) and PDHs 417 and 418 by second division restitution (SDR)) although cytological studies would be necessary to confirm this. The methods by which dihaploids could be utilised in a tetraploid potato breeding programme are discussed in relation to the mode of unreduced gamete formation.     

An assessment of the fertiliser response and other characters of three dihaploid potatoes and the characteristics of their tetraploid progenies

Summary Three dihaploids, two tetraploid cultivars and an unnamed tetraploid potato were subjected to three fertiliser treatments in a glasshouse. One dihaploid (PDH135), as well as being high yielding, responded to fertiliser dosage in a similar way to the cultivars by increasing tuber yield with each increase in fertiliser. The other two dihaploids increased shoot growth rather than tuber yield.An evaluation of tetraploid offspring obtained from dihaploid × tetraploid crosses, showed that PDH135 had the highest-yielding progenies in field trials. Other characters of the dihaploids were efficiently transferred into their tetraploid offspring. The use of dihaploids and unreduced gametes in breeding cultivars with useful quantitative characters is discussed.     

Agronomic performance of anther‐derived doubled haploid and single seed descent lines in crosses between primary and secondary winter triticale

Octoploid (8x) and hexaploid (6x) primary triticales (xTriticosecale Wittm.) can be used as crossing parents with secondary 6x triticales to enlarge the genetic basis of a breeding programme or introgress traits. Doubled haploid (DH) production permits to develop homozygous lines more rapidly from a segregating generation than other breeding methods such as single seed descent (SSD). Both anther‐derived DH and SSD lines were produced from reciprocal cross‐combinations between 8x and 6x primary and 6x secondary triticales. Field experiments of DH and SSD lines were conducted in three environments as two‐replicate lattices to measure seven agronomic traits. A tendency for higher grain yield, taller plants and a higher 1000‐kernel weight of SSD lines compared with DH lines was found. Significant genetic variation for all traits in both breeding methods was revealed, indicating their suitability to select superior genotypes. Hexaploid and even more so 8x primary triticales can profitably be included as crossing parents in a commercial breeding programme. In such crosses, the primary triticales should be used as the male parents if followed by DH method.     

Phylogenetic differentiation of cultivated rice,XXIII. Potentiality of wild progenitors to evolve the Indica and Japonica types of rice cultivars

Summary Studies of intermediate wild-cultivated plants suggested that the Indica-Japonica differentiation of cultivars of Oryza sativa L. has taken place with the domestication of wild plants. The wild progenitor, which is considered to be the Asian form of O. perennis Moench, shows no trace of differentiation into two such types as the Indica and Japonica. To elucidate the potentiality of the wild progenitor to evolve the two types when domesticated, the selfed progenies from an Indica × wild and a japonica × wild cross were examined with regard to three characters known to be useful for distinguishing between the two types. The data showed that Japonica-like plants were derived from the Indica × wild cross and Indica-like plants from the Japonica × wild cross. The Indica-Japonica differentiation was considered to have resulted from selection of incipient domesticates having such potentiality under different climatic conditions; the dynamics was discussed.     

几个美国光壳稻的亲和性分析

将５个籼粳两种类型的美国光壳稻ＲＡ７３,ＫａｔｙＭａｒｓ,Ｌａｇｒｕｅ,Ｎｅｗｎｏｎｎｅｔ和中国籼稻特青配成一组完全双列杂交,进行Ｆ１代结实率配合力分析,结果表明：籼型光壳稻ＲＡ７３的结实率一般配合力最高,与粳型光壳稻Ｍａｒｓ杂交特殊配合力也最高,结实率达８７．７％,有较好的亲和性,比前人报道的广亲和品种Ｎｅｗｂｏｎｎｅｔ与粳稻Ｍａｒｓ杂交的结实率（５６．５％）极显著地提高,ＲＡ７３可用于籼粳杂交     

The use of dihaploids in increasing the homozygosity of tetraploid potatoes

Summary Electrophoresis banding patterns of the tuber proteins of 12 dihaploids of the cultivar Pentland Crown showed that four had types of patatin unlike that of the parent. The patatin types of somatically chromosome-doubled clones derived from three of the dihaploids were identical to those of the dihaploid progenitors. Fourteen dihaploids produced from the chromosome-doubled derivative (PDH40X2) of one dihaploid, which had a variant patatin, had the patatin type of the parent dihaploid.The experiment showed that dihaploids and somatic chromosome doubling could be used to fix variation found in heterozygous tetraploid potatoes. Used together, haploidisation and chromosome doubling can generate highly homozygous tetraploids for use by plant breeders.     

小麦×玉米远缘杂交技术以及在单倍体育种上的应用评价

为了提高小麦作物育种选择的精确性和效率,应用小麦亲本杂交后代F1(或F2)代与玉米进行远缘杂交,经激素诱导和组织培养形成单倍体胚及植株,加倍单倍体(DH)育种结合分子标记和性状表达,达到了单代纯化培育小麦新品系的生产能力;本文阐述了小麦×玉米远缘杂交发展进程,分析了小麦×玉米远缘杂交较孤雄生殖、球茎大麦技术等具备的优势...