Principles and practices of the photo-thermal adaptability improvement in soybean

As a short-day(SD) and thermophilic plant, soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) is sensitive to photo-thermal conditions. This characteristic severely limits the cultivation range of a given soybean cultivar and affects the performances of agronomic traits such as yield, plant architectures, and seed quality. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of photo-thermal sensitivity will provide a theoretical basis for soybean improvement. In this review, we introduce the advances in physiological, genetic, and molecular researches in photoperiodism of soybean, and progress in the improvement of the photo-thermal adaptability. We also summarize the photo-thermal conditions and characteristics of widely-planted soybean cultivars of major production regions in China. Furthermore, we proposed a novel concept of ‘ecotyping' and the strategies for widely-adapted soybean cultivar breeding. This review provides an important guide for improving the adaptability of soybean.     

不同纬度大豆品种光照生态特性的研究

采用人工控制光照法,对南自21°13′N 的广东省高州县,北到50°15′N 的黑龙江省爱辉县的24个品种进行了光照处理的试验,结果表明,大豆品种在出苗至开花日数和生育期与大豆品种的地理纬度、品种类型有关。经长光照处理的大豆品种,其生育日数随纬度的降低而增加,并且与品种出苗至开花日数呈正相关(r=0.9720)。植株高度、主茎节数和分支数与光照时数呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.9828(达到5%显著水准)和0.9436。在所有光照处理下,凡能正常成熟的大豆品种,其产量最高的处理是自然日照。     

Determination of the Photoperiod-Sensitive Inductive Phase in Maize with Leaf Numbers and Morphologies of Stem Apical Meristem

It is vital to determine the effective photoperiods of maize for making full use of tropical germplasm, which is the foundation for determining the effect of latitude and planting date on the development of photoperiod-sensitive maize cultivars. The objective of this study is to determine the photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase using reciprocal transfer between long- day （LD） （15 h d^-1） and short-day conditions （SD） （9 h d^-1）. For Huangzao 4 and CML288, days to tassel and pollen shedding were recorded, and stem apical meristems （SAM） were observed by a laser scanning confocal microscope. The results show that the seedlings are insensitive to photoperiod when they are very young （juvenile）. However, after this period, LD delays flowering and increases the leaf numbers below the inflorescence, and the length of the interval of the photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase is longer under LD conditions than under SD conditions. Transferred from SD to LD, plants show a sudden decrease in leaf numbers once sufficient SD has been received for flower commitment. While transferred from LD to SD, plants have a continuous increase in leaf numbers during the photoperiod sensitive inductive phase under LD conditions. At the same time, when plants are competent to flowers, the obvious morphology is the elongation of maize SAM. There is an obvious variance of the photoperiod sensitive phase under LD and SD conditions in different maize.     

光、温、水和红小豆生育及开花结荚的关系

采用分期播种法，分析了光、温、水等气候因素和红小豆生育期、生育结构及开花结荚的关系。结果表明，随着播期的推迟，全生育日数、播种至出苗日数、出苗至始花日数、始花至终花日数都逐渐缩短，日平均温度的升高是播种至出苗阶段缩短的主要原因；日平均温度升高，光照时数缩短，共同促进了出苗至始花日数的减少；光照时数缩短，使站花至终花日数逐渐缩短。5月29日红小豆单株花朵数、单株结荚数减少除了受播期各生育阶段缩短影响外，晚播花期降雨量减少是又一原因。     

甜菊、秋菊、月见草对光周期反应类型的探讨

甜菊和秋菊都是多年生菊科短日照植物，但是这两种植物的成花对光周期反应类型及光周期诱导条件习性等有所不同，其光周期诱导效果也不同。甜菊成花对光周期反应属花发端要求ＳＤ条件，而花发育要求中日照条件的类型。甜菊对诱导光周期的反应敏感，但对温度要求却不严格。因此，甜菊在１～１０天ＳＤ处理均可提早诱导成花，其中７月中下旬１０天ＳＤ处理的植株诱导成花效果最佳。秋菊成花对光周期反应属于花发端和花发育均要求ＳＤ条件的类型，而且秋菊成花对温度条件的要求严格。秋菊光周期诱导在７月中下旬１５天左右ＳＤ处理，现蕾开花效果最佳。二年生ＬＤＰ月见草成花对光周期反应比对春化作用反应敏感。月见草成花对光周期的反应属于花发端严格要求ＬＤ条件，而花发育要求中日条件。     

大豆生态研究──Ⅵ．大豆叶片感光效应与生长发育关系的研究

叶片是感光部位。子叶和未展开叶的感光效应确定开花节位，叶片的感光效应确定生长速度。不论短光或长光叶片，均以延长开花天数中９０％的时间用于提高开花节位，以延长开花天数中１０％的时间用于增长叶龄．短光叶片生长速度全用于由于叶和未展开叶确定的开花节位，反应短光促进发育。长光叶片生长速度增长叶龄同时，提高开花节位，反应长光促进生长．叶片在扩大生长中产生的感光效应上递３节，在上递过程中发生感光效应综合平衡作用．复叶发生始到定形为展开感光效应持续期。本文还提出研究大豆光温生态的适宜光温条件。     

大豆GmGBP1-i植株开花后光周期反应及农艺性状分析

大豆是典型短日照植物,对光周期反应敏感。利用GmGBP1-i干涉植株与光周期反应敏感的大豆品种DN50为试验材料,通过短日照和长日照两种不同条件光周期处理,明确不同基因型大豆植株开花后光周期反应敏感性,同时分析其农艺性状。结果表明,不同光照条件下,GmGBP1干涉大豆植株均表现为植株矮小、节间距缩短、不同程度减产,且光周期反应敏感度较野生型低。说明GmGBP1基因在大豆生长、发育和生殖过程中具有重要作用。     

大豆生态研究──XV．复式光温综合作用与中国不同进化型大豆生态类型的研究

根据２９３份不同进化型大豆原产地的自然临界光照和自然临界温度与公主岭自然温度下，１３．５ｈ光周期之间发生的复式光温综合作用原理以及生长发育规律，确定我国大豆生态类型。提出各纬度及同纬度不同海拔７４个县市的自然临界光照和自然临界温度。讨论了无野生大豆区光温综合作用与群落形成的关系以及研究光温综合作用理论的意义。     

世界大豆生育阶段光温综合反应的地理分化和演化

[目的]大豆是短日喜温植物,对光温(日长、温度)条件敏感.大豆对光温反应的敏感性是大豆重要的驯化性状和适应性性状.在自然条件下,地理位置和/或播种季节是决定野生和栽培大豆分化的重要生态因素,这两个因素均是通过日长和温度等环境因素来调控大豆的生长发育.因而研究和比较野生和栽培大豆生长发育阶段光温综合反应特性的地理和季节分...     

Characterization of Ppd-D1 alleles on the developmental traits and rhythmic expression of photoperiod genes in common wheat

Photoperiodic response is an important characteristic that plays an important role in plant adaptability for various environments. Wheat cultivars grow widely and have high yield potential for the strong photoperiod adaptibility. To assess the photoperiodic response of different genotypes in wheat cultivars, the photoperiodic effects of the Ppd-D1 alleles and the expressions of the related TaGI, TaCO and Ta FT genes in Liaochun 10 and Ningchun 36 were investigated under the short-day(6 h light, SD), moderate-day(12 h light, MD) and long-day(24 h light, LD) conditions. Amplicon length comparison indicated that the promoter of Ppd-D1 in Ningchun 36 is intact, while Liaochun 10 presented the partial sequence deletion of Ppd-D1 promoter. The durations of all developmental stages of the two cultivars were reduced by subjection to an extended photoperiod, except for the stamen and pistil differentiation stage in the Liaochun 10 cultivar. The expression levels of the Ppd-D1 alleles and the TaGI, TaCO and TaFT genes associated with the photoperiod pathway were examined over a 24-h period under SD and MD conditions. The relationships of different photoperiodic responses of the two cultivars and the expression of photoperiod pathway genes were analyzed accordingly. The photoperiod insensitive(PI) genotype plants flower early under SD; meanwhile, the abnormal expression of the Ppd-D1 a allele is accompanied with an increase in Ta FT1 expression and the TaCO expression variation. The results would facilitate molecular breeding in wheat.     

早熟大豆在不同生态环境下生育期变化规律研究

用地理播种法研究了１５个早熟大豆品种生育期的表现。试验表明，相同品种在不同环境下生育期表现不同。从低纬度地区到高纬度地区，生育期逐渐延长。由于光温综合作用的结果，生育结构发生“前延后促”现象。根据出苗——始花变异率，可将供试品种分为温敏型品种和光敏型品种。极早熟类型品种一般为温敏型，中熟类型品种为光敏型，早熟类型品种兼两种类型。早熟大豆始花——成熟日数与全生育期的相关系数大于出苗——始花和全育期的相关系数。     

开花后光照长度对大豆化学品质的影响

 在人工控制条件下研究了开花后光照长度对大豆化学品质的影响及开花后各发育阶段长度与大豆化学品质性状的相关性。试验结果表明，光照长度对大豆化学品质有很大影响。光照长度的作用不仅涉及光合时间，而且与光周期本身的机制有关。长光照下大豆蛋白质含量下降，脂肪含量上升，棕榈酸和油酸占脂肪的比例下降，亚油酸和亚麻酸的比例有所升高，硬脂酸含量存在处理间的显著差异，但与光照长度的关系复杂。开花期、结荚期和鼓粒期的光照处理均对大豆化学品质有影响。相关分析表明，大豆化学品质性状与花荚期和鼓粒期长度关系密切，较长的开花后阶段有利于脂肪含量和亚油酸比例的提高。品种遗传特性对大豆化学品质性状的影响大于光照长度的作用。     

NAA和IBA对菊花生长发育和花期的影响

通过对３个秋菊品种用长日照、ＮＡＡ、ＮＡＡ＋ＩＢＡ组合和自然短日照处理试验,发现长日照处理是秋冬季菊花栽培延迟开花提高品质的最佳途径．ＮＡＡ和ＮＡＡ＋ＩＢＡ组合喷施叶面,可显著延迟秋菊开花,随浓度的提高,延迟开花时间越长．不同的品种株高、叶数、开花直径对生长调节剂反应不一样,短日照迟感型品种使用ＮＡＡ或ＮＡＡ＋ＩＢＡ组合处理比短日照敏感型品种在生长质量与延迟开花方面可获得更好的效果．ＮＡＡ＋ＩＢＡ组合处理效果比ＮＡＡ单独喷施效果好．     

Low soil temperature and drought stress conditions at flowering stage affect physiology and pollen traits of rice

Low temperature and drought stress are the major constraints in rice productivity worldwide. This study investigated the influence of low soil temperature and/or drought stress on physiology and pollen traits of two rice genotypes viz., Guinongzhan and Yueza 763 at flowering stage. The experiment included four treatments, i.e., under the greenhouse natural growth conditions(UC) taken as control, drought stress(DS), the soil water potential was kept at-0.035 to-0.045 MPa(DS), low soil temperature(LT) maintained at 19 to 21°C, combined LT and DS(LT+DS, LD). Results showed that LT, DS, and LD substantially reduced net photosynthetic rate(P_n) and the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII(F_v/F_m), whilst transpiration rate(T_r) was markedly enhanced by under LT in both rice genotypes. The malondialdehyde(MDA) contents were enhanced under LT, DS, and LD in Guinongzhan, whilst the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD), and catalase(CAT) were regulated by LT, DS, and LD in both rice genotypes. Furthermore, anther dehiscence rate, pollen numbers on stigma, pollen viability and pollen germination rate, and anther starch contents were obviously reduced under LT and DS of both rice genotypes. Stress conditions substantially reduced the yield and yield components, i.e., effective panicles, seed set percentage, grain/panicles, 1 000-grain weight, and grain yield of both genotypes and the effects were more apparent in Guinongzhan than those in Yueza 763 whilst combined LT and DS proved more damaging than individual stress.     

光周期对促成栽培芍药生长开花和叶绿素荧光动力学影响

为探讨光周期对促成栽培芍药生长开花和光合机制的影响,给予冬季促成栽培芍药大富贵(DFG)和桃花飞雪(THFX)14 h/d和18 h/d光周期处理,以自然光周期9 h/d为对照(CK)。结果表明:与CK相比,14 h/d光周期对芍药2个品种的生长、叶绿素积累和开花均有利,并促进PSⅡ最大量子效率(Fv/Fm)上升和增强PSⅡ向下游供应电子的能力,使PSⅡ-PSⅠ-碳同化快速达到动态平衡;与CK相比,18 h/d光周期不利于芍药DFG茎伸长,并对其开花有显著抑制作用;18 h/d光周期处理,芍药2个品种电子传递链均在PSⅠ处受阻,同时PSⅠ-碳同化间电子传递平衡被打破;芍药不同品种光合电子传递对光周期响应有差异,DFG整体电子传递活性比THFX高,在14 h/d光周期下,PSⅡ-PSⅠ-碳同化动态变化可更快达到新的动态平衡并保持稳定,对光周期的适应性也比THFX强,这与其生长开花情况表现一致。      

抽穗灌浆早期高温与干旱对不同水稻品种产量和品质的影响

【目的】探讨在高温和干旱胁迫下不同水稻品种产量和品质形成的特点。【方法】常规中熟籼稻品种黄华占（耐热品种）和双桂1号（热敏感品种）与超级稻品种两优培九（两系杂交籼稻）和扬粳4038（粳稻）种植于盆钵,于抽穗和灌浆早期（始穗后0-10 d）设置高温（日最高温度为37.5℃）、干旱（土壤水势保持在-30±10 kPa）、高温+干旱3种处理,以同期自然温度且正常供水为对照。【结果】与对照相比,高温、干旱和高温+干旱3种处理均显著降低了各品种的花粉可育率、受精率、结实率和产量;降低了精米率、整精米率和崩解值,增加了垩白米率、垩白度和消减值。高温及高温+干旱处理对产量和稻米品质的影响,热敏感品种双桂1号大于耐热品种黄华占,两优培九和扬粳4038大于双桂1号和黄华占。干旱对产量和稻米品质的影响,热敏感品种大于耐热品种;双桂1号和黄华占大于两优培九和扬粳4038。高温、干旱或高温+干旱胁迫对产量和稻米品质的影响与其对根系氧化力、叶片光合速率和抗氧化保护酶活性的影响结果趋势一致。【结论】抽穗与灌浆早期高温或干旱胁迫对水稻产量和品质的影响在品种间存在很大差异,双桂1号和黄华占的耐热性强于两优培九和扬粳4038,两优培九和扬粳4038的耐旱性则强于双桂1号和黄华占。在高温或干旱胁迫下根系氧化力、叶片光合速率和抗氧化保护酶活性高是一些水稻品种保持较高产量的重要生理原因。     

黑龙江省大豆不同生育阶段适宜温度与降水量化指标研究

利用黑龙江省7个具有代表性农业气象观测站1981~2014年大豆不同生育阶段逐日气温、逐日降水量、≥10℃有效积温、10 cm地温、密度、产量以及发育天数指标,统计分析黑龙江大豆不同生育阶段适宜温度与降水量。结果表明,黑龙江大豆播种至出苗期适宜10 cm地温为8℃;出苗至开花期适宜平均气温为18~22℃,适宜平均降水量为70~145 mm;开花至结荚期适宜平均气温为19~25℃,适宜平均降水量为70~120 mm;结荚至成熟期适宜平均气温为15~21℃,适宜平均降水量为110~185 mm。     

大豆生态研究──ⅩⅥ．光温综合作用基本原理及生长发育阶段划分的研究

根据野生大豆在原产地自然出苗后生长期间的光温动态规律，提出光温综合作用基本原理，划分生长发育阶段。野生大豆异地种植，根据异地生长期间的光温动态与材料的自然临界光温同时进行光温综合作用规律，提出复式光温综合作用原理，划分生长发育阶段。根据未展开叶生长速度与展开叶感光效应规律提出：气温＜２５．５℃为低温；２５．６～２７．９℃为适宜温度；＞２８℃为高温。根据不同光周期叶片生长速度提出：光照条件＜１３ｈ为短光；１３～１５．５ｈ为适宜光照，＞１５．５ｈ为典型长光。根据光温综合作用确定开花节位过程提出：由子叶感光效应确定的开花节位，即出苗到２复叶未展开叶露叶前为大豆感光阶段，由未展开叶和展开叶感光效应确定的开花节位，即２复叶未展开叶露叶到开花节位复叶发生始为大豆感温阶段。     

21个切花菊品种的光周期与花期调控研究

[目的]研究切花菊的光周期和花期调控。[方法]比较了广州地区常见的21个切花菊品种（11个小菊品种和10个大菊品种）光周期反应。[结果]根据短日照至开花的周数（即光周期敏感性）,切花小菊品种可分为6~10周菊;大菊品种可分为9~12周菊类。为达到切花菊的标准株高,推算不同品种秋冬季长日照灯控处理的天数在14~66 d不等。[结论]为广州地区切花菊的花期调控和延迟栽培提供了理论依据。     

花荚期基因型不同的大豆品种症青发病程度评价及原因分析

大豆症青现象是近些年困扰黄淮海大豆生产的重要问题,但影响大豆症青发生的原因一直不是很明确。研究以16个花荚期进程不同的大豆品种为研究材料,分析了症青严重程度与花荚期天气、生育期进程的相关性。结果表明,在试验年度条件下,所有大豆品种均发生了严重的症青,品种间瘪荚率的差异达到显著或极显著水平。通过对症青株率与开花期和结荚期持续天数、高温日数、降水量、日照时数、平均湿度、每天14点平均气温、品种生育期等13项指标的相关性分析发现,除了症青株率与开花期降水量呈显著负相关外,与花荚期高温等其他因素均不相关。大豆生产上应防止花荚期干旱,以降低大豆症青的风险。