畦田灌溉灌水技术参数优化研究

针对山西部分果园灌水定额偏大的问题,在山西省夹马口灌区果园,根据该地畦田规格、地形条件和实际灌水情况,利用地面灌溉水流运动模拟技术和地面灌溉灌水技术参数优化模型,对灌区三种土壤表面形态即强入渗、较强入渗、中等入渗情况下的地面灌溉的畦田长度和单宽流量等灌水技术参数进行了优化,获得三种土壤入渗类型畦灌优化的灌水技术参数,为方便用户使用提供参考依据。     

基于NSGA-Ⅱ的灌区水资源优化配置模型及应用

【目的】解决灌区水资源短缺、农业用水效率不高的问题,为灌区水资源管理提供科学依据。【方法】基于大系统分解协调原理构建了包含灌区作物种植结构和作物灌溉制度的层次优化模型,并剖析第1层模型中灌水时间对灌溉制度优化的影响,以及第2层模型中生态效益对作物种植结构优化的影响。以宝鸡峡五泉灌区为研究对象,构建了2层协调优化模型,并利用非支配排序遗传算法,实现了灌区水资源的优化配置。【结果】(1)以灌水量和灌水时间为优化对象的优化设计方案,可以提高灌区整体经济效益。第2层模型不考虑生态效益时,灌水量与灌水时间同时优化时的经济效益较只优化灌水量时增加1.87%,而第2层模型考虑生态效益时,对应的增长率为1.32%。(2)在作物种植结构的优化模型层引入生态效益优化目标,虽然经济效益有所降低,但优化后的经济效益依然显著高于现状种植结构下的经济效益,方案1、方案2、方案3和方案4与现状情况下的经济效益相比,增长率分别为15.72%、15.27%、15.99%和15.07%。(3)考虑生态效益后,优化后的生态耦合度值与现状相比也有所提升,提高23.5%。【结论】采用第1层模型优化灌溉水量和灌水时间,且第2层模型考虑经济效益和生态效益的方案,可实现水资源最优配置。     

景泰川灌区灌水计划信息系统设计与实现

针对甘肃省大中型灌区灌水计划制定信息化程度较低的现状,本研究选取景泰川灌区作为研究对象,开展灌区灌水计划的信息系统设计与开发。景泰川灌区灌水计划信息系统设计结合目前灌区由农户、组(庄)、配水点、渠段、水管所、灌溉处等用水者和基层灌溉管理机构逐级审核并上报流程,利用计算机和互联网技术,开发了景泰川灌区灌水计划信息PC端系统和手机APP系统,实现了灌溉管理处年度灌水计划制定的精确、快速和高效,为制定灌水计划及水量调度方案提供第一手资料,为农户、用水者协会和灌区水管理机构提供高效交互平台。     

河灌区低压管道输水灌溉技术研究

通过对河灌区低压输水管灌应用技术、管灌工程规划设计和田间灌水技术等项内容的研究，提出了大口径管材的试验成果、管网附属设施的合理结构形式、施工技术、相应的田间灌水技术参数以及在中、小型河灌区管灌规划设计中的主要参数取值，为淮北河灌区管灌技术的推广应用提供了技术依据。     

基于WinSRFR的畦灌灌水技术参数的多目标模糊优化

为了改善畦灌的灌水效果,以汾东灌区北长寿的灌水试验为背景,基于Win SRFR软件模拟灌水质量的可靠性,以畦田长度L、单宽流量q和灌水时间t为灌水技术参数变量,分析其对灌水效果的影响,并通过Matlab进行了多元回归分析,建立了包括灌水效率Ea、储水效率Es和灌水均匀度Du在内的多目标优化模型。针对该模型存在的模糊性,将模型的目标函数模糊化,对该模型的优化求解进行了研究。根据模糊求解所获得的最优技术参数组合,利用Win SRFR软件模拟,对优化结果进行了分析。结果表明,该优化组合可以有效改善畦灌灌水效果,其优化求解方法可以合理优化灌水技术参数。     

宁夏扬黄灌区春小麦土壤水分蒸散规律试验研究

利用 3年田间试验得到的实测资料 ,初步总结出宁夏扬黄灌区春小麦蒸散规律 ,并利用回归分析方法分别求出了潜在蒸散量、叶面指数与实际蒸散量之间的函数关系 ,为进一步研究本灌区的节水灌溉制度与灌水方法提供了基本依据     

宁夏扬黄灌区春小麦土壤水分蒸散规律试验研究

利用３年田间试验得到的实测资料,初步总结出宁夏扬黄灌区春小麦蒸散规律,并利用回归分析方法分别求出了潜在蒸散量、叶面指数与实际蒸散量之间的函数关系,为进一步研究本灌区的节水灌溉制度与灌水方法提供了基本依据。     

甘肃景泰提水灌区田间灌水技术评价与改进

通过田间灌溉试验和计算机模拟，对景泰提水灌区现行地面灌水技术进行了评价，研究对比了地面灌溉田间灌水效率的2种计算方法，用模拟地面灌水流运动的计算机模型模拟灌溉试验，得到平均灌水均匀度和田间灌水效率，并针对灌区田间灌水技术存在的问题，提出了改进建议。     

灌水延续时间对作物产量及灌溉制度影响的研究

灌水延续时间是确定灌水率进而影响渠道断面大小等工程规模的重要依据。利用天津农学院灌溉试验基地2008年和2009年两个年度冬小麦试验资料率定和检验作物水模型,以作物水模型为依据,以灌溉效益最大为目标,建立了灌溉制度优化模型;采用模式法和外推法,分析确定了考虑灌水延续时间(10、15及20d)与不考虑灌水延续时间两种情况下的最优灌水时间和相应的作物产量。结果表明:不考虑灌水延续时间时,小麦的产量和效益随着灌水次数的增加而增加,并随着灌水次数的增加,相邻两次最优灌水时间间隔明显减小;考虑灌水延续时间确定的优化灌水时间,较常规不考虑灌水延续时间确定的最优灌水时间有明显的提前或延后现象;在有限供水条件下,考虑灌水延续时间进行灌溉制度优化可增加灌区总产量,因此,确定优化灌溉制度时应该考虑灌水延续时间。     

基于模糊几何加权模型的灌区水资源优化配置

针对农业水资源优化配置中多目标赋权的不确定性问题,以黑龙江省绰尔屯灌区为研究区域,构建了基于模糊几何加权法的灌区水资源优化配置模型,把多目标规划问题转化为单目标非线性问题,得到了不同权重下不同生育期的灌区水资源最佳配置方案,并通过灌区综合能力评价体系进行比选.结果表明:通过与线性多目标模糊规划模型的对比,模糊几何加权模型可以根据实际情况对不同目标的权重进行调整,得出该条件下的灌区水资源最佳配置方案;当灌水量权重为0.3和经济权重为0.7时为最优方案,水稻产值为8 245万元,分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、乳熟期的灌水量分别为1 154.56万、779.12万、539.45万、336.57万m³.验证了模糊几何加权法在灌区水资源优化配置的可行性应用,为灌区农业水资源高效利用提供参考方案和决策支持.     

灌区用水优化模型参数全局敏感性分析与不确定性优化

灌区水资源优化配置中存在众多不确定性因素，而考虑不确定性因素的优化模型往往存在结构复杂、不确定性参数考虑有限、计算精度和效率较低等问题。本文将LH-OAT（Latin hypercube-One factor at a time）方法与灌区用水优化模型耦合，构建了灌区用水优化模型参数敏感性分析与不确定性优化方法，并以黑河流域中游典型灌区为案例研究区，对模型中6类共25个不确定性参数进行了全局敏感性分析。计算获得了模型中25个不确定性参数的敏感度排序，并从中筛选出10个高敏感性参数，以高敏感性参数作为优化模型不确定性参数输入，获得了不确定性下的灌区用水优化结果。案例分析表明，该方法有效筛选出优化模型中高敏感的关键参数，综合考虑了不确定性参数对模型优化结果的影响，大大减少了模型不确定性参数的表征数量，降低了模型复杂性，有效提高了模型计算效率，可为灌区水资源优化配置问题提供方法参考。     

基于RS和GIS的灌区增产净效益最大配水模型

在有限供水条件下,为了使全灌区增产净效益达到最大。研究依据非充分灌溉中的调亏灌溉原理和作物的水分生产函数,推导出作物产量与土壤含水率之间的函数关系,并建立了全灌区某次供水增产净效益最大的优化配水模型。根据RS技术能够快速获取信息的特点,以陕西关中冯家山水库北干十一支灌区为例,用RS技术获取灌区土壤含水率情况,再用GIS计算出不同作物灌溉需水量数据,并根据来水量用Matlab计算软件对模型进行求解,可快速获得各斗渠优化配水量。模型在求解时不受灌区类型的限制,因此,模型具有较强的通用性、可操作性和推广性。     

灌区优化调度的节水作用浅析

以 1个水库灌区为例 ,从节水的 3个作用分析了灌溉水资源在时间和空间上优化调度的 2个模型。优化调度不仅能减少灌区水量损失 ,提高水分生产效率 ,还能在提高灌区水分生产效率方面起明显的作用。这类节水技术对于缓解我国农业供水危机具有重要的现实意义 ,是节水技术的一个发展方向     

Crop water requirements for rainfed and irrigated wheat in China and Korea

The parametric crop water use model (WATER) was applied for winter wheat to China and its environs in order to examine the evapotranspiration requirements under rainfed conditions and the associated irrigation water applications necessary for optimal production. A network of 241 stations provided climatic data averaged over a 20 year period. Highest ET under full irrigation (first growing season) was observed in the northwestern inland sections of China and the eastern portions of the Tibetan Plateau, while lowest ET occurred in the southeast; under rainfed conditions, these tendencies nearly reversed. About 400 mm of irrigation water was required in the northwest in order to achieve near-optimum yields in contrast with no such water requirements in the central east of China. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the errors introduced by faulty, uncertain, or missing station data.     

井渠结合灌溉类型区多水源联网优化调度模式研究

针对丘陵地区灌溉水源分散、灌溉保证率低、农业缺水严重、生态环境恶化等突出问题,将多水源联网工程技术与优化调度技术相结合,建立了井渠结合灌区多水源联网优化调度模型,大大提高了灌区水资源的利用效率和灌溉保证率。采用该技术及其他节水措施后,威海井渠结合节水示范区全部耕地可得到灌溉,灌溉后的粮食产量由原来的9000 kg/hm2提高到11550 kg/hm2,示范区平均增产25%。经济、社会与环境效益显著。     

模糊优选决策理论在浑蒲灌区改造中的应用

由于浑蒲灌区水源被污染，农田受到污水灌溉，对人畜造成危害。实现清水污水分流，消除水源污染，成为灌区改造的首要任务。利用模糊优先决策理论，通过4项评判指标对沈阳市浑蒲灌区清污分流与节水改造方案优选，从而找出最佳方案，为项目决策提供参考。     

Optimal furrow irrigation scheduling under heterogeneous conditions

In California, better farm water management practices are needed to meet the increasing water demands by competing water users (industrial, urban, wildlife, etc.), increasing environmental awareness and cost of water. Management can be improved through better irrigation scheduling and irrigation system designs. In this study, optimal furrow irrigation schedules, designs and irrigation adequacy were determined for heterogeneous soil conditions. The seasonal performance between optimal and full irrigation was compared. For the bean crop studied, the maximum return to water was achieved with the irrigation adequacies of 63, 59, 54, 49 and 50%, respectively, for irrigation intervals of 10, 12, 14, 18, and 21 days. An irrigation interval of 10 days with 63% adequacy gave the global maximum return to water. However, the Natural Resource Conservation Service recommended irrigation adequacy for homogeneous soil condition is 87·5%. For any given irrigation interval, optimal irrigation required less (48–63%) water than full irrigation. This also reduced both the deep percolation and runoff losses and caused a 31–43% increase in the application efficiency. Furthermore, loss in revenue due to yield reduction was less than the savings in irrigation cost, which resulted in higher (32–54%) net return to water under the optimal irrigation compared with full irrigation. These results indicate that the optimal irrigation strategy has potential not only for water conservation, but also for reducing non-point source pollution.     

A model for regional optimal allocation of irrigation water resources under deficit irrigation and its applications

It is important to promote efficient use of water through better management of water resources, for social and economical sustainability in arid and semi-arid areas, under the conditions of severe water shortage. Based on the developments in deficit irrigation research, a recurrence control model for regional optimal allocation of irrigation water resources, aiming at overall maximum efficiency, is presented, with decomposition-harmonization principles of large systems. The model consists of three levels (layers). The first level involves dynamic programming (DP) for optimization of crop irrigation scheduling. The second level deals with optimal allocation of water resources among various crops. The last level concerns optimal allocation of water resources among different sub-regions. As a test, this model was applied to the combined optimal allocation of multiple water resources (surface, ground and in-take from the Weihe river) of Yangling, a semi-arid region on the Loess Plateau, China. Exemplary computation showed that not only are the results rational, but the method can also effectively overcome possible “dimensional obstacles” in dynamic programming of multiple dimensions. Furthermore, each sub-model is relatively independent by using various optimization methods. The model represents a new approach for improving irrigation efficiency, implementing water-saving irrigation, and solving the problem of water shortage in the region studied. The model can be extended in arid and semi-arid areas for better water management.     

基于随机降雨的水稻优化灌溉制度

为了确定合理的水稻灌溉制度,在水稻灌溉试验资料的基础上,建立了以旬灌溉水量为决策变量的水稻灌溉制度优化模型,采用了蒙特卡罗方法和漳河灌区30 a实际降雨资料模拟出500 a的旬降雨,运用遗传算法解决以模拟降雨作为输入的优化模型,求得了每个模拟年份各旬在5种设定的灌溉定额条件下的灌溉水量,并通过对结果的统计分析,得到了不同灌溉定额条件下作物生长情况和各旬灌水量的概率分布。结果表明,漳河灌区30 a长序列旬降水服从伽玛分布。灌溉定额为120 mm时,中稻不发生枯萎;灌溉定额为180 mm时,基本保证中稻生长良好。以30 mm为灌水定额步长,灌溉定额为180 mm时,6月上旬和8月上旬各灌30 mm,6月中旬和7月下旬各灌60 mm。6月中旬、7月下旬和8月上旬缺水对产量的影响较大,其需水量应优先被满足。     

Crop water requirements for rainfed and irrigated grain corn in China

A basic parametric crop water use model (WATER) that employes climatic and environmental data to calculate temporal and spatial water consumption for a variety of major corps was applied specifically for grain corn to the region of China and Korea to investigate the evapotranspiration (ET) demand on grain corn and the associated irrigation water applications necessary for optimal crop production. A network of 241 stations provided the seasonal climatic input. The climatic input consisted of data averaged over approximately a 20 year period. Among the results, highest ET under full irrigation (first harvest) occurred in the northwestern inland sections of China, whereas least ET was found for the southeast. Under rainfed conditions, the relationship became nearly inverse. In order to achieve optimum crop yields, about 1000 mm of irrigation water was needed in the northwest, contrasted with none required in the south and east of China. A sensitivity analysis was applied to determine the degree of error introduced by faulty or uncertain environmental input data.