烟秆生物质炭基肥施用对烤烟产质量的影响

为探讨烟秆生物质炭基肥施用对烤烟产质量及病害发生的影响,以烤烟品种‘红花大金元’、‘K326’、‘云烟87’为研究对象,设置1个常规施肥处理(CK)和3个烟秆生物质炭基肥不同施用量处理(T₁为400 g/株,T₂为500 g/株,T₃为600 g/株),测定不同品种及处理下的烤烟生育期、农艺性状、发病率、经济性状、化学成分。结果表明：(1)与对照处理相比,施入烟秆生物质炭基肥均能延长烤烟‘红花大金元’、‘K326’、‘云烟87’的各生育期,且能显著提高烤烟的株高、茎围、有效叶片数、最大叶长和叶宽,其中‘红花大金元’的施用量为600 g/株、‘K326’和‘云烟87’的施用量为500 g/株时对烟株生长发育促进效果最佳。(2)施用烟秆生物质炭基肥处理的烟草花叶病、野火病和气候性斑点病发病率显著低于对照处理,其中‘红花大金元’和‘K326’的施用量为600 g/株、‘云烟87’的施用量为500 g/株时烟株病害发生率最低。(3)施用烟秆生物质炭基肥处理的烟草产量、均价、中上等烟比例和产值显著高于对照处理,其中‘红花大金元’的...     

烤烟新品种遵烟6号产量与农艺性状比较分析

遵烟6号是从烤烟品种红花大金元自然变异株中系统选育而成的烤烟新品种。以烤烟品种遵烟6号、红花大金元、K326进行大区对比试验,试验结果表明：遵烟6号的农艺性状表现较好,抗病性表现最佳,平均产量2 678.4kg/hm2,产值40 756.35元/hm2,均价15.22元/kg,上等烟率为51.12%,中等烟率为33.76%,均高于红花大金元和K326;初烤烟叶化学成分协调,感官评吸质量与K326相当。     

烤烟新品种遵烟6号的特性研究

遵烟6号是贵州省遵义市遵义县从红花大金元品种中获得的自然变异株,经多年系统选育而成,该品种叶片形态特征与红花大金元相似,遗传性状稳定,在株高、叶数、茎围、节距等主要农艺性状上有明显差异;经贵州省烟草科学研究所抗性鉴定和田间多点试验结果表明,遵烟6号中抗青枯病,感烟草花叶病,抗气候性斑点病的能力优于对照;主要经济性状产量、产值和均价均优于对照;各项化学成分指标均在优质烟叶适宜范围内,主要化学成分协调;初烤烟叶感官质量评吸与对照K326相当。     

烤烟新品种南江3号的特征特性研究

贵州省是种烟历史长、种烟面积广、品种更迭较快的烤烟大省,独特的海拔立体气候为外引品种变异提供了良好条件。南江3号就是贵州省贵阳市开阳县在红花大金元品种中发现的自然变异株,该品种农艺性状叶片形态特性与红花大金元相似,遗传性状稳定,田间生长整齐一致,在株高、叶片数、叶色、烟叶烘烤特性等性状上与原品种红花大金元有明显差异,单株有效叶数较多,叶片较大,叶色浓绿,生长势较强,叶片分层落黄,易烘烤;经贵州省烟草科学研究所抗性鉴定和多年田间自然发病调查结果表明,该品种中抗黑胫病和青枯病,感烟草花叶病,气候斑点病轻,抗叶斑类病害的能力优于对照;主要经济性状产量、产值和上等烟率显著高于对照;初烤烟叶外观质量总体略好于对照,主要化学成分含量适宜;比例较协调;感官品质与对照K 326相当。     

烤烟气候性斑点病与植株和土壤的营养关系

摘 要:本文针对在玉溪市烤烟生产上常发生的烤烟气候性斑点病问题,从发生原因的内部因素（烟株营养）方面,采用田间调查、采集配对样品与室内检测分析相结合的方法,并以根际土壤及植株各部位叶片等为探索对象,从病害在田间分布及叶片养分变化等方面开展了研究。结果表明,在烤烟初花期气候性斑点病发生叶位以第4－7叶位（由下至上）的叶片发生较多（占83.5%）。发生气候性斑点病的烟株,内因是由于植株N、Ca、Mg含量过高,而K含量不足,从而提高了 N/K、Mg/K及Ca/K比值,导致N、K、Ca、Mg营养不平衡,其根本原因是由于土壤有效N（特别是速效的NO3－N与NH4－N）及交换性Ca、Mg含量过高,有效K含量过低所致。关键词：烤烟;气候性斑点病;土壤养分;烟叶营养     

盘县烤烟特色品种筛选

烟叶是卷烟工业的原料,在很大程度上决定着卷烟的质量和风格。卷烟是一种嗜好品,不同类群的消费者对卷烟的风格具有不同的要求。本研究是在盘县烟区的特定生态背景下,以云烟87作为对照,筛选出适应盘县烟区的有特色的烤烟品种3个,依次为红花大金元,GY2、K326。     

切花玫瑰硼中毒症及其相关营养元素分析

针对云南省切花玫瑰主产区切花玫瑰营养枝叶片发生"叶缘灰褐色或枯焦斑块"的典型症状,开展了田间调查与室内分析研究。结果表明:该症是由于根际土壤有效B含量或切花玫瑰营养枝叶片B含量过高(分别大于3.41和164 mg/kg)引起的硼中毒症。相比正常切花玫瑰,硼中毒株营养枝及花枝的叶片N、P、K含量分别降低17.7%、31.1%、13.9%,Mg含量提高了38.4%,营养枝叶片Ca含量较高(3.168%),叶片的K/B、Ca/B、Mg/B值分别下降65.6%、66.2%、51.4%;不管是硼中毒株还是正常株,叶片的B含量均表现由营养枝至花枝逐渐降低,而K/B、Ca/B、Mg/B值则均表现逐渐提高的规律。据此说明,在切花玫瑰生产中应该重视平衡施肥。     

不同营养配比对烤烟腺毛密度和石油醚提物含量的影响

通过烟株根部营养和叶面营养试验,研究了不同营养配比对烤烟腺毛密度和石油醚提物含量的影响。结果表明:不同营养配比对腺毛密度和石油醚提物含量均有一定的影响。在根部营养试验中,中、上部烟叶腺毛密度的差异均达到0.05显著水平,通过根部营养可以提高烟叶的腺毛密度,其中以配施饼肥处理的效果最好。中部叶石油醚提物含量的差异未达到0.05显著水平,说明烟叶腺毛密度与石油醚提物含量并不存在必然的联系,石油醚提物含量的高低可能还与烟株腺毛的分泌能力和生长环境有关。叶面营养的喷施同样可以提高烟株石油醚提物含量,其中以喷施醋酸 饼肥水 ZnSO4的效果最好。K326中下二棚烟叶腺毛密度变化幅度较大,其它叶位变化幅度较小。     

番木瓜植株镁钾含量变化与缺钾叶枯病的关系

采用田间调查、采样及其室内分析与田间试验相结合的方法,在低钾而高镁的土壤上,从植株各个部位探索番木瓜植株镁、钾营养变化对其生理性缺钾叶枯症的影响。结果表明,番木瓜叶枯症的发生,除与土壤有效钾缺乏有关外,Mg/K比值过高也是导致该症发生的一个重要原因。发生缺钾叶枯病的番木瓜植株,其根、茎、叶片、叶柄等器官含镁量均明显提高,施用钾肥后不但提高了植株的含K量,而且能抑制番木瓜植株对镁的吸收,从而协调平衡Mg/K比值,生理性缺钾叶枯症得到有效控制。     

不同年代采收的烟草种子农艺性状和经济性状的差异

为探索长期贮藏在云南烟草种质库的种子是否会发生遗传完整性和稳定性的变化,提出种子长期贮藏的安全指标.取出1979～2000年采收的红花大金元、K326和G-28共3个烤烟品种的种子共28份,分别进行苗期和大田期主要农艺性状观察,并对各经济性状指标进行比较.结果表明:苗期生长势与种子发芽势有关.发芽势较低的种子出苗缓慢,成苗期晚,反映到大田期产量和产值较低,烟叶品质较差.反之,发芽势较高的种子田间生长势强,可获得较高的产量和产值,原种较其他种子表现出较强的优势.同一品种不同年代生产的种子株高差异较大,叶数次之,茎围、节距相差不大.不同年代的红花大金元产量和上等烟比例无显著差异;产值、均价和级指差异显著.不同年代的K326除产量外的其他经济性状指标都有显著差异.各年度G-28产量、产值和上等烟差异显著,均价和级指无显著差异.通过这个试验,目前还没有发现明显的植物学特征的变化,也就是说,烟草种子在目前的条件下贮藏是安全的.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...