不同家禽红细胞悬液对禽流感血清抗体检测的影响

为探讨不同家禽红细胞对禽流感血清抗体检测的影响，对不同家禽的禽流感阳性血清分别经不同方法处理后，做了一系列对比试验。结果发现，经受体破坏酶(RDE)处理后，虽然可以消除异种家禽血清对异种家禽红细胞的非特异性凝集作用的影响，但因处理复杂，费用高，不宜推广应用；经鸡红细胞吸附处理，可明显降低水禽血清对异种红细胞的非特异性凝集作用，但处理费时；而用水禽红细胞检测同种水禽的禽流感血清抗体，可以有效去除血清非特异性凝集的影响．且更能准确地反映水禽经禽流感疫苗免疫后的抗体水平。因而，应选用与宿主来源相同的红细胞悬液检测水禽禽流感血清抗体。     

不同种家禽红细胞对水禽禽流感抗体效价的影响

为探讨不同种家禽红细胞对禽流感血清抗体效价的影响,对鸭、鹅的禽流感免疫血清分别经不同方法处理后,做了一系列对比试验。结果发现,受体破坏酶(RDE)可以完全去除水禽血清中的非特异性凝集抑制因子,但RDE处理血清的成本较高,在临床中不易广泛使用。用5%或20%鸡红细胞吸附处理,可减少水禽血清中非特异性凝集因子对检测的影响,但吸附不完全,且耗时。因此,做HI试验时最好用同种禽类的红细胞来检测血清的禽流感抗体效价,即鸭禽流感血清用鸭红细胞悬液,鹅禽流感血清用鹅红细胞悬液,这样几乎可完全排除非特异性凝集和非特异性凝集抑制因子对水禽禽流感抗体检测的影响。如果没有鸭、鹅的红细胞也可以使用鸡红细胞代替检测鸭、鹅血清,但鸭、鹅血清必须进行试验前的处理。     

不同种禽红细胞对禽流感血清抗体检测的影响

为摸清不同种禽红细胞对禽流感血清抗体检测结果的影响,本试验通过对经20%鸡红细胞吸附处理后和不进行任何处理的鸡、鸭和鹅的禽流感阳性血清,分别用1%的鸡红细胞、鸭红细胞和鹅红细胞进行血凝试验(HA)和血凝抑制试验(HI)。结果发现,用鸡红细胞检测水禽血清会出现非特异性的凝集,经20%鸡红细胞吸附处理后能去除水禽血清中部分的非特异性凝集因子,而选用相应的禽红细胞进行禽流感抗体检测则不存在非特异性的影响。因此,进行禽流感血清抗体检测时应选用各自对应的禽红细胞。     

水禽禽流感HI抗体检测方法的探讨

2003年国家质量监督检验检疫总局出台了<高致病性禽流感诊断技术>(GB/T18936-2003)[1],标准中要求采用鸡红细胞作为血凝与血凝抑制试验的指示细胞监测禽流感抗体,这对于免疫鸡血清中的相应抗体水平监测比较合理[2-4],但对鸭、鹅及其他免疫禽类进行HI抗体水平监测时,常出现非特异性凝集现象[2-3],对检测结果的判定影响较大.有鉴于此,本试验拟对禽流感疫苗免疫后的水禽血清HI抗体检测方法进行探讨,研究适合免疫水禽禽流感HI抗体检测的方法.     

鸭禽流感免疫抗体血凝检测及其应用

鸭是禽流感传播链中的一个重要环节,能否有效防控鸭禽流感的关键之一是使用科学的检测方法.目前,是参照禽流感血凝(HA)和血凝抑制(HI)试验标准(GB/T18936-2003)[1],但是,鸭体内含有非特异性抑制因子,血清中的唾液酸残基会模拟红细胞受体,同红细胞受体竞争与流感病毒血凝素的结合,因而会导致非特异性抑制结果(假阳性)的出现,用鸡红细胞悬液检测水禽禽流感血清抗体时,常常存在非特异性凝集现象,出现前带和后带现象,有时能严重影响结果的判定.为此,本文采用不同种家禽的红细胞悬液做重复试验,探讨水禽血清的处理方法及不同种的家禽红细胞悬液对水禽禽流感血清抗体检测的影响, 在临床应用中,可为鸭禽流感免疫技术提供参考依据.     

用鸭红细胞悬液消除非特异性凝集因子对鸭禽流感HI试验的影响

禽流感自1878年在意大利首次发生以来,该病不断蔓延。近年来,在许多国家和地区出现暴发和流行,成为严重危害养禽业健康发展的一种主要家禽传染病。加强禽流感的监测是预防和控制禽流感的重要措施。目前,基层单位大都采用微量红细胞血凝抑制试验(简称HI试验)来检测家禽禽流感血清抗体。但在检测过程中,笔者发现依照国标的要求采用鸡红细胞悬液来检测水禽禽流感血清抗体时,常常存在非特异性凝集现象。本试验用鸭红细胞悬液替代鸡红细胞悬液来检测水禽禽流感血清HI抗体,探讨是否能消除非特异性凝集因子对鸭禽流感HI试验的影响,现报道如下。1…     

不同禽红细胞对水禽禽流感血凝抑制试验结果的影响

禽流感是由正黏病毒科A型流感病毒引起的一种禽类烈性传染病,对养禽业及人类健康都会产生严重危害.对家禽进行禽流感疫苗预防接种是我国防治禽流感的主要措施之一.血凝和血凝抑制试验是监测家禽抗体水平、了解家禽免疫效果、建立合理免疫程序的有效方法,由于禽流感病毒具有凝集红细胞的特性,在禽流感血凝抑制试验中,采用鸡红细胞作为检测指示剂.在日常检测中,有许多水禽血清样品需要检测.为了解不同禽红细胞作指示剂对水禽禽流感血凝抑制试验结果的影响,进行了本次试验.……     

H5亚型禽流感疫苗对特禽及水禽的免疫效果观察

用H5N2亚型禽流感疫苗,分别免疫SPF鸡、乌鸡、珍珠鸡、贵妃鸡、火鸡、鸭及鹅,免疫后采血测定其HI抗体,观察我国现有的H5N2亚型禽流感疫苗对特禽及水禽的免疫效力.结果,免疫后3周,SPF鸡、乌鸡、珍珠鸡、贵妃鸡、火鸡、鸭及鹅的平均HI抗体滴度分别为2 7.2、2 7.6、2 4.3、2 4.83、2 4.6、2 6.2及2 5.3,乌鸡两次免疫,其中一次HI抗体为2 9.65.试验证明,SPF鸡、特禽及水禽用H5N2亚型禽流感疫苗免疫后,均能产生一定水平的HI抗体,但不同种类的家禽所产生的HI抗体滴度存在较大差异,以SPF鸡及乌鸡所产生的HI抗体滴度最高,而珍珠鸡、贵妃鸡及火鸡所产生的HI抗体滴度较低,水禽对H5N2亚型禽流感疫苗可产生一定水平的HI抗体.     

利用不同源红细胞检测鹅禽流感抗体效价的报告

从某一已免疫禽流感的种鹅场采取30份血样，分别以健康鸡红细胞悬液和健康皖西白鹅红细胞悬液为指示剂，对30份血样进行禽流感血凝和血凝抑制试验。结果：用鸡红细胞悬液作指示剂进行血凝试验，测出抗原4HAU为1：32；用鹅红细胞悬液作指示剂进行血凝试验，测出抗原4HAU为1：8以1：32倍数稀释抗原，分别用鸡红细胞和鹅红细胞悬液作指示剂进行血凝抑制试验，测出30份鹅血清禽流感H5免疫抗体效价的平均值分别为2^5.8和2^3.9；以1：8倍数稀释抗原，用鹅红细胞悬液作指示剂进行血凝抑制试验，测出30份鹅血清禽流感免疫抗体的平均效价为2^5.1。     

用鸽鸡红细胞进行禽流感血凝抑制试验的比较

分别用1％鸽红细胞和1％鸡红细胞,对经H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫过的鹅、鸽、鸡的血清,按照不同血清处理方法,进行禽流感血凝抑制试验.结果表明,鸽红细胞作指示细胞,检测鸽免疫血清HI抗体效价效果优于鸡红细胞,但不适于检测鹅、鸡的免疫血清的HI抗体效价.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.