Effects of indoleacetic acid and kinetin on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense in various tissues of rats

This study aims to investigate the effects of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and kinetin (Kn), which are plant growth regulators (PGRs), on antioxidant defense systems [reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT)], and lipid peroxidation level (malondialdehyde, MDA) various tissues of rats. Rats (Sprague-Dawley albino) were exposed to 100 ppm IAA and Kn. One hundred parts per million of PGRs was administered orally to rats ad libitum for 21 days continuously. The PGRs treatments caused different effects on the content of MDA and antioxidant defense system in comparison to those of control rats. According to the results, the subchronic treatments of IAA caused significant decrease in the GSH concentration and CAT activity in erythrocyte. Kn decreased GSH concentration in erythrocyte too. While the MDA concentration in brain was increased significantly by IAA and Kn, Kn decreased significantly brain CAT and GST activity. The liver GST activity was decreased by IAA and Kn. But, liver CAT activity was increased by IAA. On the other hand, while IAA treatment caused a significant decrease kidney GST activity, Kn caused a significant decrease both kidney GST and CAT activity. Also, while heart CAT activity was decreased by IAA, heart GST activity was decreased by both IAA and Kn. Moreover, MDA concentration in heart was increased by Kn treatment. It was concluded that IAA might effect MDA and antioxidant defense on the animals at subchronic treatment.     

Determination of toxicity of trichloroacetic acid in rats: 50 days drinking water study

This study aims to investigate the effects of the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) on serum marker enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanin aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)], antioxidant defense systems [Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT)] and lipid peroxidation content (Malondialdehyde, MDA) in various tissues of rats. TCA (2000 ppm) as drinking water was administered orally to rats (Sprague-Dawley albino) ad libitum for 50 days continuously. TCA treatments caused different effects on the serum marker enzymes, antioxidant defense systems and the MDA content in experimented rats compared to controls. Results showed that TCA caused a significant increase in serum AST, ALT, CPK and ACP activity. The lipid peroxidation end product MDA slightly increased in the erythrocytes, liver and kidney of rats treated with TCA, whereas did not change in the brain. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activity such as CAT and SOD significantly increased in the brain, liver and kidney tissues of TCA induced group whereas the ancillary enzyme GR and the drug metabolizing enzyme GST activity did not significantly change in the all tissues. The observations presented led us to conclude that the administration of subchronic TCA promotes lipid peroxidation content, elevates tissue damage serum marker enzymes and fluctuates in the antioxidative systems in rats. Also the rats resisted to oxidative stress via antioxidant mechanism but the antioxidant mechanism could not prevent the increases in lipid peroxidation in rat’s tissues. These data, along with the determined changes suggest that TCA produced substantial systemic organ toxicity in the erythrocyte, liver, brain and kidney during the period of a 50-day subchronic exposure.     

Antioxidant and immune potential marker enzymes assessment in the various tissues of rats exposed to indoleacetic acid and kinetin: A drinking water study

In the present study, the influence of two different PGRs, indoleacetic acid (IAA) and kinetin (Kn) on immune potential enzymes, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), and antioxidant defense enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in various tissues of rats were investigated during the treatment as a drinking water model. 100 ppm of IAA and Kn as drinking water were administered orally to rats (Sprague-Dawley albino) ad libitum for 21 days continuously. The PGRs treatments caused different effects on the immune potential and antioxidant defense enzymes of experimented rats compared to controls. Results show that IAA caused a significant decrease in GR activity in the lungs and liver and an increase in the spleen. Also, IAA caused a significant decline in GPx activity in the lungs and an increase in the heart. SOD was significantly reduced in the heart, while increased in the lungs. Furthermore, IAA caused a significant decrease in ADA activity in the heart and blood whereas an increase in the kidney and spleen. MPO activity was also significantly increased in the heart by IAA treatment. The activity of enzymes were also seriously affected by Kn; GR activity decreased in the lungs, brain, and blood while GPx activity decreased in the spleen, brain, and heart. ADA activity was also significantly reduced in the blood whereas MPO activity rose in the spleen. In addition, SOD activity lowered in all tissues except for lungs where a significant increment was determined. As a conclusion, the results indicate that PGRs might affect on antioxidant and immune potential enzymes. These data, along with the determined changes suggest that PGRs produced substantial systemic organ toxicity in the erythrocyte, liver, brain, heart, lungs, spleen, and kidney during the period of a 21-day subacute exposure.     

干旱胁迫对不同根型苜蓿内源激素含量的影响

为探究不同根型苜蓿在不同生长年限的抗旱性与内源激素间的关系,采用高效液相色谱法测定根茎型、直根型、根蘖型苜蓿播种当年及生长第2年在干旱胁迫后地上与地下部内源激素吲哚乙酸（IAA）、赤霉素（GA₃）、玉米素（ZT）和脱落酸（ABA）含量。结果表明,随干旱胁迫加剧,播种当年及生长第2年,根茎型、直根型和根蘖型苜蓿地上、地下部IAA和ZT含量显著降低,相比CK,IAA的年均降幅分别为50.09%、36.52%、49.15%和58.17%、53.42%、56.62%,ZT的年均降幅分别为38.11%、52.57%、36.18%和43.86%、63.94%、54.17%。ABA含量显著升高,随生长年限延长增幅降低,种植当年及生长第2年的增幅分别处于62.50%～358.82%和19.70%～85.19%之间;而GA₃含量在播种当年显著下降,生长第2年中、重度胁迫下达到峰值。相比CK,播种当年地上、地下部GA₃/ABA、IAA/ABA、（IAA+GA₃+ZT）/ABA比值及干质量随胁迫加剧呈下降趋势;生长第2年...     

Plant growth regulators induced changes in antioxidant potential and andrographolide content in Andrographis paniculata Wall.ex Nees

In this study, 5 μM ABA and GA₃ concentration were used to study the effect of these growth regulators on the andrographolide content and antioxidant potentials of Andrographis paniculata. The growth regulators were applied by means of foliar spray during morning hours. A significant enhancement in non-enzymatic antioxidant contents was observed in all sampling days in A.paniculata plants under ABA and GA₃ treatments. Ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol content was increased significantly under the growth regulator treatments in leaves, stem and roots of A. paniculata. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were increased by ABA and GA₃ treatments in the leaves, stem and roots of A. paniculata plants. The HPLC analysis was used to quantify the andrographolide content in control and growth regulator treated plants. The growth regulators ABA and GA₃ treated plants showed increased contents of andrographolide when compared to control.     

Effects of dichlorvos on lipid peroxidation in mice on subacute and subchronic periods

In this study, the effects of dichlorvos to lipid peroxidation were investigated at subacute and subchronic periods. Dichlorvos was given with drinking water to Swiss Albino male mice in three dosage levels as 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg b.w. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by determining the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma, determining the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in erythrocytes. The analysis of these enzymes was done in blood samples collected from mice on the days 15 and 45. The results showed that MDA levels increased in dichlorvos treated groups. Actually MDA levels in control and dichlorvos treated groups were determined (as nmol/ml) 10.49, 13.83, 14.30, and 14.50, respectively, at subacute period; 7.77, 8.15, 10.88, and 12.33, respectively, at subchronic period. Catalase activity in erythrocytes decreased at subacute and subchronic periods in dichlorvos treated groups. At subacute period CAT activities were determined (as k/mg Hb) in control and dichlorvos treated groups, 563.45, 532.11, 524.76, and 497.08, respectively; 660.53, 588.84, 525.85, and 512.01, respectively, at subchronic period. When subacute and subchronic periods were compared with each other; it was shown that SOD and CAT activities increased at subchronic period.     

苯肽胺酸对辣椒内源激素及果实品质和产量的影响

明确苯肽胺酸对作物内源激素和果实品质及产量的影响,对其在农业生产中合理使用具有重要意义。本研究以辣椒为供试作物,芸苔素内酯为对照药剂,在田间小区试验条件下,采用酶联免疫吸附 (ELISA) 等生理生化测定方法,研究了不同质量浓度的苯肽胺酸处理 (133.3、200.0、266.7 mg/L) 对辣椒叶片中内源激素含量、果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明:与空白对照相比,分别于辣椒蕾期、花期和果期喷施苯肽胺酸后,其叶片中生长素 (IAA) 和玉米素 (ZT) 含量分别提高了4.15%~28.54%和23.41%~163.10%,脱落酸 (ABA) 含量降低了5.47%~28.97%,而对赤霉素 (GA₃) 含量无明显影响;苯肽胺酸处理的辣椒叶片中IAA/ZT比值呈先降低后升高趋势,而IAA/ABA、ZT/ABA、GA₃/ABA的比值在各测定期均升高;对照药剂芸苔素内酯处理对辣椒叶片内源激素的含量和比例也有较明显的影响,但与苯肽胺酸处理相比存在一定的差异。苯肽胺酸处理能明显改善辣椒果实品质,与空白对照相比,单果质量、果形指数和干重 (每100 g鲜果) 最高可分别增加14.75%、49.67%和26.09%,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C和辣椒素含量分别提高69.75%~99.62%、29.17%~94.32%、15.86%~55.35%和1.82%~31.69%;苯肽胺酸处理具有明显增产效果,总产量比空白对照增加了20.66%~37.19%;芸苔素内酯处理也能改善果实品质和提高产量,尤其是增产效果明显,较空白对照增加了38.02%,但改善果实品质的整体效果弱于苯肽胺酸。研究表明,苯肽胺酸能够影响辣椒叶片的内源激素含量和比例,并可提高辣椒产量和改善果实品质,但与芸苔素内酯对辣椒的作用机理和效果不同,其田间推荐剂量为有效成分质量浓度133.3~200.0 mg/L。     

喷施外源激素对棉株棉花黄萎病发病程度的影响

通过温室人工接菌 ,研究了喷施 4种外源激素 3-吲哚乙酸、赤霉素、脱落酸和反 -玉米素对棉苗棉花黄萎病发病程度的影响。结果表明赤霉素在5.0～80.0μg/ml浓度范围内 ,提高了棉苗抗病性 ,但棉苗表现徒长、叶片畸形 ;反 -玉米素25.0～80.0μg/ml明显促进了病情发展 ;3-吲哚乙酸10μg/ml,脱落酸0.5μg/ml,反 -玉米素10 μg/ml的处理对降低棉苗的发病率和发病程度作用较明显。     

Biochemical and histological effects of gibberellic acid on Locusta migratoria migratoria fifth instar larvae

Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃), a plant growth regulator, on Locusta migratoria migratoria fifth instar larvae. Newly emerged larvae were exposed to various concentrations of GA₃ administered by topical application or by forced ingestion. Results showed that treated insects exhibited toxic symptoms with a dose-dependent mortality. GA₃ toxicity was also demonstrated by perturbation of the moult processes. In fact, we noted that treated insects present exuviations difficulties due to the impossibility to reject the old integuments causing mortality in the 5th instar larvae. Histological study of proventriculus revealed alterations in the epithelial cells and absence of apolysis phenomenon. Data also showed that GA₃ induced significant quantitative variation of haemolymph metabolites. These changes result in a significant decrease in the total concentration of proteins and carbohydrates and an increase in the total concentration of haemolymph lipids.     

上海地产葡萄和草莓中植物生长调节剂残留及膳食摄入风险评估

为进一步提高上海市地产葡萄和草莓的安全生产水平,降低消费者的膳食摄入风险,对2018–2019年间上海当地所产152份葡萄和91份草莓样品中的20种植物生长调节剂(PGRs)残留进行了实地调研及检测分析,并就其对不同人群的长期和短期膳食摄入风险进行了初步评估.调研发现:上海市地产葡萄普遍在开花前后使用赤霉酸和氯吡脲,而...     

乙烯利对不同基因型玉米节间伸长和内源激素的影响

在玉米拔节期对12个常用玉米自交系喷施200 mg/L的乙烯利,探讨了乙烯利对不同基因型玉米节间伸长和内源激素的影响。结果表明,乙烯利处理后,除郑58、L6M、K12、豫自87-1和8085泰5个自交系各性状与对照相比无显著差异外,其余自交系表现为株高和穗位高降低,基部第3、4、5节间长度缩短,内源激素生长素(IAA)含量、赤霉素(GA4)与脱落酸(ABA)的比值降低,ABA含量升高,且差异均达显著或极显著水平,而GA4含量无明显变化规律。不同玉米自交系的形态指标(株高、穗位高和第3、4、5节间长度)和内源激素(IAA含量、ABA含量及GA4/ABA比值)均存在很大差异,相对变化百分数从6.41%到102.64%不等。各指标均能反映出不同基因型玉米植株对乙烯利的敏感性,其中,敏感性相对较强的有昌7-2、浚928、Mo17和丹340;相对较弱的有郑58、L6M、K12、豫自87-1和8085泰。     

赤霉素缓解Mn~(2+)对草甘膦拮抗效应的研究

为探索能够减轻或消除Mn2+对草甘膦拮抗效应的方法,以高羊茅为试材,将赤霉素(GA3)与草甘膦和硫酸锰(Mn2+质量分数为0.1%)混用,研究了赤霉素对Mn2+降低草甘膦药效的缓解作用。结果表明:赤霉素+草甘膦+硫酸锰处理组高羊茅比同剂量草甘膦+硫酸锰处理组叶色更黄,萎蔫更严重,与同剂量草甘膦单剂处理组比较接近,其中加入50 mg/L赤霉素处理组缓解草甘膦拮抗效应的效果最好。赤霉素+草甘膦+硫酸锰处理组高羊茅的干、鲜重及叶绿素含量均低于草甘膦+硫酸锰处理组,而丙二醛和莽草酸含量均明显高于草甘膦+硫酸锰处理组。处理后第6天,赤霉素+草甘膦+硫酸锰组莽草酸含量分别比草甘膦+硫酸锰组增加了49.8%(加入50 mg/L赤霉素)和28.8%(加入30 mg/L赤霉素),差异显著;处理后第2天,赤霉素+草甘膦+硫酸锰组丙二醛含量分别比草甘膦+硫酸锰组增加了54.1%(加入50 mg/L赤霉素)和52.9%(加入30 mg/L赤霉素),差异显著。研究表明,将赤霉素与锰肥和草甘膦混合喷施,将有可能在一定程度上缓解Mn2+对草甘膦的拮抗效应,保证草甘膦的除草效果。     

Effects of gibberellic acid on ovarian biochemical composition and ecdysteroid amounts in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera,Acrididae)

Migratory locusts represent the most important crop pests in Africa and Asia. Because environmental damages are associated with the use of synthetic insecticides in locust and grasshopper control, new environmentally acceptable approaches are becoming increasingly important. The effects of gibberellic acid (GA₃), a plant growth regulator, was investigated by topical application and ingestion on the reproductive physiology and ecdysteroids production of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria at concentrations of 125, 625, 3125, 4125, 5125 and 6125 μg/mL. The treatment applied to adult females during the pre-ovipositional phase provokes a significant adverse influence on their reproductive potential. Indeed, GA₃ significantly reduced both fecundity and fertility. Gibberellic acid also caused disturbances in the incorporation of the hemolymph metabolites (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) in the oocyte resulting in a significant reduction in their concentrations in the ovaries. Ecdysteroid production was measured by an enzymo-immunoassay. GA₃, administered by ingestion to the adult females, significantly reduced the ecdysteroid titers in ovaries and freshly laid eggs.     

Wild oats (Avenu fatua L.) seed dormancy as influenced by sodium hypochlorite, moist storage and gibberellin A3

Incubation in gibberellin A₃ (GA₃) or a 1 h immersion pretreatment with 800 mm sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) both promoted 20% germination of freshly harvested dormant wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seeds that had been imbibed on water for 10 days. GA₃ immediately following 1 h NaOCl immersion pretreatment induced maximum germination. Moist storage (MS) after NaOCl immersion pretreatment resulted in less germination on transference of the seeds to GA₃, indicating that GA₃ responsiveness was lost during MS. These seeds required a repeal NaOCl immersion plus a GA₃ treatment to induce maximum germination. However, GA₃ still gave maximum germination if the seeds were stored dry after initial NaOCl immersion. Seeds with water-induced dormancy responded similarly to freshly harvested dormant seeds when treated with NaOCl, MS, or GA₃. Seeds afterripened a longer time had a reduced requirement for exogenous GA₃ in the breaking of dormancy indicating that the depth of the GA₃-dependent dormancy decreased with duration of after-ripening. Dormant dehulled seeds with a brief NaOCl pretreatment germinated about 30% on water but gave maximum germination when incubated on GA₃, an effect that persisted even after 21 days of MS. This effect, coupled with the previous findings, suggested that the NaOCl treatment weakened membrane barriers of the seed coat through a scarification-like effect, similar to the effects of piercing and acid immersion, and thereby produced increased sensitivity to the presence of GA₃. The loss of responsiveness to GA₃ in NaOCl-treated seeds during MS may involve the restoration of integrity of the seed coverings, a process occurring only in the imbibed state, and, presumably, most rapidly in freshly harvested, intact seeds.     

Spray application factors and plant growth regulator performance: II. Foliar uptake of gibberellic acid and 2,4-D

Effects of droplet size and carrier volume on foliar uptake and translocation of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and 2,4-D were investigated. Simulated spray droplets were applied to primary leaves of 10-day-old Phaseolus vulgaris (cv Nerina) in droplet sizes and carrier volumes ranging from 0.5 to 10 μl and 10 to 200 μl per leaf, respectively. Doses of GA₃ (2 μg per leaf) and 2,4-D (100 μg per leaf) were held constant. Total uptake of GA₃ approached a penetration equilibrium within 24 h after application, but uptake of 2,4-D continued to increase. Decreasing droplet size and/or increasing carrier volume increased GA₃ and 2,4-D uptake. Translocation to stem and roots was positively related to total uptake. A positive linear relationship between the logarithm of the total droplet/leaf surface interface area and 2,4-D uptake or translocation was found, but for GA₃ this relationship was quadratic. Potential mechanisms of the effects of spray application factors on foliar uptake are discussed. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chlorpyrifos induced alterations in the levels of hydrogen peroxide,nitrate and nitrite in rat brain and liver

Organophosphate pesticides are among the most widely used synthetic chemicals for controlling a wide variety of pests. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is among the leading organophosphate (OP) pesticides used extensively throughout the world including India. Besides being potent anticholinesterase compounds, these OP pesticides are known to generate oxidative stress. Present study was carried out to see the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), nitrate (NO₃⁻) and nitrite (NO₂⁻) in different parts of rat brain and liver after giving different doses of CPF intramuscularly for 3 days or for 1 month. Results of the present study clearly revealed that levels of H₂O₂, NO₃⁻ and NO₂⁻ were increased significantly in all the three parts of rat brain i.e., fore-, mid- and hind-brain as well as in liver of rats given for 3 days or 1 month due to exposure of different doses of CPF. The study clearly demonstrated that CPF generated oxidative stress in all the three brain regions as well as liver of rats and the ROS were accumulated. Accumulation of ROS in all the regions of brain and other tissues may disturb the normal physiological functions aggravating the toxicity symptoms of CPF.     

Germination response of Orobanche seeds subjected to conditioning temperature, water potential and growth regulator treatments

Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are parasitic weeds that cause significant losses of crop yield. Experiments were conducted to investigate the seed response to the artificial germination stimulant GR₂₄ in three species of Orobanche subjected to preconditioning under various temperatures, water potentials and with plant growth regulators. The highest germination percentages were observed in Orobanche ramosa, Orobanche aegyptiaca and Orobanche minor seeds conditioned at 18°C for 7 days followed by germination stimulation at 18°C. With the increase of the conditioning period (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), the germination percentage of O. ramosa and O. aegyptiaca progressively decreased. When conditioned at −2 MPa, the germination percentage was lower than at 0 and −1 MPa, especially at 13 and 28°C. Orobanche minor seeds could retain relatively high germination if conditioned at 18, 23 or 28°C, even after significantly extended conditioning periods (up to 84 days). GA₃ (30–100 mg L⁻¹), norflurazon and fluridone (10–100 mg L⁻¹), and brassinolide (0.5–1.0 mg L⁻¹) increased seed germination, while 0.01 mg L⁻¹ uniconazole significantly reduced germination rates of all three Orobanche spp. The promotional effects of GA₃ and norflurazon and the inhibitory effect of uniconazole were evident, even when they were treated for 3 days. Germination of Orobanche seeds was much lower when the unconditioned seeds were directly exposed to GR₂₄ at 10⁻⁶ m . This early GR₂₄-induced inhibition was however alleviated or even eliminated by the inclusion of GA₃ or norflurazon (10–50 mg L⁻¹) in the conditioning medium. On the contrary, the inclusion of uniconazole increased the inhibitory effect of GR₂₄, particularly in the case of O. ramosa.     

Spray application factors and plant growth regulator performance: I. Bioassays and biological response

Bioassays were adapted to investigate effects of droplet size and carrier volume on performance of daminozide, gibberellic acid (GA₃) and 2,4-D using Phaseolus vulgaris L. as a model system. Response to plant growth regulators was indexed by inhibition (daminozide), promotion of internode elongation (GA₃) or ethylene production (2,4-D). Elongation of first plus second internodes above primary leaves was evaluated 14 days after treatment of primary leaves, while ethylene production was determined from head-space samples of incubated leaves 24 h after treatment. Daminozide inhibition of internode elongation was related to decreased cell size and number in pith and epidermis (range 49–70% of the untreated control). GA₃ increased cell size and number in both tissues 2·3- to 4·8-fold. Responsiveness to daminozide and 2,4-D markedly decreased as seedling age increased from 8 to 12 days, but responsiveness to GA₃ increased. Decreasing droplet size (10–0·5 μl) and increasing carrier volume (10–200 μl per leaf) at constant dose of daminozide (100 μg per leaf) and 2,4-D (100 μg per leaf) significantly increased performance, but had little effect on performance of GA₃ (2 μg per leaf). Effects of application factors on performance were related to their effects on the interface area between droplets and leaf surface. Significant positive linear relationships were obtained between plant response and the logarithm of the droplet/leaf interface area for all growth regulators. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

Utilization of Parthenium hysterophorus for the remediation of lead‐contaminated soil

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the role of plant growth regulators, a chelating agent, and plant growth‐promoting bacteria in lead (Pb) phytoextraction and their subsequent effect on the weed plant, Parthenium hysterophorus. Gibberellic acid (GA₃) and indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) were used as the foliar spray. Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) was applied in split doses. Bacillus and Rhizobium strains were used as a single culture and as co‐cultures. The accumulation of Pb in different parts of the plant was analyzed by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The amount of lead translocation and accumulation in the stems and leaves was significantly higher in the hormonal and EDTA treatments, while the microbial treatments showed no significant difference in the amount of Pb translocation into the stems and leaves, when compared to the control. The EDTA increased the amount of translocation into the shoots, but the dry biomass declined and subsequently reduced the total Pb phytoextraction. The GA₃ treatment showed the maximum total Pb accumulation, along with a higher dry biomass. The microbial co‐inoculated plants showed a significant increase in their dry biomass but the Pb accumulation did not increase like with the GA₃ and IAA treatments. These findings encourage the use of the GA₃ application for Pb phytoextraction by P. hysterophorus. One important feature of this weed plant is its unpalatable nature to herbivores, which could help in reducing the entrance of Pb into the food chain. Gibberellic acid is environmentally friendly compared to EDTA; therefore, more investigation of GA₃ and P. hysterophorus is required.     

Haematological and biochemical responses of freshwater teleost fish Cyprinus carpio (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) during acute and chronic sublethal exposure to lindane

The impact of acute and sublethal toxicity of a synthetic organochlorine pesticide lindane on some haematological and biochemical parameters of a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was estimated. The median lethal concentration of lindane for 24 h was 0.38 ppm. During acute treatment (24 h), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and erythrocyte (RBC) values were decreased, whereas leucocyte (WBC) count increased in the pesticide treated fish. The hematological indices like mean cellular volume (MCV), mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were decreased when compared to control group. Biochemical profiles like plasma glucose and protein levels were increased in lindane exposed fish showing a percent increase of 50.36 and 3.98 at the end of 24 h treatment. However, glycogen content in liver and muscle were decreased showing a percent decrease of 21.70 and 1.74. In sublethal treatment (1/10th of LC50 24 h value, 0.038 ppm), RBC count was decreased whereas WBC count increased in the pesticide treated fish throughout the study period (25 days). Hb and Hct values were decreased up to 10th day and after that recovered showing a significant increase in the rest of the study period. Similarly, a biphasic response was observed in the value of MCV, MCH and MCHC. Plasma glucose level was significantly increased while plasma protein level decreased throughout the study period. Further, glycogen level in muscle and liver were showed a mixed trend. In the present study, the pesticide lindane caused alterations on haematological and biochemical parameters of C. carpio and these alterations can be used as non specific biomarkers in pesticide contaminated aquatic ecosystem.