盐土条件下不同品系藜麦生理特性和 产量指标对花期渍水胁迫的响应

【目的】探索盐土条件下不同藜麦品系花期遭受渍水胁迫的响应机制,促进沿海地区藜麦的引进、选育和推广种植。【方法】选取4个藜麦品系(SL 21、SL 44、SL 24和SL 45),采用盆栽实验,以不渍水为对照(CK),研究了盐土环境下藜麦花期对不同渍水持续时间(4、8和12 d)的生理特性和产量构成响应,并明确了排水指标。【结果】盐土条件下,随着渍水时间的增加,4个品系藜麦叶片的丙二醛(MDA)物质的量浓度呈增加趋势,叶绿素Chl(a+b)量、可溶性蛋白(SP)量、可溶性糖(SS)量、光合指标参数(Pn、Tr、Gs、Ci)和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm)均呈降低趋势。渍水4 d后,4个品系藜麦叶片MDA物质的量浓度显著均高于CK,SL 21和SL 24的Chl(a+b)量和SS量显著低于CK,但4个品系的Pn、Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm未受到显著影响,渍水胁迫对SL 24和SL 45光合特性参数的影响大于SL 21和SL 44。渍水持续12 d后,4个品系的各项生理指标均显著低于CK,藜麦生理代谢遭到严重破坏。在产量构成上,每株主穗产量占总产量的65%以上,4个品系在渍水4 d后单株总产量均显著降低,产量高低表现为SL 44>SL 21>SL 24>SL 45,在渍水8 d后主穗产量和千粒质量显著低于CK,渍水持续12 d后,分枝产量绝收。【结论】4个品系中SL 44的耐渍性相对较好,若在花期遭遇涝渍灾害,以藜麦减产15%~20%作为排水控制标准,允许的渍水时间为3.2~4.1 d。     

旱涝交替胁迫对拔节期水稻生长和土壤氧化还原电位的影响

【目的】系统研究不同胁迫组合对水稻生长和土壤氧化还原状况的影响。【方法】通过盆栽试验,设置了2个旱涝交替胁迫处理(T1:轻旱-轻涝-轻旱,T2:重旱-轻涝-重旱)和1个对照处理(CK:常规灌溉),测定了拔节期水稻株高、干物质量、叶片叶绿素和土壤氧化还原电位值(Eh)。【结果】拔节期旱涝交替胁迫处理抑制水稻株高的生长,直至成熟期,T1和T2处理株高仍较CK显著降低了8.54%和13.16%(p0.05);旱涝交替胁迫可以降低水稻叶片叶绿素量,但复水后旱涝交替胁迫处理的水稻叶片叶绿素量逐渐增加,到生育后期,T1和T2处理的水稻叶片中叶绿素量较CK显著增加了26.65%和34.41%(p0.05);收获时,T1和T2处理根质量显著高于CK,T2处理总干质量显著低于T1处理和CK,T1和T2处理的水稻根冠比分别达到了CK的1.40倍和1.67倍(p0.05);拔节期旱涝交替胁迫可以增加Eh,胁迫结束时,T1和T2处理的Eh分别达到了CK的3.31倍和3.23倍(p0.05)。【结论】拔节期旱涝交替胁迫可以降低水稻株高,复水后可以延缓水稻叶片衰老,增加水稻根冠比以及可以改善水稻土的氧化还原状况,但T1和T2处理降低了水稻产量。     

间作模式下玉米干旱胁迫响应研究

【目的】为了在干旱地区建立玉米大豆间作模式的节水灌溉制度,在大型防雨棚中针对玉米大豆间作模式下的玉米生长情况进行干旱胁迫研究。【方法】设置3个土壤相对含水率,进行玉米和大豆间作种植试验,通过分析玉米叶片叶绿素量、生长特性、产量等因素,研究了不同生育时期干旱胁迫对玉米生长的主要影响以及玉米和大豆之间的水分竞争情况。【结果】前期适当的干旱使玉米的株高和茎粗分别增加了6.24%、7.83%,对玉米叶绿素量积累也是有利的;在玉米生长旺盛时期,干旱导致玉米产量下降,适当干旱区域水分利用效率最大为1.39%。【结论】玉米在拔节—灌浆期对水分最敏感,在此阶段玉米和大豆对水分的竞争模式也最为复杂,在出苗中后期,适当干旱有利于玉米后期发育。     

干旱胁迫下腐植酸对燕麦叶绿素荧光特性的调控效应

【目的】明确腐植酸(HA)对干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片叶绿素荧光特性的调控效应。【方法】采用盆栽试验,研究了在正常供水(75%田间持水率)、中度干旱胁迫(60%田间持水率)、重度干旱胁迫(45%田间持水率)3个水分条件下喷施HA对燕麦叶片叶绿素量及荧光参数的影响。【结果】①水分胁迫导致Chla+Chlb、Chla/Chlb、Fm、Fv、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和qP显著降低,而Fo和NPQ显著升高;②与CK相比,干旱胁迫下HA处理Chla+Chlb提高0.6%~40.82%、Chla/Chlb提高1.13%~30.09%、Fm提高0.7%~121.19%、Fv提高1.0%~171.79%、Fv/Fm提高0.2%~83.89%、Fv/Fo提高1.9%~211.56%、qP提高0.1%~68.30%、NPQ提高6.02%~73.36%、而Fo降低0.70%~14.06%,其中在重度干旱胁迫下均达到显著差异。【结论】干旱胁迫对燕麦PSⅡ光反应系统产生明显伤害,喷施腐植酸可缓解其影响,且在重度干旱胁迫条件下效果最明显。     

不同种植方式和亏缺灌溉对设施黄瓜生理特性及WUE的影响

【目的】揭示滴灌水分亏缺和种植方式对设施黄瓜叶片光合特性、物质积累与水分利用效率的调控效应,筛选适宜的亏缺灌溉栽培模式。【方法】以"津优316"黄瓜为试材,在定植密度相同时,设置了"等行距+70%灌溉量"(T1)、"宽窄行+70%灌溉量"(T2)、"等行距+常规灌溉量"(T3)、"宽窄行+常规灌溉量"(T4)4个处理,定植后第5天开始不同灌溉量处理,分析了定植后6周内黄瓜叶片生理特性、光合作用、水分利用率(WUE)、形态指标和物质积累、以及全生育期黄瓜总产量对滴灌水分亏缺和种植方式的响应规律。【结果】不同种植方式对黄瓜生理特征、光合作用、形态指标、物质积累、水分利用效率的影响均不显著。亏缺灌溉黄瓜植株受到不同程度水分胁迫,可溶性物质量和脱落酸量显著增加;由于气孔限制值(Ls)增加,净光合速率(Pn)降低了10.75%,蒸腾速率(Tr)降低了15.03%,物质积累减少了15.46%,总产量降低了12.60%,但水分利用效率提高了20.97%。不同处理中,T4处理产量最高,作物水分利用效率(WUEET)最低,与T4处理相比,T1处理的黄瓜植株受到一定程度的水分胁迫,Pn显著降低了13.68%,干物质积累显著降低了9.41%,黄瓜总产量降低了9.30%,但WUEET提高了23.96%;T2处理黄瓜叶片过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)量、可溶性蛋白量、脱落酸(ABA)量显著增加,植株受到水分胁迫,Pn显著降低了10.52%,干物质积累显著降低了23.55%,总产量显著降低了12.37%,但WUEET显著提高了23.96%;T3处理黄瓜植株未受到水分胁迫,Pn、干物质积累、总产量、WUEET差异不显著。【结论】亏缺灌溉黄瓜虽然产量降低,但由于耗水量的大幅降低,水分利用效率显著提高。T1处理虽然总产量降低了9.30%,但提高黄瓜水分利用率23.96%,是适宜的滴灌水分亏缺模式。     

水盐胁迫对超高产小麦幼苗生长及根系导水率的影响

【目的】揭示水盐胁迫对超高产小麦幼苗生长及根系导水率的影响机制。【方法】以超高产小麦品种“烟农1212”为研究对象,设置水分胁迫、盐分胁迫和水盐胁迫3种胁迫处理(2%PEG6000、0.1%Na Cl和2%PEG6000+0.1%Na Cl)和对照(Hoagland营养液,CK),测定不同处理下的小麦的生长指标、根系导水率及全氮、K⁺和Na⁺量,利用逐步回归分析方法,分析水盐胁迫下导致小麦幼苗根系导水率降低的因素。【结果】(1)与CK相比,水分胁迫、盐分胁迫和水盐双重胁迫分别使冬小麦幼苗的株高和叶面积显著降低。(2)水分及盐分胁迫处理的根冠比与CK相比分别增加了12%和14%,而在水盐双重胁迫条件下则显著降低了6%。(3)与CK相比,盐分胁迫和水盐双重胁迫显著增加了小麦叶片和根系的Na⁺/K⁺比,水分胁迫下的Na⁺/K⁺比虽然也有增加,但差异不显著。(4)水分胁迫、盐分胁迫及水盐双重胁迫显著降低了叶片的全氮量。(5)与CK相比,水分、盐分及水盐双重胁迫使小...     

不同亏缺灌溉方式对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】优选适宜的小麦节水灌溉模式。【方法】采用田间小区试验,以生育期内灌越冬水、拔节水和开花水为对照(CK),设置了3种不同的亏缺灌溉模式:浇拔节水和开花水(T1)、拔节水+开花水隔畦交替灌溉(T2)、返青水+孕穗水+开花水隔畦交替灌溉(T3)。在拔节期和开花期,测定了小麦光合速率、蒸腾速率、棵间蒸发量、干物质量,并测定了小麦的产量和水分利用效率。【结果】T1处理小麦的光合速率与CK无显著差异,但蒸腾速率显著低于CK。在T2、T3处理中,干区、湿区的光合速率与CK也无显著差异,但干区小麦的蒸腾速率显著低于CK和湿区。各处理棵间蒸发量均显著低于CK。T2、T3处理中干区小麦的棵间蒸发量均显著低于湿区。T1处理提高了小麦花后干物质积累量,但花前干物质转移量减少。T2、T3处理湿区小麦花后干物质积累量高于CK,但花前干物质转移量显著低于CK。T2、T3处理干区小麦花后干物质积累量均显著低于湿区,但花前干物质转移均高于湿区小麦。T1、T2和T3处理对小麦产量没有显著影响,但均显著减少灌溉水量和作物的耗水量。【结论】3种时空亏缺灌溉模式均显著提高了小麦灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率。     

旱后复水对冬小麦旗叶生理特性及籽粒产量的影响

【目的】探索冬小麦旗叶生理特性等指标对不同水分调控的响应过程。【方法】通过防雨棚测坑试验,研究了不同水分处理(抽穗扬花期设置充分供水(CK)、轻度和重度水分胁迫,灌浆成熟期恢复正常供水)对冬小麦旗叶脯氨酸质量分数、可溶性糖质量分数、叶绿素质量分数和丙二醛质量分数及籽粒产量等指标的影响。【结果】抽穗扬花期轻度亏水处理(T1)在复水后第1天旗叶的脯氨酸质量分数高于CK、叶绿素质量分数低于CK但两者均未达到显著水平,复水后第11天可溶性糖质量分数低于CK且差异显著,丙二醛质量分数高于CK但差异不显著,与CK相比,籽粒产量降低了4.3%,且差异不显著;抽穗扬花期重度亏水的处理(T2处理)在复水后第16天的旗叶脯氨酸质量分数和可溶性糖质量分数均低于CK水平,且差异不显著,与CK相比,穗粒数和籽粒产量分别降低了10.6%和13.6%,差异显著(p<0.05),千粒质量和有效穗数与CK的差异均不显著。【结论】在抽穗扬花期轻度干旱胁迫灌浆期恢复正常供水,可在保证产量不明显降低的前提下有效提高灌溉水利用效率;抽穗扬花期重度干旱胁迫,会对冬小麦叶片主要生理指标产生较大负面影响,进而影响冬小麦籽粒产量的形成。     

不同微灌方式下水分调控对猕猴桃光合特性及产量的影响

【目的】为了研究不同微灌方式下水分调控对猕猴桃叶片光合特性及产量的影响,以"翠玉"猕猴桃为研究试材。【方法】采用小管出流(X)、微喷灌(P)和滴灌(D)3种灌溉方式在猕猴桃全生育期实施85%灌水量的轻度亏水(LD)、70%灌水量的中度亏水(MD1)、55%灌水量的偏重度亏水(MD2)和40%灌水量的重度亏水(SD)处理,并设置100%灌水量的对照组(CK),研究了猕猴桃叶片胞间CO2摩尔分数(Ci)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、羧化速率(CE)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)、产量及产量水分利用效率(WUEET)在不同水分亏缺下的变化。【结果】与CK相比,D-MD1处理的日均WUEi及CE分别提高了8.5%和2.7%。P-MD1处理的日均Pn与CE较CK分别提高了10.7%和10.4%,X-MD1处理的日均Ci、Pn、CE较CK分别提高了10.9%、12.2%和11.4%。D、P和X三个处理的WUEET均较CK有不同程度的提高,但D、P和X的产量随着水分的亏缺程度的加大而下降,而滴灌各处理间无显著性差异。与CK相比D-MD1、P-MD1、X-MD1处理的产量分别提高了1.4%、1.6%、2.3%,重度亏水处理的产量显著低于其余水分处理,且其他各处理间无显著性差异。MD1处理在不降低产量的情况下,可以节约灌水同时提高WUEET,重度亏水与偏中度亏水间在WUEET无显著性差异,同时X-MD1的产量均高于其他处理。【结论】X-MD1处理是"翠玉"猕猴桃较为合适的灌溉水分亏缺模式。     

不同遮阴下亏缺灌溉对小粒咖啡生长和水光利用的影响

为探明小粒咖啡适宜的水光管理模式,通过盆栽试验研究了3个亏缺灌溉水平:轻度亏缺灌水(DIL,(65%~75%)FC,FC为田间持水量)、中度亏缺灌水(DIM,(55%~65%)FC)和重度亏缺灌水(DIS,(45%~55%)FC),3个遮阴水平:不遮阴(S0,自然光照)、轻度遮阴(SL,50%自然光照)和重度遮阴(SS,30%自然光照)对小粒咖啡日均光合特性、生长及水光利用效率的影响,并建立了不同亏缺灌溉和遮阴水平下水分和光能利用的回归模型。结果表明:与DIL处理相比,DIS处理降低小粒咖啡叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和光能利用效率分别为17.61%、22.99%和27.43%,减少总干物质积累量6.29%;而DIM处理对其影响不明显。S0处理的小粒咖啡叶片光能利用效率最小,SL处理次之,SS处理最大。S0处理或SS处理抑制叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率,SL处理增加干物质积累量11.14%。与DILS0处理相比,亏缺灌溉时遮阴显著降低叶片蒸腾速率而增加叶片光能利用效率。叶片光能利用效率与光合有效辐射呈显著的指数关系。随着亏水和遮阴程度的增加,灌溉水利用效率先增后减。小粒咖啡最优的水光耦合模式为轻度遮阴下轻度亏缺灌溉组合(DILSL),该组合能同时获得较高的干物质累积和水分利用效率。     

不同灌水量对滴灌猕猴桃光合、产量与水分利用效率的影响

【目的】揭示不同灌水量对滴灌猕猴桃生长、产量及水分利用效率的调控效应。【方法】以7 a生"金艳"猕猴桃为试材,在果实膨大期(Ⅲ期)、果实成熟期(Ⅳ期)各设置1个对照(CK)和4个灌水处理,即高水(HW)、中水(MW-1)、偏低水(MW-2)和低水处理(LW),灌水量分别为CK的55%、65%、75%和85%。【结果】猕猴桃叶片光合特性因生育期和灌水量的不同而呈现明显差异,其光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(gs)均随灌水量的减小而减小,但Ⅲ-HW、Ⅳ-HW处理的Pn与CK差异不显著(P>0.05),Ⅲ-HW和Ⅳ-MW-2处理的瞬时水分利用效率较CK分别显著提高了2.70%、5.41%(P<0.05);各处理猕猴桃产量较CK仅下降0.09%～6.24%,产量水分利用效率(WUEy)则提高了2.82%～23.16%,其中Ⅲ-HW、Ⅳ-MW-1处理产量仅下降了0.09%、2.45%,而WUEy提高了2.82%、10.73%。【结论】滴灌猕猴桃果实膨大期高水处理、果实成熟期中水处理保持产量无明显下降,有效提高WUEy,并节水2.50%、11.62%(分别节水156、726 m3/hm~2),具有较好的节水稳产效果。     

夏玉米不同生育期亏缺-复水对蒸发蒸腾和产量的影响

[目的]探究不同时间尺度下夏玉米蒸发蒸腾量的变化规律.[方法]试验在夏玉米3个生育阶段(出苗—拔节期、拔节—抽雄期、抽雄—灌浆期)分别设置3个灌水水平(充分灌溉:100％ETa;中度水分亏缺:80％ETa;重度水分亏缺:60％ETa),其中ETa为蒸渗仪实测的充分灌溉条件下的蒸发蒸腾量,采用正交试验设计,共9个处理(C...     

Carbon retention in the soil-plant system under different irrigation regimes

Carbon (C) sequestration through irrigation management is a potential strategy to reduce C emissions from agriculture. Two experiments (Exps. I and II) were conducted to investigate the effects of different irrigation strategies on C retention in the soil-plant system in order to evaluate their environmental impacts. Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L., var. Cedrico) were grown in split-root pots in a climate-controlled glasshouse and were subjected to full irrigation (FI), deficit irrigation (DI) and alternate partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) at early fruiting stage. In Exp. I, each plant received 2.0 g chemical nitrogen (N), while in Exp. II, 1.6 g chemical N and maize residue containing 0.4 g organic N were applied into the pot. The results showed that, in both experiments, the concentration and the amount of total C in the soil were lower in FI and PRI as compared to DI, presumably due to a greater microbial activity in the two treatments; particularly the PRI induced drying and wetting cycles of the soils may cause an increase of microbial activities and respiration rate, which could lead to more C losses from the soil. However, in both experiments the total C concentration in the PRI plants was the highest as compared with the FI and DI plants, and this was seemingly due to improved plant N nutrition under the PRI treatment. Consequently, the total amount of C retained in the soil-plant system was highest in the FI and was similar, but lower, for the PRI and DI. The different N input in the two experiments might have affected the C retention in the soil and in the plant biomass. Nevertheless, with a same degree of water saving, PRI was superior to DI in terms of enhancing C concentration in the plant biomass, which might have contributed to a better fruit quality in tomatoes as reported by [Zegbe et al., 2004] and [Zegbe et al., 2006].     

Effects of irrigation strategies and soils on field grown potatoes: Yield and water productivity

Yield and water productivity of potatoes grown in 4.32 m² lysimeters were measured in coarse sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam and imposed to full (FI), deficit (DI), and partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation strategies. PRD and DI as water-saving irrigation treatments received 65% of FI after tuber bulking and lasted for 6 weeks until final harvest. Analysis across the soil textures showed that fresh yields were not significant between the irrigation treatments. However, the same analysis across the irrigation treatments revealed that the effect of soil texture was significant on the fresh yield and loamy sand produced significantly higher fresh yield than the other two soils, probably because of higher leaf area index, higher photosynthesis rates, and “stay-green” effect late in the growing season. More analysis showed that there was a significant interaction between the irrigation treatments and soil textures that the highest fresh yield was obtained under FI in loamy sand. Furthermore, analysis across the soil textures showed that water productivities, WP (kg ha⁻¹ fresh tuber yield mm⁻¹ ET) were not significantly different between the irrigation treatments. However, across the irrigation treatments, the soil textures were significantly different. This showed that the interaction between irrigation treatments and soil textures was significant that the highest significant WP was obtained under DI in sandy loam. While PRD and DI treatments increased WP by, respectively, 11 and 5% in coarse sand and 28 and 36% in sandy loam relative to FI, they decreased WP in loamy sand by 15 and 13%. The reduced WP in loamy sand was due to nearly 28% fresh tuber yield loss in PRD and DI relative to FI even though ET was reduced by 9 and 11% in these irrigation treatments. This study showed that different soils will affect water-saving irrigation strategies that are worth knowing for suitable agricultural water management. So, under non-limited water resources conditions, loamy sand produces the highest yield under full irrigation but water-saving irrigations (PRD and DI) are not recommended due to considerable loss (28%) in yield. However, under restricted water resources, it is recommended to apply water-saving irrigations in sandy loam and coarse sand to achieve the highest water productivity.     

低压滴灌不同生育期水分亏缺对柑橘叶片生理特性和产量的影响

【目的】寻找适宜的低压滴灌节水模式。【方法】以8 a生"不知火"柑橘为试材,2017—2018年在柑橘抽梢开花期(Ⅰ)、幼果期(Ⅱ)、果实膨大期(Ⅲ)和果实成熟期(Ⅳ)各设置4个亏水处理,即轻度亏水(LD)、中度亏水(MD1)、偏重度亏水(MD2)和重度亏水(SD)处理,并设置1个对照(CK,充分灌水)。探究了低压滴灌不同生育期水分亏缺对柑橘叶片生理特性的影响。【结果】Ⅰ期MD1和LD处理对H_2O_2量、GSH量和PRO量并没有显著影响,但可以显著提高NR活性和产量,分别较CK提高20.9%和21.7%以及5.1%和3.1%;在Ⅱ期进行MD1和LD处理对灌水后的H_2O_2量和GSH量以及PRO量、NR活性和产量都没有显著影响,但可以显著提高作物水分利用效率;在Ⅲ期进行水分亏缺会导致H_2O_2量和GSH量以及PRO量上升,以及NR活性和产量的下降;在Ⅳ期进行LD处理的H_2O_2、GSH、PRO、NR活性和产量均与CK处理无显著差异,但可以提高水分利用效率。【结论】Ⅰ期中度亏水处理(Ⅰ-MD1),Ⅱ期轻度亏水处理(Ⅱ-LD),Ⅲ期充分灌溉,Ⅳ期轻度亏水处理(Ⅳ-LD)在维持柑橘叶片生理活性的同时,可以获得最高产量和较高的水分利用效率,是适合低压滴灌柑橘的灌溉方式。     

节水灌溉对农田土壤温室气体排放的影响

农田是温室气体的重要排放源,如何通过有效的管理措施降低农田温室气体的排放成为当前应对气候变化研究的热点之一。不同灌溉方式导致土壤水分差异较大,进而引起温室气体排放的差异。[目的]系统总结分析不同节水灌溉方式对温室气体排放的影响效果有助于对节水灌溉方式优化选择及未来研究方向的聚焦。[方法]在前人研究基础上,进行文献搜集和整理,综述分析了节水灌溉方式对稻田和旱作农田温室气体排放的影响。[结果]与长期淹水相比,现有的水稻节水灌溉方式增加了稻田土壤CO2排放,增幅为20.83%~104.00%,平均增加48.40%,对N2O排放的影响有增加也有降低,其影响率范围为-41.30%~3078.41%,平均增加269.10%,但却显著降低了CH4的排放,降幅为14.19%~78.92%,平均降低51.66%。综合考虑稻田的全球净增温潜势(GWP),节水灌溉较长期淹水降低了稻田的GWP。与漫灌/沟灌相比,滴灌可改变旱作农田CO2和N2O排放及对CH4的吸收,其变化率范围分别为-31.19%~2.81%、-46.51%~52.56%和-150.00%~43.39%,平均分别降低12.84%、18.63%和24.93%。综合考虑旱作农田的GWP,由于N2O是旱作农田的主要温室气体,因此,滴灌降低了旱作农田的GWP。[结论]节水灌溉在节水的同时,还可降低农田温室气体排放的全球净增温潜势。基于研究现状,亟须对不同节水灌溉方式的温室排放效应及其机制开展定量研究。     

Effects of irrigation strategies and soils on field-grown potatoes: Gas exchange and xylem [ABA]

Gas exchange was measured in potatoes (cv. Folva) grown in lysimeters (4.32 m²) in coarse sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam and subjected to full (FI), deficit (DI), and partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation strategies. PRD and DI as water-saving irrigation treatments received 65% of FI and started after tuber bulking and lasted for six weeks until final harvest. Midday photosynthesis rate (A_n) and stomatal conductance (g_s) of fully irrigated (FI) plants were lowest in coarse sand and mean A_n of diurnal measurements in FI, PRD and DI tended to be lower in this soil as compared with the loamy sand and sandy loam. The results revealed that diurnal values of A_n and g_s in PRD and DI were consistently lower than FI without reaching significant differences in accordance with findings that xylem [ABA] in PRD was significantly higher than FI, and tended to be higher than in DI. Diurnal measurements showed that A_n reached peak values during mid-morning and midday, while g_s were highest during the morning. Intrinsic water use efficiency (A_n/g_s) correlated linearly well with the leaf to air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and the slope of the line revealed the rate of A_n/g_s increase per each kPa increase in VPD, i.e. approximately 10 μmol mol⁻¹. Transpiration efficiency (A_n/T) of PRD was higher than DI, which shows slightly better efficient water use than DI. The slope of the linear relationship between transpiration efficiency and VPD decreased from −2.03 to −1.04 during the time course of the growing season, indicating the negative effect of leaf ageing on photosynthesis and thus on plant water use efficiency. This fact shows the possibility to save water during last growth stages through applying water-saving irrigations without much effect on transpiration efficiency.     

不同滴灌灌溉制度对绿洲棉田土壤水热分布及产量的影响

【目的】探究不同滴灌灌溉制度对绿洲棉田土壤水热分布状况及对产量的影响。【方法】于2017年在策勒地区开展田间试验,设置了2种灌水模式:基于计算机模型的预报灌溉与基于土壤墒情的灌溉,每种灌水模式设置2种灌溉梯度:充分灌溉(100%)和非充分灌溉(75%的充分灌溉)。【结果】预报灌溉的土壤含水率和贮水量在花蕾与花铃期显著高于墒情灌溉;不同灌溉制度各剖面的土壤温度变化趋势一致,整个生育期的表层土壤平均温度表现为墒情亏缺最高,预报充分最低。作物产量在一定范围内随灌溉量的增加而增加,预报充分的产量较预报亏缺,墒情充分,墒情亏缺分别提高13.7%、12.1%、47.6%。水分利用效率表现为预报亏缺最高,且产量与预报充分的产量无显著差异。【结论】在策勒绿洲地区,预报亏缺灌溉可达到节水增产的目的。