Sub-lethal influences of different insecticides on oviposition preference of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton in relation to altered plant morphology

We investigated the sub-lethal influences of spinosad, chlorpyriphos, endosulfan, acephate and cypermethrin on the oviposition responses of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) to cotton plants, under cage and laboratory conditions. The rank order of toxicity (LC₅₀ values as a per cent) of test insecticides against third instar larvae using the leaf disc method was: spinosad > chlorpyriphos > endosulfan > acephate > cypermethrin. On whole plants, females laid more eggs on acephate LC₅₀-, acephate LC₃₀- and cypermethrin LC₅₀-treated cotton plants than on the control. The chlorpyriphos-treated plants were least preferred for oviposition. When excised cotton leaves from different treatments were used in a multiple-choice test, cypermethrin LC₅₀- and endosulfan LC₃₀-treated leaves received more eggs than the control. The repeated application of sub-lethal concentrations of different insecticides reduced plant height in the case of acephate LC₃₀ and cypermethrin LC₅₀, while plant spread and upper canopy leaf area were reduced in both treatments of acephate and cypermethrin. Reduced plant spread, upper canopy leaf area followed by plant height were found associated with oviposition preference by H. armigera females.     

Effects of petroleum spray oils on oviposition behaviour and larval survival of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

We determined the effects of petroleum spray oil (PSO) (Caltex Canopy®) on oviposition responses of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner and Ostrinia nubilalis Hubner adults, and larval survival of the pest moths on cotton and maize plants in the laboratory. Application of 2% (v/v) of the PSO deterred H. armigera oviposition. Increasing the rate from 2 to 5% (v/v) did not significantly reduce the number of eggs laid by H. armigera on the treated plants. In contrast, the minimum rate at which the oil could deter oviposition of O. nubilalis on maize plants was 5% (v/v). Increasing the rate from 5 to 10% (v/v) did not significantly reduce the number of eggs laid per plant. However, a reduction in the rate of the PSO from 5 to 3% (v/v) resulted in a 73.9% increase in oviposition activity on the maize plants. In wind tunnel bioassay tests, all mated H. armigera females tested could detect and settle on plants treated with water but with plants treated with PSO at various times, only 50% of tested females settled on the plants 4?–?5 days after treatment (DAT) and none on the plants 0?–?2 DAT. A solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) test to determine the effect of the PSO on volatiles released by the cotton plants showed that the quantity of volatiles released by the cotton plants treated with PSO was lower than for water treated plants. This indicates that the PSO sprays may be suppressing or masking the leaf surface volatiles of the cotton plants, thereby deterring oviposition of H. armigera. Larval survival data show that PSO sprays can cause direct mortality of first, second and third instar O. nubilalis larvae. PSOs may have the potential to be integrated into pest management programme targeting H. armigera and O. nubilalis on cotton and maize crops, respectively.     

Effects of irrigation on the performance of cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) during different pupal stages

Pupation of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), occurs in the soil. This may be a weak link in the life-cycle, exploitable through cultivation, in the control of this important pest. We evaluated the effects of irrigation on the performance of H. armigera. It did not affect the numbers of larvae entering the soil. However, irrigation treatments made on the 2nd, 3rd and 10th day after larvae entered the soil significantly reduced moth emergence (27, 19 and 28.7% emerged from the respective treatments, compared to 93.7% emerging from the control). Irrigation did not affect the time taken from the larva entering the soil to female adult emergence, but it significantly delayed the time in males. Realized fecundity of the emerging H. armigera adults was significantly decreased by irrigation treatment, especially on the 10th day, with a mean of only 367 eggs laid per female. Irrigation after larvae entered the soil substantially decreased survival of H. armigera, and the increase in the size of the generation following irrigation was only 2.8 times for the irrigation treatments on the 3rd and 10th day after larva entered the soil, respectively, compared with that of the control treatment. We suggest utilizing irrigation practices to suppress overwintering pupal numbers, in order to control the spring generation of H. armigera.     

不同食料对黄地老虎生长发育和繁殖的影响

幼虫在不同食料饲养中,以灰藜最好,苘麻最差。前者幼虫期平均23～30.9天,脱皮4～5次,自然死亡率4.3～8.0％;后者则各为46.1～47.1天、6～7次、45％。各种食料饲养的蛹重,以白菜和灰藜较重,马铃薯较轻。蛹重不是决定成虫产卵高低的主要因子,而与幼虫取食食料种类关系较为密切。如幼虫取食白菜、棉花及玉米、马铃薯混杂草者,较取食旋花、马铃薯及玉米者产卵量高0.15～2.23倍,产卵期和寿命亦较长。取食混合食料的幼虫,发育速度和成虫产卵量,一般均较取食单纯一种食料为高。在成虫取食各种花蜜饲养中,以供食蜂蜜红糖水、马蔺花和向日葵花者产卵率和产卵量最高,白菜花、苜蓿花和清水者最低,前者为后者产卵量的1.99～14.06倍,雌蛾产卵率高11.1～35.7％,产卵期和寿命亦以前者为长。从幼虫和成虫取食不同营养对产卵量的对比来看,成虫期补充营养较幼虫期营养更为重要。因而某一地区蜜源植物的种类、分布密度以及蜜源植物花期与成虫发生期的符合程度,是决定某地区黄地老虎种群密度高低、为害轻重的最主要因素之一。     

Influence of feeding-damaged plants on the oviposition responses within a community of female moths

Competitive or facilitative interactions characterise phytophagous insect communities that utilise the same resources. These interactions are often mediated by the host plant. Plant mediation influences the oviposition choices that a community of insects, sharing the same host plant make. In this context, the oviposition choices of females within a community of lepidopteran cereal stemborers namely Busseola fusca, Sesamia calamistis and Chilo partellus were studied in plant choice-experiments under laboratory and field conditions. Gravid females of each species were presented with a choice between maize plants infested by conspecific or heterospecific larvae and uninfested maize plants. The number of eggs and egg batches laid on plants were used to quantify oviposition. Results showed that none of the three stemborer species avoided oviposition on infested maize plants. In some cases a significant preference for infested maize plants were observed. Similarly, data from field trials under natural stemborer infestation, with B. fusca as the only species, showed that the wild ovipositing moths were not avoiding infested plants. Host plant mediation may influence the incidence of multi-species infestations by stemborer species often found in the field. The potential roles of herbivore-induced and egg-deposited-induced plant volatiles in this mechanism are discussed.     

Within‐plant distributions of heliothis armigera eggs on cotton in Thailand

Abstract

Heliothis armigera (Hbn.) eggs on cotton tended to be placed on flat parts such as leaf laminas and bracts at the expense of linear parts such as stems, petioles and peduncles, which accounted for less than 3% of eggs in samples of 100–216 eggs. Numbers of eggs on bracts and leaves respectively rose and fell from 0% and 97% at 34 days after planting to 81% and 18% at 104 days; the levels were equal at 49% on day 83. Categorisation of leaves by stage of development showed that 80–90% of all leaf‐laid eggs were found on leaves at the ‘young’ to ‘soft‐expanded’ stages of development while categorisation by position showed that the first three leaves from the top of the stem received 90% of all leaf‐laid eggs. There was no consistent trend for egg laying on main‐stem or lateral stem leaves and over 97% were located on the upper (adaxial) leaf surface. Bracts of larger buds (more than 50% developed) were most favoured as sites for egg laying, but oviposition on bracts of bolls had overtaken that on buds by day 97. These preliminary, small‐scale investigations should be extended so that possibilities for the use of an integrated sample unit for eggs and small larvae can be assessed.     

转cry1Ab/cry2Aj、cry1Ab/vip3DA玉米对棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的抗虫性评价

为评估转cry1Ab/cry2Aj、cry1Ab/vip3DA玉米对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)和斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura(Fabricius)的抗虫性,在室内测定了3个转cry1Ab/cry2Aj玉米品系和1个转cry1Ab/vip3DA玉米品系对3种害虫幼虫存活和生长发育的影响,研究了该系列Bt玉米不同组织器官对害虫的杀虫活性和控制效果。结果显示,棉铃虫初孵幼虫取食各品系Bt玉米叶片96h后死亡率为87.50%~90.00%,取食花丝和雌穗的幼虫96h后几乎全部死亡;甜菜夜蛾初孵幼虫取食各品系Bt玉米叶片、花丝和雌穗168h后死亡率为22.50%~68.33%,幼虫的生长发育受到明显抑制,体重抑制率达85.00%~95.00%;斜纹夜蛾初孵幼虫取食各品系Bt玉米叶片、花丝和雌穗96 h后死亡率显著高于非转基因亲本对照,168h后幼虫死亡率达90.00%以上。研究表明,转cry1Ab/cry2Aj和cry1Ab/vip3DA玉米品系对棉铃虫和斜纹夜蛾的初孵幼虫表现出较好的抗性,可以作为转多基因抗虫玉米育种的备选材料。     

On-farm evaluation of measures to monitor and control soybean pod-borer Etiella zinckenella in East Java,Indonesia

The incidence levels of moths and larvae of Etiella zinckenella were studied in the reproductive stage of soybean at eight farmers' field sites. A positive relationship was found between moths, caught by sweeping during flowering and pod-formation, and seed damage. Hence, rough predictions of damage can be made based on moth catches. Damage incidence was recorded in unsprayed plots and in plots sprayed with deltamethrin during flowering and pod-formation. Spraying did not affect the densities of moths and larvae or damage to pods and seeds. Larvae of H. armigera, Spodoptera litura and Plusiinae were not affected by spraying, but the pod-sucking bug Riptorus linearis, and two groups of predators, spiders and coccinellids, were reduced.     

Reduced fitness associated with spinosad resistance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa armigera</Emphasis>

The fitness cost of spinosad resistance was investigated in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare relative fitness of H. armigera between the spinosad-susceptible and -resistant strains. During the experiments, the average development periods of the resistant strain were lengthened by 4–5 days, reflected in a prolongation of egg, larval and pupal periods. Furthermore, pupal survival, pupal weight, the mean life span of emerged adults, eggs laid and hatched decreased greatly in the resistant strain in comparison with the susceptible strain. Other life-cycle parameters such as larval survival, larval wet weights, prepupal periods, pupation ratio, and sex ratio did not change significantly. As a result, both net replacement rate (R ₀) and intrinsic rate of increase (r _m) were reduced for the resistant strain. Our results clearly indicated that relative fitness of resistant individuals was reduced in the absence of spinosad. Rational measures including pesticide rotations should be expected to delay development of resistance to spinosad in H. armigera field populations from China.     

棉铃虫BR-C Z4基因的克隆及表达分析

为明确转录因子广泛锌指复合物（broad-complex,BR-C）Z4亚型在棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生长发育过程中的作用,基于2-十三烷酮（2-tridecanone,2-TD）处理的棉铃虫幼虫中肠转录组数据克隆获得BR-C Z4的开放阅读框（open reading frame,ORF）序列,对其氨基酸序列和编码蛋白质进行生物信息学分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qPCR）技术分析BR-C Z4基因在棉铃虫不同龄期、不同组织和2-TD处理6龄幼虫中的表达规律以及其和Ⅳ型几丁质酶（chitinase IV,CHT4）编码基因在4~6龄初、末期幼虫中的表达规律。结果表明,克隆获得的棉铃虫BR-C Z4基因的ORF为1 347 bp,编码448个氨基酸,预测编码蛋白质的分子量和理论等电点分别为49.8 kD和7.75,且主要定位于细胞核中。系统进化分析结果显示,棉铃虫BR-C Z4与家蚕Bombyx mori和烟草天蛾Manduca sexta的BR-C Z4亲缘关系最近。BR-C Z4基因在棉铃虫整个生长期均有表达,在3龄期的相对表达量最低而在预蛹期的相对表达量最高;该基因在棉铃虫6龄幼虫的脂肪体、中肠、体壁和头部均有表达,在头部的相对表达量最低,在中肠中的相对表达量最高; BR-C Z4和CHT4基因在棉铃虫4~6龄末期幼虫中的相对表达量均显著高于4~6龄初期幼虫;相关性分析结果显示BR-C Z4和CHT4的相对表达量呈极显著正相关;随着2-TD处理浓度的增加,棉铃虫BR-C Z4基因的相对表达量总体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,其中15 mg/g浓度处理20 h时BR-C Z4基因相对表达量达到峰值,而20 mg/g浓度处理6 h时BR-C Z4基因相对表达量降到最低,为对照的22.73%。推测BR-C Z4基因在棉铃虫变态发育和应对2-TD胁迫过程中发挥着重要作用。     

棉铃虫核多角体病毒的生产方法及其在生物防治中的应用

本文是报道棉铃虫Heliothis armigera核多角体病毒(NPV)的生产方法及其在棉田应用的试验研究结果。NPV用棉铃虫幼虫生产。从虫卵接种开始,用人工饲料饲养棉铃虫幼虫,到四龄用病毒感染,六天后收集病死虫,病毒致死率80～85%,单虫含量4～6×10~9PIB。由棉饼粉、粗棉油等配制成诱饵加低剂量西维因作病毒增效剂与NPV混用,显著提高病毒的防治效果。四年田间试验表明,NPV杀虫剂防治棉铃虫的效果相当于或优于常用高效化学农药。1979年开展了大面积飞机微量喷雾PVN杀虫剂的试验,也取得了比较好的防治效果。     

棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因的克隆、原核表达及其表达谱

为明确转录因子广泛锌指复合物（broad complex,BR-C）在棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera生长发育过程中的作用,基于转录组序列从棉铃虫幼虫中肠克隆获得BR-C Z2的cDNA序列并对其氨基酸序列和蛋白结构进行生物信息学分析,利用原核表达系统表达其融合蛋白;用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qRT-PCR）技术分析BR-C Z2基因在棉铃虫体内的表达规律,以及2-十三烷酮（2-tridecanone,2-TD）处理后其在棉铃虫6龄幼虫中肠内的变化规律。结果显示,棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因的开放阅读框为1 257 bp,编码418个氨基酸,预测编码蛋白的分子量和理论等电点分别为46.63 kD和6.94,主要定位于细胞核中。系统进化树结果显示棉铃虫BR-C Z2与家蚕Bombyx mori的BR-C Z2亲缘关系最近。成功表达His-HaBR-C Z2融合蛋白。BR-C Z2基因在棉铃虫蛹期和6龄幼虫中肠组织中相对表达量最高;不同浓度2-TD处理后,棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因相对表达量变化趋势不同,其中15 mg/g浓度处理12 h后棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因相对表达量达到峰值,是对照的2.5倍,而20 mg/g浓度处理20 h后棉铃虫BR-C Z2基因相对表达量降到最低,为对照的45.13%。表明BR-C Z2基因可能参与棉铃虫的生长发育,并响应2-TD的胁迫。     

棉铃虫对常见化学农药的触角电位反应

利用电生理技术测定了棉铃虫对 15种常见农药的触角电位反应 (EAG) ,发现棉铃虫对不同农药品种的EAG反应差异很大 ,并且雌、雄蛾对某些农药品种的EAG反应截然不同 ,存在较大的性别差异。以上结果可为棉田害虫防治有选择地使用化学农药提供部分依据     

Neem kernel as an ovipositional repellent forSpodoptera litura (F.) moths

Laboratory and nursery tests showed that a 2% neem (Melia azadirachta L.) seed kernel suspension in water was effective as a repellent and ovipositional deterrent for moths of the tobacco caterpillar,Spodoptera litura (F.). The mean number of eggs laid on treated tobacco seedlings was 37 3 as against 1715 on control seedlings. As a consequence of the moths being repelled from the treated plants, they laid more eggs on the cloth and the glass surface in glass jar experiments. Repellency was even more pronounced when the moths were released in treated and untreated nylon-netting-caged nursery beds; the mean number of eggs laid on treated seedlings was then only 749 as against 19,713 in control beds.     

棉铃虫V-ATP酶亚基A基因克隆及表达谱分析

为探索棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera液泡型ATP酶(vacuolar-type proton ATPase,V-ATP酶)亚基A对棉铃虫生长发育的影响及其在Bt杀虫机制中的作用,采用PCR结合RACE技术克隆了棉铃虫V-ATP酶亚基A基因序列,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术测定了其在棉铃虫不同发育历期和幼虫肠道不同组织中的表达量;并比较了4龄幼虫取食含Cry1Ac蛋白饲料后中肠中该基因表达量的变化。结果显示,棉铃虫V-ATP酶亚基A基因全长2 578 bp(Gen Bank登录号KP090287),开放阅读框1 863 bp,编码621个氨基酸。V-ATP酶亚基A高度保守,不同物种间氨基酸序列同源性大于90%。V-ATP酶亚基A在棉铃虫整个生育期都有表达,在4龄幼虫体内表达量最高,是卵期的3.00倍;在幼虫肠道不同组织中,中肠中表达量最高,是后肠中的2.65倍。4龄棉铃虫幼虫取食含Cry1Ac蛋白的人工饲料后,中肠V-ATP酶亚基A的表达受到抑制,表达量为对照的0.39~0.81倍。表明V-ATP酶亚基A基因可能参与棉铃虫的生长发育和代谢过程,并可能与抵御Cry1Ac的毒杀作用有一定关系。     

多杀霉素亚致死浓度对棉铃虫幼虫生理及代谢的影响

为明确田间使用多杀霉素亚致死浓度对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera幼虫的影响,用含多杀霉素亚致死浓度LC₂₅的人工饲料持续饲喂棉铃虫3龄幼虫,并对饲喂后其体重、取食量、累计蛹化率、蛹发育历期和蛹重等生长发育及脂肪体内甘油三脂（triglyceride,TG）含量和相关基因SREBP、FAS和HSL表达情况进行测定。结果表明,多杀霉素对棉铃虫的亚致死浓度LC₂₅为0.21 mg/kg;多杀霉素亚致死浓度处理4~6 d后,棉铃虫3龄幼虫体重分别为0.065、0.263和0.329 g,较对照显著降低;处理6 d后,其取食量为0.082 g,较对照显著降低;处理4~7 d后,其累计化蛹率分别为60.90%、63.20%、65.50%和65.50%,较对照显著降低。多杀霉素亚致死浓度处理后,棉铃虫蛹发育历期由对照9.89 d显著延长至10.74 d,单头蛹重为0.274 g,显著低于对照的0.324 g;其脂肪体TG含量较对照显著降低。多杀霉素亚致死浓度处理24~72 h后,参与脂肪酸合成信号通路中重要基因SREBP和FAS的相对表达量较对照均显著下调,而参与脂肪代谢的重要基因HSL则较对照显著上调。     

Zur Kenntnis der Blattminen-MotteCameraria ohridella Desch. & Dim. (Lep., Lithocolletidae) anAesculus hippocastanum L. in der Tschenchischen Republik

Cameraria ohridella was recorded first in 1985 in Macedonia. It gradually expanded to north and west and at present it is a serious pest of Horse ChestnutAesculus hippocastanum in the Czech Republic, having been established at about 80 localities. There are 4–5 overlapping generations with sizes of the larvae of 0.4–4.0 mm. The larva develops inside the leaf tissue in the upper parenchym layer of the leaflet and causes a mine, the size of which is broadened with growing larva. First adults start to fly at the end of April. After mating the females lay single eggs on the leaves. Larval development lasts 25–30 days followed by the prepupa I and II. The latter spins a cocoon in which the pupa of the last generation hibernates. The development from L4 to the prepupa lasts for 3–6 days at 22°C. During the summer it is possible to find all larval and prepupal stages in attacked leaves. FourAesculus species:A. parviflora Walk,A. carnea Haey.,A. glabra Walk andA. indica J. Hobb. were found to be resistent toC. obridella. A. lutea H. J. was liftle andA. pavia L. was heavily attacked. The parasitization ofC. o. larvae was very low. Only 2 parasites were found in 1500 mines in the first and second generation ofC. o., and 40 parasites in 1000 mines of the fourth and fifth generation. The highest mortality takes place in moths, eggs and young larvae. It was found in all 4 generation that there were i. m. 50 eggs/leaflet from which i. m. 3 hibernating pupae resulted. Supposing 2 moths (1♀, 1♂)/leaflet emerged in spring which produced 50 eggs (75 eggs/♀—33% moth mortality), the density of eggs in the first generation after hibernating being the same as in the last (fourth) generation before hibernating. As to the whole populations density in this case we can calculate as following: 3 pupae/leaflet on the tree=3000 pupae/leaflets pro m² on the soil=2000 emerging moths pro m²=50,000 moths (25,000 ♀♀) pro tree (namely 25 m² projecting area of the tree crown×2000 moths).      

棉铃虫对化学杀虫剂的抗性现状及分子机制研究进展

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera是一种世界性分布的重大杂食性农业害虫,长期大量使用化学药剂防治棉铃虫导致其对不同种类杀虫剂产生了抗性。抗性分子机制的阐明有利于棉铃虫的科学防控和抗性治理。该文主要综述棉铃虫对化学杀虫剂的抗性发展现状,以及近年来棉铃虫抗药性分子机制的研究进展,包括解毒酶代谢能力增强、靶标敏感性降低和表皮穿透能力下降等方面,并就未来研究工作和棉铃虫抗性治理新技术进行了展望。     

Comparative measurements of resistance to insecticides in three closely-related old and new world bollworm species

Toxicity measurements were made with three closely-related Bollworm species, Heliothis virescens F., Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and Helicoverpa armigera (Huebner) using insecticides of 3 different chemical classes. Tests were carried out by a leaf-dip method using neonate larval stages, a topical application test on 3rd larvae, and a topical test with imagines. H. armigera populations from Ivory Coast, Turkey, Thailand, and India were obtained and investigated. H. virescens originated from the USA and Colombia, and H. zea from Guatemala and Nicaragua. Resistance was expressed in all species, the sensitive reference strains having similar LC₅₀s in tests with monocrotophos, profenofos, thiodicarb, and methomyl. Since resistance appeared not to be a quality related to species but rather a feature common to all of the samples investigated, its origin must be connected with the type of cotton culture and the selection pressure they were subjected to in their respective agro-ecosystem. Resistance was highest for monocrotophos and cypermethrin in Central American countries, differences in the treatment regime being reflected by the resistance levels attained. In all stages tested, resistance was sufficiently well expressed to make a monitoring system based on neonate larvae, the 3rd larval stage, or imagines of the species possible. The final decision as to which should be used for a general, comparative monitoring system, therefore, should be governed by the technical parameters of the testing process.     

莱氏野村菌对棉铃虫致病力及田间控制作用初步研究

莱氏野村菌对棉铃虫幼虫致病力以及田间控制作用的初步研究结果表明,该菌对棉铃虫幼虫有较强的致病力,致病适温２４～２７℃。田间喷施其孢子液,６ｄ后棉铃虫被寄生率平均达２２６％。