Zinc Uptake by Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) as Affected by Zn Application Rate,Zeolite, and Vermicompost

Zinc deficiency in calcareous soils is a serious problem, which may be ameliorated by the application of some soil amendments. A completely randomized factorial experiment was done to investigate the effect of zeolite, vermicompost, zeolite + vermicompost, and Zn application to a calcareous soil on Zn availability, dry weight of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), and Zn concen-tration in spinach. Results indicated that zeolite had no effect on soil Zn availability, dry weight, and Zn concentration in spinach. Vermicompost significantly increased dry weight (1.33 g pot^?1) and decreased Zn concentration in spinach (16 mg kg^?1). Application of zeolite + vermicompost significantly increased dry weight (by 2.8 times) and Zn uptake in spinach and it also decreased Zn concentration in spinach less than vermicompost. Zinc application increased Zn concentration in spinach (up to 496 mg kg^?1), but did not affect dry weight except in soils treated with zeolite + vermicompost. Generally, application of zeolite + vermicompost is recommended instead of separate zeolite or vermicompost application for improvement of soil Zn fertility and Zn uptake by spinach.     

Solubility and Phytoavailability of Phosphorus and Lead in a Contaminated Soil Amended with Two Phosphorus Fertilizers

Application of some chemical amendments such as diammonium phosphate (DP) and triple superphosphate (TP) to contaminated soils is an effective technique to stabilize Pb and decrease its uptake by plants. A calcareous soil was spiked with the rates of 0, 250, 500, and 750 mg of lead (Pb) kg^?1 soil as Pb acetate, treated with 760 mg of P kg^?1 soil as DP and TP, and incubated for 120 days. The results showed that available phosphorus (P) increased immediately after addition of DP or TP to soil, but it declined sharply after only a few days of incubation time. Pot experiment was conducted on sorghum and spinach. The accumulation of Pb was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower in sorghum than in spinach, and also was lower in soil amended with DP than TP. The decreased Pb accumulation in the plants by application of both amendments was mainly attributed to the formation of chloropyromorphite.     

Effect of lead pollution on soil microbiological index under spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivation

Purpose

Lead (Pb) pollution is appearing as an alarming threat nowadays in both developed and developing countries. Excessive Pb concentrations in agricultural soils result in minimizing the microbiological activities which leads to the decrease in crop production. A pot experiment was conducted with the purpose to examine the deleterious effect of Pb on microbiological index under spinach cultivation.

Materials and methods

Pb was added to 5 kg soil in each pot (with 6 seeds/pot) using Pb(NO₃)₂ at the rate of 0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 mg kg^?1 with three replications in completely randomized design. All soil microbial, enzymatic, and chemical properties and plant growth parameters and nutrient uptake were measured by standard methods.

Results and discussion

Both soil and plant measured parameters decreased after the addition of Pb (150, 300, 450, and 600 mg Pb kg^?1 soil) treatments with the passage of time (from 15 to 60 days) compared with control (CK). However, high Pb levels had more suppressive effect, therefore, highest Pb level (600 mg Pb kg^?1 soil) significantly (P?<?0.05) decreased the microbial biomass carbon (5.59-fold); microbial biomass nitrogen (N; 11.71-fold); microbial biomass phosphorus (P; 25.1-fold); dehydrogenase (4.02-fold); phosphatase (9.40-fold); urease (9.26-fold); pH (1.40-fold); spinach shoot (2.17-fold) and root (2.54-fold) length; shoot (2.36-fold) and root (2.69-fold) fresh weight; shoot (3.90-fold) and root (3.50-fold) dry weight; chlorophyll content (5.60-fold); carotenoid content (4.29-fold); plant macronutrients uptake, i.e., N (4.38- and 2.97-fold), P (3.88- and 6.58-fold), K (3.88- and 4.6-fold), Ca (6.60- and 6.70-fold), and Mg (5.57- and 4.45-fold); and plant micronutrient uptake, i.e., Zn (2.39- and 3.05-fold), Cu (3.70- and 2.62-fold), Fe (4.13- and 3.23-fold), and Mn (4.17- and 4.09-fold) in spinach shoot and root, respectively. Conversely, highest Pb level, i.e., 600 mg Pb kg^?1 soil significantly (P?<?0.05) increased the biomass carbon (C)/nitrogen (N) (4.69-fold) and C/P (6.01-fold) ratios, soil extractable Pb (5.87-fold), and Pb uptake in spinach shoot (3.58-fold) and root (4.38-fold), respectively, at the end of the experiment, i.e., day 60.

Conclusions

Pb contamination significantly decreased the soil microbial and enzymatic activities, pH, spinach plant growth, and nutrients uptake in all the samples spiked with Pb. The degree of the influence increased with the increased Pb concentrations and incubation time, showing that Pb threshold is strongly associated with the extent of Pb concentration and time to accumulate. The soil microbial biomass, enzymatic activities, pH, and spinach physiological indices, could be used as a sensitive indicators to reflect environmental stress in soil ecosystems.     

ZEOLITE AS SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER ON SPINACH YIELDS AND QUALITY IN A GREENHOUSE TEST

There has been a great need to reduce the non-point source pollution due to pesticide and fertilizer applications. With a high surface area and large cation exchange capacity, zeolite was proposed to use as carriers to control ammonium and potassium release. A greenhouse test was conducted to evaluate spinach growth and spinach quality after application of zeolite pre-load with ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) and potassium (Eco-zeolite). An increase in spinach yield with comparable vitamin C content was achieved using the Eco-zeolite. However, elevated oxalate content was unexpected, possible due to the presence of NH₄ ⁺ as the exchangeable cations after modification.     

Remediation of Lead Contaminated Soils by Stabilization/Solidification

Most available remediation technologies for treatment of heavymetal contaminated soils are very expensive and result in residues requiring further treatment. Stabilization/solidification (immobilization) techniques however, which aredesigned to decrease leaching potential of heavy metals from soil by addition of chemical additives, provide very cost-effective solutions for heavy metal contaminated soils. Thisstudy investigates the most efficient additive for immobilization of lead. To achieve this goal, several leachingexperiments were conducted for mixtures of different additives(lime, activated carbon, clay, zeolite, sand and cement) withartificially Pb contaminated (spiked) soil samples in accordancewith the Toxicity Characterization Leaching Procedure (TCLP) developed by U.S. EPA. Results showed that among the additivestried, activated carbon, clay, zeolite and sand are not very efficient for Pb immobilization. On the other hand, lime andcement are significantly effective in Pb immobilization with 88% efficiency at 1:21 lime:soil ratio and 99% efficiency at1:15 cement:soil ratio, respectively.     

Contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil amendments to remediation of a heavy metal-contaminated soil using sweet sorghum

Owing to their potential advantages such as waste reduction,recycling,and economic attributes,fast-growing bioenergy crops have the capacity to e?ectively phytoremediate heavy metal-contaminated soils.However,little is known about the role of microbial and chemical amendments in phytoremediation using bioenergy crops.Here,we studied the contributions of inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Acaulospora mellea ZZ and three soil amendments,i.e.,hydroxyapatite (HAP),manure,and bi...     

Soil Lead Immobilization Using Phosphate Rock

Phosphate compounds of lead (Pb) are highly insoluble and their formation in contaminated soils would aid immobilization of Pb. The goal of the current research was to evaluate the immobilization of Pb by various treatments of phosphate rock on contaminated agricultural soils typical of Taiwan, and to determine the optimal amount of phosphate rock for use in field application. Samples of contaminated soil, each containing Pb concentrations ranging from 346 to 1873 mg kg^?1 were collected from arable land near a ceramic products manufacturing factory. Both batch immobilization experiments and in situ remediation were completed using phosphate rock additives. Results of the batch experiments demonstrate that the phosphate rock was effective in reducing Pb extractable by 0.1 M HCl, with a minimum reduction of 33–97% after 8 days of reaction, for initial Pb concentrations up to 1873 mg kg^?1. HCl-extractable Pb did not decrease after an additional 2-day reaction with a greater phosphate rock loading. It was also found that the reaction time had less effect on Pb immobilization than the amount of phosphate rock added. Results from in situ remediation experiments indicate that soil-extractable Pb was reduced by 93% (mean; range 85.2–97.2%), which is comparable with the results of the batch study. Additionally, the soil pH was increased from 6.25 (mean; range 5.96–6.76) to 7.2 (mean; range 6.92–7.53) after remediation. Based upon the HCl-extractable Pb content and the amount of phosphate rock added, various linear log-linear regression curves were obtained. These predictive equations have been used for field application. Our field results demonstrate that phosphate rocks have a potential to cost-effectively treat Pb-contaminated soils in Taiwan.     

Experimental Study on the Effects of Natural Zeolite on Lead Toxicity,Growth, Nodulation,and Chemical Composition of Soybean

Lead (Pb) is one of the most dangerous contaminants that has been released into the environment over many years by anthropogenic activities. In the present study, the effect of zeolite on the Pb toxicity, growth, nodulation, and chemical composition of soybean (Glycine max L. var. Williams) was evaluated. Treatments consisted of factorial combination of three levels of zeolite (0, 2, and 5 g kg^?1) and three levels of Pb (0, 10, and 25 mg kg^?1) with three replicates in a completely randomized design. Lead application decreased shoot and root dry weights. Without any use of Pb, addition of zeolite increased shoot dry weight, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations and the number and dry weight of root nodules. Moreover, the greatest value for these parameters was obtained by greatest level of zeolite application (5 g zeolite kg^?1 soil). It is suggested that zeolite has positive effects on growth and chemical composition of soybean and reduces Pb toxicity in plant parts.     

Removal of Lead from Contaminated Soils by Typha Angustifolia

A greenhouse study was demonstrated for removal of lead (Pb) from contaminated soil by the narrow — leaved cattail, Typha angustifolia. The plants were grown in sandy loam soil containing various concentrations of Pb(NO₃)₂ (53.3, 106.7, 160, 213.3, and 266.7 mg Pb kg^-1 soil). Most lead was accumulated in roots and then transported to leaves. In soil contaminated with 266.7 mg kg^-1 of lead, the plants accumulated 7492.6 mg Pb kg^-1 dry weight in the roots and 167 mg Pb kg^-1 dry weight in the leaves. Yet, no growth retardation from lead was detected. T. angustifolia has high potential as a plant to clean up lead contaminated soil due to its vigorous growth, high biomass productivity, and because it is a perennial in nature. Further work is required to study on the iron plaque formation and its role in metal immobilization.     

Inorganic and organic ligands induced changes in Pb sorption of arid ‎clay and calcareous loamy sand soils

The objective of this study was to investigate sorption, desorption, and immobilization of Pb in the clay and calcareous loamy sand soils treated with inorganic ligands (NO₃^?, Cl^? and H₂PO₄^?). Pb sorption was also determined in the presence of oxalate and citrate. The maximum Pb sorption capacities (q) ranged from 42.2 to 47.1 mmol kg^?1 for the clay soil, and from 45.2 to 47.0 mmol kg^?1 for loamy sand soil. It was observed that the binding energy constant (k) for Pb sorbed onto loamy sand soil (528–1061) is higher than that for clay soil (24.38–55.29). The loamy sand soil-sorbed greater quantities of Pb compared to the clay soil when initial pH was ≥ 3. However, it had lower sorption capacity at the lowest initial pH of 2. Additionally, the greatest Pb sorption and immobilization occurred in the soil treated with H₂PO₄. In the clay soil, the sorption of Pb was depressed at 0.1 mol kg^?1 of Cl^?, as compared with other ligands. Concerning organic acids, citrate ligand showed the highest decrease in Pb sorption. It could be concluded that the nature of Pb sorption can depend on the type and quantity of ligands present, as well as the soil type.     

生物炭与沸石复配对碱性土壤铅镉有效性的影响

【目的】以生物炭单施及其与沸石复配为钝化剂,研究其对铅镉复合污染碱性土壤理化性质及铅镉有效性的影响,以期用钝化技术为碱性土壤重金属污染原位修复提供理论和实践支持。【方法】以河南某金属冶炼厂附近铅(Pb)镉(Cd)污染的碱性菜地土壤(Pb 227.75 mg kg^-1、Cd 3.38 mg kg^-1)为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,研究生物炭单施及其与沸石复配(生物炭∶沸石=1∶1)不同施入量(0、1%、2.5%、5%)对土壤理化性质、土壤Pb、Cd有效态含量、青菜根和叶中Pb、Cd含量以及青菜富集转运Pb、Cd的影响。【结果】与对照相比,生物炭单施及其与沸石复配处理,使土壤pH提高了0.03～0.17个单位,与对照无显著差异,但显著提高了土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量(P <0.05)。土壤有效态Pb、Cd含量随钝化剂施用量增加呈下降趋势,分别下降了10.69%～32.75%和7.63%～26.72%,相同施用量下复配处理效果优于单施处理。生物炭及其复配沸石促进了青菜生长,降低了青菜Pb的含量,根部和茎叶中Pb的含量比对照分别下降了2...     

Leaching Behavior of Heavy Metals In Biosolids Amended Sandy Soils

Use of biosolids in agriculture to improve crop production and soil quality have created concerns due to content of heavy metals that may affect surface or ground water quality. A column leaching study was conducted to evaluate the leaching potential of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cdmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) from two typical agricultural sandy soils in South Florida (Spodosol and Alfisol) with increasing application of pelletized biosolids (called PB) at the rates of 0, 1.25, 5.0, 10.0 g kg^?1, respectively together with chemical fertilizer (CF). Elevated PB rate resulted in reduced leaching loss of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni from Spodosol, but resulted in increased loss of Pb, Zn, Cd, and Co from Alfisol. Significant reduction in Cu loss occurred in both soils, which can be attributed to the strong binding of Cu with organic matter from the applied PB. Percentage of Cd loss as of total Cd was 13% – 41%, the highest in all the heavy metals, whereas loss of Pb as of total Pb was less than 6.6%, though the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Co, and Ni in leachate were mostly above the limits of U.S. EPA drinking water standards or the national secondary drinking water standards. These results indicate that soil properties, PB application rates, and chemical behavior of elements jointly influence the leachate total loads of heavy metals in sandy soils applied with biosolids. Application of CF together with BP at a rate higher than 10.0 g kg^?1 for sandy soils may pose potential threats to water quality due to enhanced leachate loads of Cr and Ni in Spodosol and Pb, Zn, Cd, Co and Ni in Alfisol.     

Influence of phosphorus application on growth and cadmium uptake of spinach in two cadmium‐contaminated soils

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of phosphate (P) application on diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable cadmium (Cd) in soil and on growth and uptake of Cd by spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Two soils varying in texture were contaminated by application of five levels of Cd (NO₃)₂ (0, 20, 30, 40, and 60 mg Cd kg^–1). Three levels of KH₂PO₄ (0, 12, and 24 mg P kg^–1) were applied to determine immobilization of Cd by P. Spinach was grown for 60 d after seeding. Progressive contamination of soils through application of Cd affected dry‐matter yield (DMY) of spinach shoot differently in the two soils, with 67% reduction of DMY in the sandy soil and 34% in the silty‐loam soil. The application of P increased DMY of spinach from 4.53 to 6.06 g pot^–1 (34%) in silty‐loam soil and from 3.54 to 5.12 g pot^–1 (45%) in sandy soil. The contamination of soils increased Cd concentration in spinach shoots by 34 times in the sandy soil and 18 times in the silty‐loam soil. The application of P decreased Cd concentration in shoot. The decrease of Cd concentration was higher in the sandy soil in comparison to the silty‐loam soil. Phosphorus application enhanced DMY of spinach by decreasing Cd concentration in soil as well as in plants. The results indicate that Cd toxicity in soil can be alleviated by P application.     

Heavy-Metal Phytoextraction Potential of Spinach and Mustard Grown in Contaminated Calcareous Soils

Laboratory batch and greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to determine the extraction efficiency of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for solubilizing lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and to explore the natural and chemically induced Pb and Cd phytoextraction efficiencies of spinach and mustard after EDTA application. The EDTA was applied at 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mM kg^?1 soil in three replicates. Addition of EDTA increased significantly the soluble fraction Pb and Cd over the control and maximum increases for Pb (1.42- and 1.96-fold) and Cd (1.45- and 1.38-fold) were observed with the addition of 5.0 mM EDTA kg^?1 in Gujranwala and Pacca soils, respectively. Similarly, addition of EDTA increased significantly the Pb and Cd concentrations in the plant shoots, soil solution, bioconcentration factor, and phytoextraction rate. Mustard exhibited better results than spinach when extracting Pb and Cd from both contaminated soils.     

苏南经济快速发展区昆山市土壤铅形态含量及其影响因素

以地处苏南经济快速发展区的江苏省昆山市为典型区,采集水稻土及传统蔬菜地和保护栽培蔬菜地土壤样品126个,采用多元统计回归分析方法,定量研究几种因素对农田土壤各形态铅含量的影响。结果表明:土壤有效态铅平均含量为3.75 mg·kg-1,土壤全铅平均含量为27.42 mg·kg-1,土壤铅的活化率平均为15.64%。土壤各形态铅含量相对大小为残渣态(15.35 mg·kg-1)>有机质结合态(6.68 mg·kg-1)>铁锰氧化物结合态(4.27 mg·kg-1)>碳酸盐结合态(0.76 mg·kg-1)>可交换态(0.36 mg·kg-1),残渣态含量明显高于其他形态,占49.79%。pH是影响可交换态铅含量和铁锰氧化物结合态铅含量的最主要因素,均达极显著负相关水平。全铅含量是影响碳酸盐结合态铅含量和残渣态铅含量的最主要因素,达极显著正相关水平。有机质含量是影响有机质结合态铅含量的最主要因素,达极显著正相关水平。pH也是影响有机质结合态铅含量的重要因素。     

Hexavalent Chromium Dynamics and Uptake in Manure-Added Soil

The soil dynamics of hexavalent Cr, a particularly mobile and toxic metal, is of a great environmental concern, and its availability to plants depends on various soil properties including soil organic matter. Thus, in a pot experiment, we added 50?mg Cr(VI) kg^?1 soil and studied Cr(VI) soil extractability and availability to spinach, where we applied both natural (zeolite), synthetic adsorptive materials (goethite and zeolite/goethite) and organic matter with farmyard manure. We found that, compared to the unamended control plants, dry matter weight in the Cr(VI)-added soil was greatly decreased to 17?% of the control, and height was decreased to 34?% of the control, an indication of Cr toxicity. Also, exchangeable Cr(VI) levels in soil decreased back to the unamended control even in the first soil sampling time. This was much faster than the exchangeable Cr(VI) levels in the mineral-added soil, where Cr(VI) levels were decreased to the levels of the unamended control in the third sampling time. The positive effect of organic matter was also indicated in the Cr quantity soil-to-plant transfer coefficient (in grams of Cr in plant per kilogram of Cr added in soil), a phyto-extraction index, which was significantly higher in the manure-amended (1.111?g?kg^?1) than in the mineral-added treatments (0.568?g?kg^?1). Our findings show that organic matter eliminates the toxicity of added Cr(VI) faster than the mineral phases do and enhances the ability of spinach to extract from soil greater quantities of Cr(VI) compared to mineral-added soils.     

Heavy Metal Immobilization in Contaminated Soils using Phosphogypsum and Rice Straw Compost

The application of soil amendments to immobilize heavy metals is a promising technology to meet the requirements for environmentally sound and cost‐effective remediation. The present study was carried out to evaluate the result of phosphogypsum (PG) used alone and in combination with compost (CP) at a mix ratio of 1:1 wet weight ratio (PG + CP) at 10 and 20 g dry weight kg⁻¹ dry soil, on heavy metal immobilization in contaminated soil and on canola growth. The results revealed that the Pb, Cd and Zn uptake of canola plants was reduced by the application of PG alone and when it was mixed with CP as compared with untreated soil. At an application rate of 10 g dry weight kg⁻¹ dry soil of (PG + CP) the dry weight of canola plants increased by 66·8% was increased in comparison with its weight in the untreated soil. The addition of PG alone resulted in more pronounced immobilization of heavy metal as compared with PG mixed with CP. Plant growth was improved with CP addition, but heavy metals immobilization was the greatest in PG alone treatments. Results suggest that PG may be useful for the immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型缓释尿素肥效与功能材料添加量的关系

本研究利用煤汽化尿素生产工艺制备6种改性缓释尿素(功能性吸附材料添加量分别为1%、2%、3%、4%、5%和6%),通过砂柱淋溶、氨挥发气室试验和田间玉米试验,以普通尿素为对照,分析功能性吸附材料添加量与尿素缓释特征和田间肥效的关系,探讨适于玉米生产的改性缓释尿素功能性吸附材料最优添加量,为基质缓释肥的研发与农业应用提供借鉴。结果表明:缓释尿素中氮素释放特征可用一级动力学方程N_t=N_0(1-e~(-bx))拟合,其氮素释放速率常数(b)比普通尿素下降67.4%~82.6%,累积氨挥发损失比普通尿素下降15.8%~39.3%。玉米栽培试验中,耕层土壤速效氮含量随功能性吸附材料添加量的提高呈增加趋势,同时玉米叶片中叶绿素含量和硝酸还原酶活性呈增加趋势。借助一元三次模型拟合玉米产量性状与功能性吸附材料添加量的关系发现,功能性吸附材料添加量为5.28%、4.80%、5.24%和4.76%的缓释尿素可分别获得理论最高玉米生物学产量(15 829 kg·hm~(-2))、地上部生物量(164.0 g·plant~(-1))、根系生物量(26.9 g·plant~(–1))和籽粒产量(6 769 kg·hm~(–2))。综上,基质型缓释尿素的功能性吸附材料具有较好的减少氮素淋溶和氨挥发、改善玉米氮素营养、提高玉米产量的作用,5%的添加量更有利于玉米生物量和产量提高。     

水滑石改性生物炭有效提高设施菜田土壤磷的吸附性能

  【目的】  设施菜田土壤磷素高量累积、磷迁移风险高。水滑石改性生物炭是很好的阴离子吸附材料,探究不同原材料制备的水滑石改性生物炭对高磷设施菜田土壤磷吸附性能的影响,为高磷设施菜田合理利用改性生物炭、降低磷素损失风险提供科学依据。  【方法】  采用500℃下限氧热解法制备竹炭 (BB) 、玉米秸秆炭 (MB) 和猪粪炭 (PB) 样品,利用共沉淀法将Zn/Fe水滑石 (Zn/Fe-LDHs) 分别负载在3个生物炭表面,得到水滑石改性竹炭(LDH-BB)、水滑石改性玉米秸秆炭 (LDH-MB) 和水滑石改性猪粪炭 (LDH-PB) 。以6个生物炭样品为试材进行土壤磷吸附–解吸实验和土柱淋溶实验,以不添加生物炭处理为对照。磷吸附–解吸实验利用Langmuir和Freundlich方程拟合吸附数据,并测定了土炭混合物的磷解吸量。土柱淋溶实验测定了淋溶液体积、pH及不同形态磷含量。  【结果】  水滑石改性生物炭的Zn、Fe元素含量、O/C和(O+N)/C原子比提高,pH、C、N和P元素含量降低。改性后生物炭表面出现不规则层状附着物,比表面积增加,其大小依次为LDH-BB>LDH-PB>LDH-MB>BB>MB>PB。根据Langmuir方程拟合结果发现,LDH-BB处理磷的吸附性能最优,其最大理论吸附量 (3681 mg/kg) 分别是LDH-MB、BB和MB处理的3.41、3.34和4.25倍。土柱淋溶实验发现,各生物炭处理淋溶液体积较CK均减少,其中LDH-BB处理累积淋溶液体积最少,减少量分别为BB、MB、PB、LDH-MB和LDH-PB处理减少量的1.61、3.27、4.32、1.89和2.59倍。LDH-BB、LDH-MB和LDH-PB处理的磷素累积淋溶量 (TP) 较BB、MB和PB处理分别显著降低25.68%、17.51%和34.38%。所有处理淋溶液中各形态磷的比例均以可溶性反应磷 (SRP) 最高,其次为可溶性有机磷(SOP)和颗粒磷 (PP) 。LDH-BB、LDH-MB和LDH-PB处理的淋溶液SRP占比较BB、MB和PB处理分别显著降低7.72%、6.69%和12.07%。  【结论】  添加Zn/Fe水滑石改性竹炭显著提高了设施菜田土壤磷的吸附量,减少了磷累积淋溶量,是降低高磷设施菜田土壤磷损失风险的有效措施。     

Removal of Heavy Metals from Calcareous Contaminated Soils by EDTA Leaching

The performance of EDTA for the treatment of calcareous soils contaminated with heavy metals from mining and smelting activities was evaluated in this study. Soil samples containing variable levels of contamination, from 500 to 35 000 mg kg^-1 Pb and 700 to 20 000 mg kg^-1 Zn, were subjected to EDTA treatment and the extraction of heavy metals was found to vary, ranging between 50 and 98% for Pb and 50 to 100% for Zn. Total residual concentrations were above the limits set by regulatory authorities; leachable metals, however, were efficiently removed and treated soils were all acceptable in terms of toxicity. The effect of EDTA concentration and pulp density was studied on a soil sample containing 12 000 mg kg^-1 Pb and 10 000 mg kg^-1 Zn. Heavy metals removal was improved at low pulp densities and when EDTA concentration was increased from 0.025 to 0.25 M. The tetrasodium salt Na₄-EDTA was found to be less effective for metals removal compared to the disodium salt Na₂-EDTA, though applied at higher concentrations. This experimental work has also demonstrated the great importance of soil matrix for the overall evaluation of the EDTA leaching as a cost effective remedial option. The simultaneous dissolution of calcite was found to consume approximately 90% of the available EDTA. It was thus concluded that for the treatment of calcareous soils the design criteria and cost estimations should be based on the calcite content of the soil.